1. No category

Ved Stranden 18
DK-1061 Copenhagen K
www.norden.org
This brochure gathers information on
gender equality in the Nordic region. It
briefly describes some important areas
of life and society, such as family, work,
education, health, power, income and
influence. This data will hopefully be
useful for everyone who seeks reliable
and comparable data on gender equality
in the Nordic countries. Please visit
www.norden.org for more information.
ISBN 978-92-893-4039-7 (PRINT)
ISBN 978-92-893-4040-3 (PDF)
ISSN 0908-4339
http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-733
ANP 2015:733
2015_733_omslag .indd 1
Nordic Gender
Equality
in Figures
2015
23-02-2015 12:50:44
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
ISBN 978-92-893-4039-7 (PRINT)
ISBN 978-92-893-4040-3 (PDF)
ISSN 0908-4339
http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-733
ANP 2015:733
© Nordic Council of Ministers 2015
Cover design: Erling Lynder/SignElements
Nordic Council of Ministers
Ved Stranden 18
DK-1061 Copenhagen K
www.norden.org/en/publications
Nordic co-operation
Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional
collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and
the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland.
Nordic co-operation has firm t aditions in politics, the economy, and
culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe.
Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and
principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region
solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive.
2015_733_omslag .indd 2
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Nordic
Gender Equality
in Figures
2015
ANP 2015:733
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23-02-2015 12:51:26
Content
1. Demography 4
4. Education 21
1.1 Population pyramid 4
4.1 Educational attainment 21
1.2 Fertility rates 6
4.2 Early leavers from education
1.3 Mean age at birth of first child 7
and training 22
4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level 23
2. Family and Care 8
4.4 Attained tertiary education
2.1 Families 8
by field of education 24
2.2 Childlessness 9
2.3 Parental leave 10
5. Labour market 25
2.4 Children in daycare 11
5.1 Labour market status 25
2.5 Time use on domestic work 12
5.2 Segregation 26
5.3 Part-time work 27
3. Health 13
3.1 Life expectancy at birth 13
6. Income 29
3.2 Self-perceived limitations due to health 6.1 Gender pay gap 29
6.2 Mean annual earnings 30
problems 14
6.3 People at risk of poverty 31
3.3 Daily smoking 15
6.4 Relative median income ratio 32
3.4 Mortality rates from cancer 16
3.5 Mortality rates from diseases of the
7. Influence and power 33
circulatory system 17
7.1 Candidates elected to the national
3.6 Suicides 18
parliaments 33
3.7 Abortion 19
3.8 Absence from work for at least a week due
to illness 20
7.2 Gender balance on boards 34
7.3 Gender differences among employers 35
7.4 Leaders and managers 36
Symbols
Nil
-
Less than half
Not applicable
.
Data not available
Denmark (DK)
Faroe Islands (FO)
EU
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 2
Greenland (GL) Finland (FI)
0
..
Åland (AX)
Iceland (IS)
Norway (NO)
Sweden (SE)
23-02-2015 12:51:26
Foreword
The co-operation on gender equality between the Nordic countries,
the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland is driven by a shared vision
of a gender-equal Nordic Region with equal opportunities, rights and
obligations for all who live in the Region, regardless of gender. Gender
equality is a fundamental value to the Nordic countries and is vital for
economic and social growth.
Gender equality means that women and men, girls and boys have equal
power and influence, and equal rights, responsibilities, obligations and
opportunities in every area of life. This brochure briefly describes some
important areas of life and society, such as family, work, education,
health, power, income and influence. This data will hopefully be useful
for everyone who seeks reliable and comparable data on gender equality
in the Nordic countries.
The brochure, together with more information, is available online at
www.norden.org.
This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council
of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the
views, policies or recommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 3
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1. Demography
1.
1.1Demography
Population pyramid
1.1
Populationpyramid
pyramid
The population
illustrates the composition of the population by
age and sex. During the last 20 years the young population, 0–19 years,
The population pyramid illustrates the composition of the population by age and
has decreased in all countries, except Denmark where it remains
sex. During the last 20 years the share of the young population, 0–19 years, has
unchanged. The older population, 65 or older, has increased in all Nordic
decreased in all countries, except Denmark where it remains unchanged. The
countries.
a slight increase
in the
working-age
20–64
share
of theThere
older is
population,
65 or older,
has
increased inpopulation,
all Nordic countries.
years,isina Greenland,
Iceland
Norway.
There
slight increase
in theand
share
of the working-age population, 20–64
DK
FO
1995
2014
90+
80-89
500
250
70-79
70-79
60-69
60-69
50-59
50-59
40-49
40-49
30-39
30-39
20-29
20-29
10-19
10-19
0-9
0-9
0
0
250
500
1995
2014
90+
80-89
Thousand
4
GL
2
0
0
2
4
FI
1995
2014
90+
80-89
90+
80-89
70-79
70-79
60-69
60-69
50-59
50-59
40-49
40-49
30-39
30-39
20-29
20-29
10-19
10-19
0-9
0
1995
2014
0-9
7
3,5
4
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
0
3,5
7
500
Thousand
Men are shown to the left and women to the right
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 4
250
0
0
250
500
23-02-2015 12:51:27
The opposite applies in Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Åland and
years, in Greenland, Iceland and Norway. The opposite applies in Denmark,
Sweden. This is a general pattern that can be seen in many EU countries.
