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Bulk Metallic Glasses - Characteristics and Possibilities
Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard; Byrne, Cormac
Publication date:
2009
Document Version
Publisher final version (usually the publisher pdf)
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Citation (APA):
Eldrup, M. M., & Byrne, C. (2009). Bulk Metallic Glasses - Characteristics and Possibilities [Sound/Visual
production (digital)]. ATV-SEMAPP: Mikro metal komponenter - materialer, processer og produktionssystemer,
Lyngby (DK), 20 Oct., 01/01/2009
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Bulk Metallic Glasses –
Characteristics and Possibilities
Morten Eldrup and Cormac Byrne
Materials Research Division
Overview
- What is a metallic glass
- How to make a metallic glass and a
- Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG)
- Some properties of BMGs
- Supercooled liquid range
- Surface imprinting
- Forming in 3D
- Problems
- Near-net-shaping
- Mechanical properties
- Conclusion
2
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What is an amorphous alloy/metallic glass?
Glass
Ceramic
Solid where the atom
positions are
disordered
Polymer
Crystal
Ceramic
Solid where the atom
positions are ordered
Polymer
3
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Metallic
Metallic
MIKROMETAL
1959
4
First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass
Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Glass
Crystal
Tx
Liquid
T
Tm
Rapid cooling ~ 106 K/s
Results in thin ribbons
5
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
6
1959
First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass
Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA
1970s
Magnetic applications of rapidly cooled metallic glasses
Electrical transformers, antitheft strips
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
1959
First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass
Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA
1970s
Magnetic applications of rapidly cooled metallic glasses
Electrical transformers, antitheft strips
1984
First report of metallic alloys that avoid crystallization without
rapid cooling by Kui et al., Harvard University, and Akihisa
Inoue et al., Tohoku University, Japan (1989)
Bulk metallic glass = BMG
7
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Super-cooled Liquid
Glass
Liquid
Crystal
Tg
Tx
T
Tm
0.1 – 100 K/s
Moderate cooling rate is
sufficient to avoid crystallisation
8
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Making BMG Castings
Drop casting in arc melter
~4 g
Plate casting in induction
melter ~ 10 g
Rods 3 - 5 mm Ø, 25 mm
long
25 x 25 x 2 mm3 plates
9
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Ribbon Spinning ~ 3 g
70 µm x 4 mm x 3 m
MIKROMETAL
Specimens produced by melt spinning,
drop casting or suction casting
metallic glass
specimens
1 mmØ
10
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
11
•
No visual difference between amorphous and crystalline casting
•
Check castings by x-ray
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Examples of BMG
Alloy Family
Specific alloy
Critical cooling rate
(K/s)
Tg
Tx
(K)
(K)
Ti34Zr11Cu47Ni8
250
698
727
Mg65Cu25Y10
50
425
479
La55Al25Ni15Cu5
35
474
541
Zr-Ti-Al-TM
Zr52.5Ti5Al10Ni14.6Cu17.9
20
~700
~795
Zr-Ti-TM-Be
Zr38.5Ti16.5Ni9.75Cu15.25Be20
2
630
678
Pd-Cu-Ni-P
Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20
0.067
574
660
Ti-Zr-TM
Mg-Ln-(Cu,Ni, Zn)
Ln-Al-TM
TM = Group VI–VIII transition metals (Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt)
Ln = Y, Lanthanide metals (La or rare earth metals)
12
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MIKROMETAL
SCL
Glass
Crystalline
1000
Flow Stress, MPa
Conventional Mg-Al-Zn Alloy
Watanabe (1999)
100
Mg-Cu-Y BAA
Mg60Cu30Y10
BMG
10
1
Strain rate = 10 -3 s -1
0,1
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, C
13
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Shaping Surfaces
with micro- or nano-scale topology
BMG SCL
Hard die
BMG SCL
BMG
glass
14
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Some patterns
Si/SiO2
master
BMG
replica
Pd40Cu30Ni10P20
T = 640K, P = 10 Mpa, time = 1000s
15
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Inoue et al.
Linear sine pattern replicated on Mg60Cu30Y10
600 nm
0
0.0
How small can these features be?
