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Superconducting wind turbine generators
– A game changer?
Asger B. Abrahamsen, PhD
Senior Research Scientist
HI2015
Tuesday 22 September 2015
New innovations and Game changers session
Cu
Fe
Motivation
f
I
B
J ~ 2 A/mm2
TC = 1043 K
Br ~ 0 Tesla
Fe
D
l
R
B
Torque
Power  BI D2l 
R
1G : Copper + Iron
2G : R2Fe14B magnets + Fe
10 MW ~ 6 tons PM
3G : RBa2Cu3O6+x HTS + Fe
2
10 MW ~ 10 kg RBCO
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
TC = 583 K
Br ~ 1.4 Tesla
TC = 93 K
TC = 39 K
Bc2 ~ 100 Tesla
Bc2 ~ 40 Tesla
J
J
< 200 kA/mm2
< 20 kA/mm2
20 September 2015
30 €/m 20 €/m
Choice of superconductors
NbTi Bruker EST
0.4 €/m
MgB2 Columbus
1-4 €/m
4 mm
Fill factor
~ 0.3 %
AmSC YBCO
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Bi-2223
20 September 2015
Jensen, Mijatovic & Abrahamsen, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 023137 (2013)
INNWIND.EU – 10 MW MgB2 SC Direct drive
• 10 MW reference turbine
D = 178 m & 9.7 rpm
D = 6.0 m
L ~ 2.5 m
• King-pin nacelle (DNV-GL)
• Two main bearings on hub
• Blade loads directly to tower
• Front mounted generator
- Easy to compare different types
• Scalable to 20 MW but issues with
manufacturing (bearings and cast
pieces)
• MgB2: T = 20 K by cooling machines
4
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
20 September 2015
A.B Abrahamsen et. al., EWEA 2014
10 MW generator optimization D = 6.0 m
Fe:
3 €/kg
MgB2:
Cu: 15 €/kg
G10:
4 €/m
More iron
15 €/kg
PM: 50-75 €/kg
Armature back
Armature Cu
SC field
More iron
Armature teeth
SC Pole
B [T]
SC back
5
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
20 September 2015
Active material cost:
MgB2 from 4 €/m  1 €/m
Put as much iron as possible !
LMgB2 ~ 100 km assuming 1 €/m
€MgB2 ~ 100 k€
Matches Permanent Magnet Direct Drive
6
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
20 September
2015
D. Liu et. al., submitted
IJAEM
Roadmap to 10 GW SCDD
Wire use 10 MW(GW)
NbTi
720 km (Mm)
25000 km/year

fCAPEX ~ 2%

T = 4.2 K

MgB2
100 km (Mm)
5000 km/year 

fCAPEX ~ 1-2%

T = 10-20 K

REBa2Cu3O6+x
200 km (Mm)
Abrahamsen and Jensen , "Wind Energy Conversion System:
DTU Wind Energy,
Technical
University
of Denmark
Technology
and Trend“,
ISBN
978-1-4471-2200-5,
Springer 2012.
3000 km/year 

fCAPEX ~ 40-50%

T = 20-40K

20 September 2015
Conclusion
Why superconducting?
• Bairgap > 1 Tesla  More compact direct drive for Multi-MW turbines with high torque
• Vanishing dependency on Rare Earth element supply
• High magnetic field vs. high current density  High J most economical for MgB2 & HTS
• NbTi: T = 4.2K
GE (transfer MRI to wind)
CAPEX fraction ~ 2 %
• MgB2: T = 20 K
SUPRApower, Hypertech, AML, INNWIND CAPEX fraction ~ 1-2 %
• YBCO: T = 20-40 K AMSC, (GE), ECOSWING, INNWIND
CAPEX fraction ~ 40 %
• Chicken & egg: Demand to increase volume and drive down price of SC wires.
• Huge learning potential for MgB2 and YBCO wires. Have to include wire improvement.
• Demonstrate MgB2 and YBCO field coil technologies.
Is it a game changer ? It is getting closer ….. But should we find a better material?
8
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
20 September 2015
H2S
9
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Jensen et. al., J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 023137 (2013)
•
The smell of rotten eggs
•
Freeze & Press (a lot)
•
TC = 203 K
•
Hc2(0)  73 Tesla
•
A BCS superconductor !!!!
•
Light elements combined
with Hydrogen. Better
candidates?
•
Cooling by liquid natural
gas (LNG) at 111 K or
-162 oC
*Drozdov
*
20 September 2015
et. al., Nature525, 73 (2015)
INNWIND.EU Collaborators in Workpackage 3
on Electromechanical Conversion
• Asger B. Abrahamsen ([email protected])
– DTU Wind Energy (DK)
• Dong Liu & Henk Polinder
– Delft University of Technology (NL)
• Niklas Magnuson
– SINTEF (N)
• Ewoud Stehouwer & Ben Hendriks
-DNV GL (NL)
• Arwyn Thomas
– Siemens Wind Power (DK)
Project website: www.innwind.eu
10
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
20 September 2015