Faroe Islands, Finland, Åland and Sweden. This is a general pattern that can be
Since all Nordic countries, except the Faroe Islands have a fertility rate
seen in many EU countries. Since all Nordic countries, except the Faroe Islands
belowa fertility
replacement
level,replacement
it implies that
relatively
fewer
people than
before
have
rate below
level,
it implies
that relatively
fewer
are refilling
the working
age group.
people
than before
are refilling
the working age group.
AX
IS
1995
2014
90+
80-89
3
1,5
70-79
70-79
60-69
60-69
50-59
50-59
40-49
40-49
30-39
30-39
20-29
20-29
10-19
10-19
0-9
0-9
0
0
1,5
3
Thousand
30
NO
15
0
0
15
30
SE
1995
2014
90+
80-89
90+
80-89
70-79
70-79
60-69
60-69
50-59
50-59
40-49
40-49
30-39
30-39
20-29
20-29
10-19
10-19
0-9
500
1995
2014
90+
80-89
250
0
1995
2014
0-9
0
250
500
700 350
Thousand
Men are shown to the left and women to the right
0
0
350
700
Source: POPU01 in the database Nordic Statistics
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Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
5
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1.2 Fertility rates
The Total fertility rate is the number of live births per woman of childbearing age. 1.5 children per woman is a critical level of fertility rate.
If fertility is below this level the proportion of elderly in the population
increases and also the dependency ratio. 2.1 children are considered as
a level where the population increases without support of immigration.
Good access to childcare can facilitate the possibility of combining gainful
employment and family life. In the Nordic countries good childcare and
parental allowance are likely to keep up the fertility rate.
The fertility rates in the Nordic countries are higher than the average of EU
which is 1.6 children per woman. The highest fertility rate is found in the
Faroe Islands, 2.5 and the lowest in Finland and Denmark, 1.7.
1.2 Fertility rates
Fertility rates 1995-2013
3.0
FO
2.5
GL
2.0
1.5
NO
IS
AX
SE
EU
DK
FI
1.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Source: CHIL02 in the database Nordic Statistics
The Total
fertility rate is the number of live births per women of childNordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
bearing age. 1.5 children per woman is a critical level of fertility rate. If
fertility is below this level the proportion of elderly in the population
increases and also the dependency ratio. 2.1 children are considered as a
level where the population increases without support of immigration. Good
access to childcare can facilitate the possibility of combining gainful
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6
12:51:27
1.3 Mean age at birth of first child
The mean age of mothers at birth of their first child is about 29 years in all
Nordic countries, except Iceland where the mothers are almost two years
younger. In all countries, except Finland, the age is about two years higher
compared to 1995, in Finland the increase is one year.
The fathers are two to three years older than the mothers when their first
child is born. In the Nordic countries they are between 30 in Iceland, and
31.5 years in Sweden. Also the father’s age has increased by between two
and three years since 1995.
1.3 Mean age at birth of first child
Mean age at birth of first child
32
30
28
26
24
22
DK
FI
IS NO SE
Mothers
1995
DK
FI
IS
Fathers
2013
NO
SE
Source: Nordic Statistical Institutes
The mean age of mothers at birth ofNordic
their first
child is about 29 years in all7
Gender Equality in Figures 2015
Nordic countries, except Iceland where the mothers are almost two years
younger. In all countries, except Finland, the age is about two years higher
compared to 1995, in Finland the increase is one year.
The fathers are two to three
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
7
years older than the mothers when their first
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2. Family and Care
2. Family and Care
2.1 Families
2.1 Families
The family and housing circumstances of an individual change over the
course
of a and
lifetime.
A family
consists either
one person
or several
The family
housing
circumstances
of anofindividual
change
over the
persons
to each
other.consists
Most families
to aor
household.
course ofrelated
a lifetime.
A family
eithercorrespond
of one person
several A
household includes all people, related or not, living at the same address,
persons related to each other. Most families correspond to a household. A
sharing a house or a flat. Consequently, households may include more
household includes all people, related or not, living at the same address,
than one family.
sharing a house or a flat. Consequently, households may include more
than one
Nearly
40 family.
per cent of the families in Iceland have children, in Norway and
Denmark this is true of 27 per cent. Sweden and Finland have the lowest
Nearlyof40
per cent
of the
families
in Nordic
Icelandcountries.
have children,
Norway
share
families
with
children
in the
Aboutin
four
out ofand
five
families
children
thecent.
Nordic
countries
married
or
Denmark
thiswith
is true
of 27inper
Sweden
andconsist
Finlandofhave
the lowest
cohabiting
couples.
Thechildren
majorityinofthe
single
parents
are mothers.
Sweden
share of families
with
Nordic
countries.
About four
out of
has
highest
proportion
of the
single
fathers.
five the
families
with
children in
Nordic
countries consist of married or
cohabiting couples. The majority of single parents are mothers. Sweden
has the highest share of single fathers.
Families with and without children 0-17 years by type of family 2013
100
80
60
40
20
0
DK
FI
IS NO
With children
SE
Married couples
Single men
DK
FI
IS NO SE
Without children
Cohabiting couples
Single women
Note: DK: Children aged 0–24. SE: Married include cohabiting couples
Source: NOSOSCO: “Social protection in the Nordic Countries”
8
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
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2.2 Childlessness
The indicator on childlessness shows the share of women and men born in
1965 who have not had any children at the age of 45.
Finland has the highest proportion of both men and women who have not
become parents. 22 to 27 per cent of the men are childless where this is
true for 10 to 19 per cent of the women in the Nordic countries.
2.2 Childlessness
The indicator on childlessness shows the share of women and men born in
1965 who have not had any children at the age of 45.
Finland has the highest share of both men and women who have not
become parents. 22 to 27 per cent of the men are childless where this is
true for 10 to 19 per cent of the women in the Nordic countries.