16
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Diffraction pattern on Ni surface imprinted on a
BMG (Zr44Ti11Cu10 Ni10Be25)
Ni
BMG
17
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Nanoscale surface topology
100 nm
1 µm
12 nm
18
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
19
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Schroers et al. 2007
HOT CUTTING OF BMGs
20
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Schroers et al. 2009
Pt-BMG rods formed by embossing on porous alumina
21
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Schroers et al. 2009
Using one BMG as a mould
for another BMG
22
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Schroers et al. 2009
Using one BMG as a mould
for another BMG or a polymer
PMMA
23
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Pt-BMG
Schroers et al. 2009
BMG screwdriver tip
24
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
BMG-material:
Vitreloy 1B, Vit1B, LM1B
(Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25)
Ejection Experiment
CTE ~10×10-6/K
Tg ~350°C
Tx ~470°C
Dies with different thermal expansion
coefficients:
- Stainless steel (CTE ~18×10-6/K)
- Pure molybdenum (CTE ~5×10-6/K)
- HRA-929 superalloy (CTE ~6×10-6/K)
(Hitachi)
Polished and un-polished
25
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Maximum ejection force
8
316-SS
unpolished
7
Force (kN)
6
25°C
316-SS
polished
5
4
3
2
26
Pure
molybdenum
unpolished
HRA-929
unpolished
1
0
Pure
molybdenum
polished
HRA-929
polished
1
2
3
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
4
5
Boron
Nitride
Molykote
6
7
8
MIKROMETAL
Shaping of BMG by pressing or casting
SL
Glass
erp
Su oled
co uid
liq
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
uid
q
i
L
Crystal
Tg
27
T
Liquid
Crystal
Volume per atom
Glass
Tm
Temperature
MIKROMETAL
Casting
- to near net-shape
28
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Extrudet microcomponent (10 mm – 10 µm)
10-3
Tg Tx
liquid
super-cooled liquid
crystal
Viscosity
1015
glass
Mg60Cu30Y10
Tm
Innovationskonsortium projekt MIKROMETAL
29
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
T
Characteristic BMG properties below Tg
Stress
BMG
*
Crystalline
Virtually no plastic flow
in tension
*
Strain
*
*
30
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Modulus ca. 40% of
cryst. alloy
Fracture stress in
tension (*) depends on
BMG and quality of
casting
0 - several % plastic
flow in compression
MIKROMETAL
Elastic Modulus
stress
Fe-B-BMG
Steel
strain
31
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Energy Storage Comparison
32
Medium
kW h / kg
Hydrogen
38
Gasoline
14
Dynamite
1.2
Carbon fiber flywheel
0.2
Steel flywheel
0.05
Lead-acid battery
0.04
Amorphous Fe spring
0.005
Steel spring
0.001
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
Mechanical properties at room temperature
Properties
Mg60Cu30Y10
Zr55Cu20Ni10Al15
E, GPa
70
90
G, GPa
(25)
32
Yield strength,
compression, MPa
850
18102
Plastic strain at fracture,
compression
0.007%
0.2%2
Fracture strength
tension, MPa
ca. 600
17601
Plastic strain at fracture,
tension
0%
0%1
Vickers hardness, GPa
4.3
5.5
Fracture toughness, MPa
m1/2
1. Zr52.5Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10
33
433
2. Zr58Ni13.6Cu18Al10.4
Zr41.2Be22.5Ti13.8Cu1
2.5Ni10
Vitreloy1
Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be2
5
Vitreloy 1B
Zr58.5Cu 15.6Ni12.8
Al10.3Nb2.8
Vitreloy 106
Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5
96
96.7
87.36
94.8
213
37.4
35.6
31.96
33.3
814
1900
1900
1860
1820
1470
37504
0.17
0
0
0.5%
~20%
0
1800
1800
1200
4.02
135
80
12.7 ± 4.1
Zr44Cu40Al8Ag8
115
7
Fe48Cr15Mo14Er2C15B6
0%
5.4
177
5.96
55
3. Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 4. Fe49Cr15Mo14C15B6Er1
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
5
5. Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6
6. Zr57Nb5Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10
7. Zr48Cu36Al8Ag6
Comparison of mechanical properties for
some BMGs with conventional alloys
34
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
MIKROMETAL
35
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
BLOW-MOLDING
Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25
36
T=460°C, t =100 sec
T=460°C, t =40 sec
Lung power, ~104 Pa
105 Pa, 400% strain
Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Schroers et al. 2008
The unique characteristic of all BMG is the
tremendous softening that occurs abruptly above Tg
-
Microcomponent and microdevice shaping
-
Faithful replication down to nm sizes (dependent
on aspect ratio)
-
Smooth surfaces
• Each BMG is an individual material with its
own characteristics
• No BMG has all desirable characteristics:
hard, strong, fatigue resistant, corrosion
resistant, extremely formable, cheap, …
• No known BMG exhibits plastic strain in
unconstrained tension
• All BMG contain at least 3 elements,
composition is not very flexible
37
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Thanks for collaboration with colleagues at Risø
and participants in the innovation consortium
MIKROMETAL:
Mekanik
38
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