Childlessness for women and men born in 1965 by the age of 45
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
DK
FI
NO
Women
SE
Men
Note: DK: age 44 years. FI: age 45–49 years
Source: Nordic Statistical institutions
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9
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2.3 Parental leave
The indicator shows the number of days in which maternity and paternity
benefits where drawn per new-born baby in the year. Both the number of
recipients and days in which maternity and paternity benefit is payable vary
considerably from one country to the other. Sweden has the longest parental
leave period with an income-related parental benefit up to 70 weeks. Finland
and Denmark both have 50 weeks. Iceland has the shortest with less than 40
weeks, and in Norway parents can choose up to 57 weeks. Denmark is the
only country with no father’s quota, where Iceland has the highest father’s
quota of 13 weeks.
Iceland and Sweden are in the lead with respectively 28.5 and 25.5 per
cent of the number of days taken by the father in 2013. For all the Nordic
countries there has been an increase in the father’s share of the parental
benefits as well as in the number of days taken per new-born in total from
2000 to 2013.
2.3 Parental leave
Number of days in which parental benefits where drawn per new-born
500
400
300
200
100
0
DK
FI
IS NO
2000
Women
SE
DK
FI
IS
2013
Men
NO
SE
Source: NOSOSCO: “Social protection in the Nordic Countries”
The indicator shows the number of days in which maternity and paternity
benefits where drawn per new-born baby in the year. Both the number of
days in
which
maternity
and
paternity
10
Nordic
Gender
Equality
in Figures
2015benefit is payable vary considerably
from one country to the other. Sweden has the longest parental leave
period with an income-related parental benefit up to 70 weeks. Finland and
Denmark both have 50 weeks. Iceland has the shortest with less than 40
weeks, and in Norway parents can choose up to 57 weeks. Denmark is the
only country with no father’s
quota, where Iceland has the highest father’s 23-02-2015
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
10
12:51:27
2.4 Children in daycare
A characteristic feature in the Nordic countries is the high rate of both
parents participating in the labor force. This increases the need for child care
options during working hours.
Most children of the ages 3 to 5 years are in day care institutions. With the
exception of Finland, between 92 and 98 per cent of all children age 3–5
are in daycare institutions. This accounts for 74 per cent in Finland. The
2.4 Children
in daycare
percentage
is generally
much lower for children between 0 and 2 years. Due
A characteristic
countries
theinhigh
rate of both
to
parental leave feature
very fewinofthe
theNordic
youngest
childrenisare
daycare.
parents participating in the labour force. This increases the need for child
care options during working hours.
Most children of the ages 3 to 5 years are in day care institutions. With the
exception of Finland, between 92 and 98 per cent of all children age 3-5
are in daycare institutions. The percentage is generally much lower for
children between 0 and 2 years. Due to parental leave very few of the
youngest children are in daycare.
Share of children in daycare by age groups
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
DK FO FI AX IS NO SE
0–2 year
1995
DK FO FI AX IS NO SE
3–5 year
2013
Note: FO: 2004 and 2013. FI: 1997 and 2013. AX: 2000 and 2013. In 2000 no
account for age 0. NO: 1995 and 2012
Source: CHIL03 and POPU01 in the database Nordic Statistics
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Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
11
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2.5 Time use on domestic work
Domestic work includes the work we are doing at home on a day-to-day
basis, e.g. cooking and cleaning, repairs and also caring for children. Time
is given in hours and minutes, and is shown as the average for all types of
domestic work.
Men’s time used on household work has increased in all the Nordic countries between 1990 and 2010. Women, on the other hand, are increasingly
spending less time on household work. Although the time spent on household work has been more evenly distributed over the last decade, women
still contribute significantly more to household work than men.
2.5 Time use on domestic work
Domestic work includes the work we are doing at home on a day-to-day
basis, e.g. cooking and cleaning, repairs and also caring for children. Time
is given in hours and minutes, and is shown as the average for all types of
domestic work.
Time used on domestic work for women and men 20–74 years. Hours
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
1990
2000
2010
/2001 /2011
Women
DK
FI
1990
NO
2000
/2001
Men
2010
/2011
SE
Note: DK domestic work includes the age group 18–74, and it also includes fewer
codes for domestic work, than for FI, NO and SE
Source: UNECE, Nordic Statistical Institutes and “Hvad bruger vi tiden til”, Rockwool
Fonden 2012
Men’s time used on household work has increased in all the Nordic
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
countries between 1990 and 2010. Women, on the other hand, are
increasingly spending less time on household work. Although the time
spent on household work has been more evenly distributed over the last
decade, women still contribute significantly more to household work than
men.
12
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3. Health
3. Health
3.1 Life expectancy at birth
3.1
Life expectancy at birth
The indicator
indicator life
life expectancy
expectancyat
atbirth
birthindicates
indicateshow
howmany
manyyears
yearsaanewborn
newborn
The
is expected
expected to
tolive,
live,based
basedon
onthe
thecurrent
currentpatterns
patternsofofmortality.
mortality.ItItisisfrequentis
frequently
used to
of a population.
As the rate
mortality
rate
ly
used to reflect
thereflect
healththe
of health
a population.
As the mortality
differs
differs between
and
men (women
tendlonger),
to live longer),
life
between
women women
and men
(women
tend to live
life expectancy
is
calculated
for women
andfor
men.
expectancyseparately
is calculated
separately
women and men.
Even
Even though
though women
womenstill
stilltend
tendto
tolive
livelonger,
longer,life
lifeexpectancy
expectancyfor
formen
menisis
increasing,
increasing,so
sothe
thegap
gapisisnarrowing
narrowingbetween
betweenthe
thesexes.
sexes.
Nordic
Nordic women,
women, except
exceptin
inDenmark
Denmarkand
andGreenland,
Greenland,have
haveaalife
lifeexpectancy
expectancy
between
83.2
and
84.2
years
compared
with
83.2
years
of
the
between 83.2 and 84.2 years compared with 83.2 years of theaverage
average
European
European woman
woman(EU27).
(EU27).Except
Exceptfor
formen
menininGreenland,
Greenland,men
menininthe
theNordic
Nordic
countries can expect to live longer than the average European, whose life
countries can expect to live longer than the average European, whose life
expectancy is 77.4 years.
expectancy is 77.4 years.
Life expectancy at birth. Years. 2013
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
DK
FO
GL
FI
Women
AX
IS
NO
Men
SE
EU27
Note: AX 2010 and EU27 2011
Source: INDIC106 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO: “Helsestatistik for
de nordiske lande 2014”
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 13
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
13
23-02-2015 12:51:28
3.2 Share with self-perceived longstanding limitations (some/severe)
3.2usual
Self activities
perceiveddue
limitations
to health problems
in
to healthdue
problem
The indicator
indicator shows
shows the
The
the limitation
limitation in
in activities
activities people
people usually
usually have
have due
dueto
to
one
or
more
health
problems.
The
limitation
should
have
lasted
for
at
one or more health problems. The limitation should have lasted for atleast
least
the past six months, and is perceived to have either severely limited or
the past six months, and is perceived to have either severely limited or
limited their activities in daily life (or not limited at all). Health problems
limited their activities in daily life (or not limited at all). Health problems
may affect people differently by sex and age. Here, the data refers to those
may
differently
bylimitations
sex and age.
Here, the data refers to those
with affect
limitedpeople
or severely
limited
combined.
with limited or severely limited limitations combined.
Women perceive themselves to have a higher degree of long-standing
Women
perceive
themselves
to have
higher
limitations
in their
activities than
mena do.
Thisdegree
appliesoftolong-standing
both age-groups,
limitations
in their of
activities
men
This
applies
both
age-groups,
with the exception
Danish than
women
65do.
and
over
whereto
their
share
is a
little the
lower
than men´s.
This applies
to the
as well
with
exception
of Danish
womenboth
65 and
overNordic
wherecountries
their share
is a as
the average
for EU28.
little
lower than
men´s. This applies both to the Nordic countries as well as
the average for EU28.
There seems to be more differences between countries than between
womenseems
and men
within
countries,
reflecting
culturalthan
differences
There
to be
morethe
differences
between
countries
between
in how people perceive their limitations. The proportion of those with
women and men within the countries, reflecting cultural differences in how
perceived limitations is lowest in Norway and highest in Finland.
people perceive their limitations. The proportion of those with perceived
limitations is lowest in Norway and highest in Finland.
Self-perceived limitations. Per cent of age group. 2012
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Women
DK
45–64
FI
Men
IS
Women
Men
65 and older
NO
SE
EU28
Source: Eurostat
14
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
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3.3 Daily smoking
The indicator refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 years and
over who report smoking every day – with slight deviations in age groups
for the different countries. Smoking is one of the life style factors that has
3.3 Daily smoking
an impact on the status of health. Smoking habits of women and men can
be reflected in different patterns of illnesses and mortality.
The indicator refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 years and
overproportion
who reportofsmoking
every day
with slight
in age
The
daily smokers
has –
decreased
fordeviations
both women
and groups
men in
forthe
theNordic
different
countries.
is them
one ofbythe
life
style1995.
factors
that
has
all
countries
andSmoking
in some of
half
since
Men
used
ansmoke
impactmore
on the
status
of health.
Smoking
habits
andNorway
men can
to
than
women
and this
is still the
caseof
inwomen
Denmark,
be reflected
patterns
of illnesses
andpercentage
mortality. of women
and
Finland, in
butdifferent
in Iceland
and Sweden
a higher
than men are daily smokers, although the difference is small. The highest
percentage
for female
in Denmark
with
cent and
The proportion
of dailysmokers
smokersishas
decreased
for15.5
bothper
women
andfor
men in
male
it is in Finland
with
20.9ofper
cent.
all thesmokers
Nordic countries
and in
some
them
by half since 1995. Men used
to smoke more than women and this is still the case in Denmark, Norway
and Finland, but in Iceland and Sweden a higher percentage of women
than men are daily smokers, although the difference is small. The highest
percentage for female smokers is in Denmark with 15.5 per cent and for
male smokers it is in Finland with 20.9 per cent.
Daily smokers. Per cent of ages 15 and over
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1995
Women
DK
FI
2013
1995
IS
NO
Men
2013
SE
Note: FI and SE 2012
Source: OECD
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 15
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
15
23-02-2015 12:51:28
3.4 Mortality rates from cancer
3.4 Mortality rates from cancer
The indicator refers to the mortality rate from cancer (malignant
neoplasms)
one
the mainrate
groups
ofcancer
causes(malignant
of death covering
The
indicatorwhich
refersisto
theofmortality
from
many different types of cancer. It accounts for one-fourth of all deaths in
neoplasms) which is one of the main groups of causes of death covering
the Nordic countries. Mortality rate is the number of deaths per 100 000 of
many different types of cancer. It accounts for one-fourth of all deaths in
the average population. Mortality rates differ by gender and are generally
the
Nordic
countries.
Mortality
rate
is the number of deaths per 100,000 of
shown
separately
for women
and
men.
the average population. Mortality rates differ by gender and are generally
shown
separately
for women
men. rates for cancer are higher for
In all the
Nordic countries
the and
mortality
men than women. Greenland accounts for the lowest gender difference
where
theNordic
rates for
womenthe
andmortality
men are almost
the
same,are
whereas
In
all the
countries
rates for
cancer
higherthe
for men
Faroewomen.
Islands,Greenland
Finland and
Iceland have
the
highest
gender
difference.
The
than
accounts
for the
lowest
gender
difference
where
highest
mortality
for both
women
and men
are inthe
Denmark,
the
ratescancer
for women
and rates
men are
almost
the same,
whereas
Faroe
where 262
women
and
289 men
000 died
fromdifference.
cancer (2012).
Islands,
Finland
and
Iceland
haveper
the100
highest
gender
The The
lowest
rates
are
in
Iceland,
where
160
women
and
192
men
per
100
000
highest cancer mortality rates for both women and men are in Denmark,
died from different types of cancer (2009).
where 262 women and 289 men per 100,000 died from cancer (2012). The
lowest rates are in Iceland, where 160 women and 192 men per 100,000
died from different types of cancer (2009).
Mortality rates from cancer. Per 100 000. 2012
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
DK
FO
GL
Women
FI
AX
IS
Men
NO
SE
Note: FO, GL and AX average 2008–2012. IS 2009
Source: HEAL03 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO
16
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
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3.5 Mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system
The Mortality
indicator refers
the diseases
mortality rate
from
the diseases
of the circulatory
3.5
ratesto
from
of the
circulatory
system
system which is one of the main groups of causes of death. It accounts for
one-third of all deaths in the Nordic countries. Mortality rate is the number
The indicator refers to the mortality rate from the diseases of the
of deaths per 100 000 of the average population.
circulatory system which is one of the main groups of causes of death. It
accounts
for one-third
of all deaths
in the
Different from
cancer mortality
women
haveNordic
highercountries.
mortality Mortality
rates thanrate
is
thefrom
number
of deathsofper
of the
average
men
the diseases
the100,000
circulatory
system
in allpopulation.
the Nordic countries,
except the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. The gender gap for these
Different
have but
higher
causes offrom
deathcancer
is the mortality
narrowestwomen
in Denmark
the mortality
widest in rates
Åland.than
The
mortality
for womenofisthe
thecirculatory
highest in system
Åland 410
deaths
per 100
000
men
fromrate
the diseases
in all
the Nordic
countries,
people,the
followed
closely by
Finlandand
andGreenland.
Sweden and
similar
accounts
except
Faroe Islands,
Iceland
Thethe
gender
gap
for these
for the mortality
rates
men. Theinrates
are atbut
a lower
level ininthe
otherThe
causes
of death is
theof
narrowest
Denmark
the widest
Åland.
countries rate
withfor
thewomen
lowest is
being
in Greenland,
both
fordeaths
womenper
and100,000
men
mortality
the highest
in Åland
410
with
158
and
199
deaths
per
100
000,
respectively.
people, followed closely by Finland and Sweden and the similar accounts
for the mortality rates of men. The rates are at a lower level in the other
countries with the lowest being in Greenland, both for women and men
with 158 and 199 deaths per 100,000, respectively.
Mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system. Per 100 000. 2012
500
400
300
200
100
0
DK
FO
GL
Women
FI
AX
IS
Men
NO
SE
Note: FO, GL and AX average 2008–2012. IS 2009
Source: HEAL04 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 17
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
17
23-02-2015 12:51:28
3.6 Suicides
The indicator refers to the mortality rate from suicides. The mortality rate
is the
number of deaths per 100 000 of the average population. Mortality
3.6
Suicides
rates differ by gender and are generally shown separately for women and
men. Practices for coding suicides differ from one country to another and,
The indicator refers to the mortality rate from suicides. The mortality rate is
thus,
comparisons
of mortality
rates
suicidespopulation.
should be made
with
the
number
of deaths
per 100,000
offrom
the average
Mortality
caution.
rates differ by gender and are generally shown separately for women and
men. Practices for coding suicides differ from one country to another and,
Suicides
are more common
among
than
women.
The rate
of suicides
thus,
comparisons
of mortality
ratesmen
from
suicides
should
be made
with
has generally declined in the Nordic countries, both for men and women.
caution.
It is by far the highest in Greenland and that accounts for both men and
women. Finland
has
the second
highest
rate of
suicideThe
for rate
menof
orsuicides
25 per
Suicides
are more
common
among
men than
women.
100
000,
followed
by
Iceland
and
Sweden.
The
lowest
rate
for
both
womenIt
has generally declined in the Nordic countries, both for men and women.
and
is in
the Faroe
Islands, one
women
and eight
for men
men.and
The
is
bymen
far the
highest
in Greenland
andfor
that
accounts
for both
rate of suicide
women,
is between
one
and
per 100
000 in
women.
Finlandfor
has
the second
highest
rate
often
suicide
for men
or the
25 per
Nordic countries
apart
from inand
Greenland.
100,000,
followed
by Iceland
Sweden. The lowest rate for both women
and men is in the Faroe Islands, one for women and eight for men. The rate
of suicide for women, is between one and ten per 100,000 in the Nordic
countries apart from in Greenland.
Number of suicides per 100 000
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Women
DK
1995
FO
Men
GL
Women
FI
AX
IS
2012
NO
Men
SE
Note: FO, GL and AX 1996 and 2011. Average 2007–2011. IS 1995 and 2009
Source: HEAL05 in the database Nordic Statistics
18
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 18
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3.7 Abortion
Total abortion rate refers to the number of legal abortions performed on
Abortion
13.7
000
women during their fertile period (from 15–49 years).
Total abortion
rate refers
to the
numberhave
of legal
abortions
on
Since
the mid-1970s
induced
abortions
been
availableperformed
in most Nor1,000
womenIn
during
their Greenland,
fertile period
(from and
15–49
years).it is entirely
dic
countries.
Denmark,
Norway
Sweden,
up to the pregnant woman in the early stages of pregnancy to determine
whether
have an abortion.
the Faroehave
Islands,
Åland
and Nordic
Since thetomid-1970s
inducedInabortions
beenFinland,
available
in most
Iceland,
a leave
based on
social and/or
medical
criteria isitrequired.
countries.
In Denmark,
Greenland,
Norway
and Sweden,
is entirely up to
the pregnant woman in the early stages of pregnancy to determine whether
The
totalan
abortion
rate
in allFinland,
the Nordic
countries
between
to have
abortion.
Inhas
the decreased
Faroe Islands,
Åland
and Iceland,
a
2000
2012,
exceptand/or
for Sweden,
Åland
andis
Denmark.
leave and
based
on social
medical
criteria
required.Greenland has
the highest total abortion rate with 2014 abortions per 1 000 women during their reproductive period (from 15–49 years). Sweden has the second
The total abortion rate has decreased in all the Nordic countries between
highest rate at 621. The Faroe Islands has the lowest rate at 133.
2000 and 2012, except for Sweden, Åland and Denmark. Greenland has
the highest total abortion rate with 2014 abortions per 1000 women
during their reproductive period (from 15–49 years). Sweden has the
second highest rate at 621. The Faroe Islands has the lowest rate at 133.
Total abortion rate
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
DK
FO
GL
2000
FI
AX
IS
2012
NO
SE
Note: FO 2000 and 2008. GL and AX 2000 and 2009. IS 1999 and 2012
Source: HEAL15 in the database Nordic Statistics
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 19
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
19
23-02-2015 12:51:28
3.8 Absence from work for at least a week due to illness
3.8 indicator
Absence shows
from work
for at
least
a week
The
absence
from
work
for atdue
leasttoa illness
week because of
illness calculated as per cent of all employed. The figures have been calcuThe indicator
shows
from
work as
foran
at average
least a week
because
of In
lated
on the basis
of absence
labor force
surveys
of the
censuses.
illness calculated
per gainful
cent of employment
all employed.isThe
figures
principle,
everyoneaswith
entitled
to have
daily been
cash bencalculated
theof
basis
of labor
force surveys
an average of
efits
in the on
event
illness.
The structure
variesasconsiderably
bythe
country.
censuses.
In principle,
everyone
with gainful
employment
is entitled to
Benefits
paid
in connection
with illness
are taxable
in all countries.
daily cash benefits in the event of illness. The structure varies considerably
The
percentage
of absence
the workplace
due to
forin
more
by country.
Benefits
paid infrom
connection
with illness
areillness
taxable
all than
one
week is generally higher for women than men with the widest gap in
countries.
Norway and the narrowest in Denmark. Absence is markedly the highest
in
Norway
for both
women and
2013, or due
4.3 per
cent and
perthan
The
percentage
of absence
frommen
thein
workplace
to illness
for 2.7
more
cent,
respectively,
and
has
increased
compared
with
1995.
The
per
cent
one week is generally higher for women than men with the widest gap inof
absence has decreased for both sexes in Sweden and increased in Finland.
Norway and the narrowest in Denmark. Absence is markedly the highest in
Iceland and Denmark account for the lowest absence.
Norway for both women and men in 2013, or 4.3 and 2.7, respectively, and
has increased compared with 1995. The per cent of absence has
decreased for both sexes in Sweden and increased in Finland. Iceland and
Denmark account for the lowest absence.
Absence from work for at least a week due to illness.
Per cent of all employed
5
4
3
2
1
0
1995
DK
Women
FI
2013
1995
IS
NO
Men
2013
SE
Note: DK aged 15–66 years
Source: SOCI02 in the database Nordic Statistics
20
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
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4. Education
4.1 Educational attainment
The indicator defines the per cent of the population aged 15–74 years who
have reached ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education)
levels 1–6. Not specified education is categorised together with Primary
education.
In 2012 almost 57 per cent of the people who attained a higher education
at tertiary level were women. Comparisons between sexes in educational
attainment
show a lower educational level for men than for women. This is
4.
Education
partly due to male-dominated vocational training and education not being
counted
in tertiaryattainment
level. Finland and Norway have the highest proportion
4.1
Educational
in tertiary education for both women and men. Sweden has the highest
share of women and men in upper and post-secondary education. The proThe indicator defines the per cent of the population aged 15-74 years who
portion of people having a tertiary education has increased in all the Nordic
have
reached
ISCED
Standard
Classification of Education)
countries
as well
as in(International
the EU since the
late 1990s.
levels 1-6. Not specified education is categorised together with Primary
education.
Educational attainment/Level of education attained, people aged
15–74 years. Per cent
100
80
60
40
20
DK
GL
FI
AX
IS
NO
Tertiary (ISCED 5+6)
Secondary (ISCED 3+4)
Primary (ISCED 1+2) and not specified
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
0
SE
Source: EDUC01 in the database Nordic Statistics
Nordic Gender
Equality in
21
In 2012 almost 57 per cent of the people
who attained
a Figures
higher2015
education
at tertiary level were women. Comparisons between sexes in educational
attainment show a lower educational level for men than for women. This is
partly due to male-dominated vocational training and education not being
counted in tertiary level. Finland and Norway have the highest proportion
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 21
23-02-2015 12:51:29
4.2 Early leavers from education and training
Early leavers from education and training are defined as the proportion of the
population aged 18 to 24 with a lower secondary level of education as the
highest attained and who are no longer in further education or training.
EU has adopted a benchmark share of less than ten per cent early leavers
from education and training to be achieved by 2020. In Sweden, Finland
and Denmark the proportion of early leavers is lower than the EU28
average at 12.7 per cent, but in Norway (only boys) and in Iceland the
shares are higher. The higher drop-out rate for young boys has in particular
been debated in many European countries during the last decade. In all the
Nordic countries boys have a higher share of early leavers than girls, when
the gender differences are compared in each country. However, there is a
higher share of early leavers among Norwegian and Icelandic girls, than of
Swedish, Finish and Danish boys.
4.2 Early leavers from education and training
Early leavers from education and training are defined as the proportion of
the population aged 18 to 24 with a lower secondary level of education as
the highest attained and who are no longer in further education or training.
Early leavers from education and training by sex. Per cent
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1996
2000
Women
DK
2013
FI
IS
1996
2000
Men
NO
2013
SE
Source: Eurostat
EU has adopted a benchmark share of less than ten per cent early leavers
from education
andEquality
training
to be achieved
by 2020. In Sweden, Finland
22
Nordic Gender
in Figures
2015
and Denmark the proportion of early leavers is lower than the EU28
average at 12.7 per cent, but in Norway and Iceland the shares are higher.
The higher drop-out rate for young boys has in particular been debated in
many European countries during the last decade. In all the Nordic
countries boys have a higher
share of early leavers than girls, when the
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
22
23-02-2015 12:51:29
4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level
The indicator shows the share of graduated students with tertiary level for
women and men in 2012.
In the Nordic countries the majority of graduates at tertiary level (ISCED 5 &
6) are women. Men account for less than 40 per cent of those graduating.
In Sweden 45 per cent of the female graduates from 2012, graduated at the
tertiary level, which is the highest share in the Nordic countries. For men
the proportion is the highest in Sweden as well, 34 per cent. Åland has the
lowest share of graduated students at this level, for both men and women.
4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level
The indicator shows the share of graduated students with tertiary level for
women and men in 2012.
Graduated students. Per cent with tertiary level. 2012
50
40
30
20
10
0
DK
GL
FI
Women
AX
IS
Men
NO
SE
Note: SE 2011
Source: EDUC03 in the database Nordic Statistics
In the Nordic countries the majority Nordic
of graduates
at tertiary level (ISCED 523
&
Gender Equality in Figures 2015
6) are women. Men account for less than 40 per cent of those graduating.
In Sweden 45 per cent of women have reached the tertiary level, which is
the highest share in the Nordic countries. For men the proportion is the
highest in Sweden as well, 34 per cent. Åland has the lowest shares of
graduated students at this level, for both men and women.
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 23
23-02-2015
12:51:29
4.4 Attained tertiary education by field of education
The indicator shows the gender distribution in the six largest fields of
education in 2012.
Female graduates dominate within fields such as health and social
services, whereas males dominate in fields such as engineering,
manufacturing and construction. The share of men in health, education
and social services is still very low in all the Nordic countries. The share of
women in engineering, manufacturing and construction is also still low, but
increasing. Teacher training and education science are common fields for
women in Iceland and Norway, but it is also more common for men in these
two countries than in the other Nordic countries.
4.4 Attained tertiary education by field of education
The indicator shows the gender distribution in the six largest fields of
education in 2012.
Tertiary education attained by field of education. Per cent. 2012
100
80
60
40
20
0
DK
FI
IS NO
Women
SE
DK
FI
IS
Men
NO
SE
Other
Teacher training, education science
Natural science, mathematics and computing
Health and social services
Arts, humanities and religion
Engineering, manufacturing and construction
Social science, business and law
Source: EDUC03 in the database Nordic Statistics
FemaleNordic
graduates
within2015
fields such as health and social
24
Gender dominate
Equality in Figures
services, whereas males dominate in fields such as engineering,
manufacturing and construction. The share of men in health, education
and social services is still very low in all the Nordic countries. The share of
women in engineering, manufacturing and construction is also still low,
but increasing. Teacher24training and education science are common fields
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
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5. Labour market
5.1 Labour market status
The employment rate is the percentage of employed persons of the popula-
5.
Labour
market
tion.
The EU 2020
goal for the employment rate, for both women and men
aged 20–64, is 75 per cent. Among the Nordic countries, Iceland, Norway
and Labour
Swedenmarket
have already
5.1
statusreached the target in that age group.
The
indicator
employment
rate, unemployment
rateIslands,
and
For age
group shows
15–64 the
it looks
slightly different.
Men in the Faroe
percentage
of theNorway
population
outside the
labour
force.
Iceland, Sweden,
and Denmark
have
achieved
the goal, but the other
countries have a long way to go. Among women, only women in the Faroe
The
employment
rateÅland
is thehave
percentage
of employed
of the
Islands,
Iceland and
an employment
rate ofpersons
75 per cent
or more.
population. The EU 2020 goal for the employment rate, for both women
and
men
20–64,
per cent.
Among the Nordic
countries,
Iceland,
Åland
andaged
Norway
has is
the75lowest
unemployment
rate, 2 and
3 per cent
Norway
and Sweden
already
reached
the
targetcountries
in that age
group.
respectively
for both have
women
and men.
Other
Nordic
have
an
unemployment rate between 6 and 7 per cent. Finland has the highest
For age group 15–64 it looks slightly different. Men in Faroe Islands,
proportion of both women and men, who are outside the labour force. They
Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark have achieved the goal, but the
are neither employed nor unemployed.
other countries have a long way to go. Among women, only women in Faroe
Islands, Iceland and Åland have an employment rate of 75 per cent or more.
Labour market status, aged 15–64 years. 2013
100
80
60
40
20
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
FO
GL
FI
AX
IS
NO
Not in the labour force
Unemployed
Women
Men
Women
Men
DK
Women
Men
Women
Men
0
SE EU27
Employed
Note: GL 2012 and AX 2011
Source: WORK02 in the database Nordic Statistics
Åland and Norway has the lowest unemployment rate, 2 and 3 per cent
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
25
respectively for both women and men. Other Nordic countries have an
unemployment rate between 6 and 7 per cent. Finland has the highest
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 25
23-02-2015 12:51:29
5.2 Segregation
The labour market in the Nordic countries is highly segregated by sex. The
indicator
shows the share of all employed women and men in, respectively,
5.2 Segregation
the largest female-dominated industries ”Education” and “Human Health
and Social activities,” and the largest male-dominated industries ,
The labour market in the Nordic countries is highly segregated by sex. The
”Manufacturing”, “Construction” and “Transportation and Storage”.
indicator shows the share of all employed women and men in, respectively,
the largest female-dominated industries ”Education” and “Human Health
The two female-dominated industries employ in total just above one
and Social activities,” and the largest male-dominated industries ,
quarter of all employed in the Nordic countries. 43 per cent of all employed
”Manufacturing”, “Construction” and “Transportation and Storage”.
women work in these two industries, but just 11 per cent of all employed
men.
The two female-dominated industries employ in total just above one
quarter of all employed in the Nordic countries. 43 per cent of all employed
The opposite prevails in the three male-dominated industries, which in
women
workalmost
in these
two
industries,
just 11 per
cent
of allindustries
employed
total
employ
one
quarter
of all but
employees.
These
three
men.
employ 37 per cent of all employed men, and 10 per cent of all employed
women.
The opposite prevails in the three male-dominated industries, which in
total employ almost one quarter of all employees. These three industries
employ 37 per cent of all employed men, and 10 per cent of the employed
women.
Per cent of employed aged 15–64 years in the largest femaledominated and male-dominated industries. 2013
50
40
30
20
10
0
DK
FI
IS NO SE
Female dominated
Women
DK
FI
IS NO SE
Male dominated
Men
Source: Eurostat
26
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 26
23-02-2015 12:51:29
5.3 Part-time work
Working part-time facilitates the possibility to combine gainful employment
with parenthood or studies. In some industries, it is more common with
part-time employment than in others, for example health-related work.
The
of women working part-time has decreased in Norway,
5.3 proportion
Part-time work
Sweden
Iceland
since 1995,
increased
in Finland.
In Finland, the
Workingand
part-time
facilitates
the but
possibility
to combine
gainful
proportion
ofwith
part-time
workingorwomen
isIn
significantly
lower than
in the
employment
parenthood
studies.
some industries,
it is more
other
Nordic
common
withcountries.
part-time employment than in others, for example healthrelated work.
Among men, the proportion of part-time workers increased in all the Nordic
countries,
except
Iceland
wherepart-time
it has fallen.
The proportion
offor
women
working
has decreased in Norway,
Sweden and Iceland since 1995, but increased in Finland. In Finland, the
The
highestofproportion
part-time
working
men can belower
foundthan
in Denmark
proportion
part-time of
working
women
is significantly
in the
and
the
lowest
proportion
in
Finland.
other Nordic countries.
Among men, the proportion of part-time workers increased in all the Nordic
countries, except for Iceland where it has fallen.
The highest proportion of part-time working men can be found in Denmark
and the lowest proportion in Finland.
Per cent of employed aged 15–64 in part-time employment
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Women
1995
DK
Men
FI
Women
IS
NO
Men
2013
SE
Source: LABO03 in the database Nordic Statistics
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 27
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
27
23-02-2015 12:51:29
Per cent of employed in part-time work by age. 2013
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
15–24
25–49
Women
DK
FI
50–64
IS
15–24
NO
SE
25–49
Men
50–64
EU27
Source: Eurostat
Regardless of age, women work part-time to a higher degree than men,
Regardless
age, the
women
part-time
to a higher degree than men, and
and this hasofbeen
casework
for many
decades.
this has been the case for many decades.
In all countries but Finland, both women and men in the younger ages have
In
all countries
Finland,
bothsince
women
andWomen
men inhave
the younger
increased
theirbut
part-time
work
1995.
reducedages
theirhave
increased
part-timework
workinsince
1995.age
Women
have
reduced
theirbut
proportiontheir
of part-time
the other
groups
in all
countries
proportion
Finland. of part-time work in the other age groups in all countries but
Finland.
Men aged 25–49 work part-time to a higher degree in all countries since
Men
aged
25–49
work part-time
to a higher
degree men
in allwork
countries
sinceto a
1995,
except
for Iceland.
At the older
ages 50–64,
part-time
1995,
At Finland
the older
ages
50–64,
menmen
workinpart-time
to a
higherexcept
degreefor
inIceland.
Denmark,
and
Norway,
while
Sweden and
Icelanddegree
have reduced
their Finland
part-time
work
sincewhile
1995.men in Sweden and
higher
in Denmark,
and
Norway,
Iceland have reduced their part-time work since 1995.
28
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 28
23-02-2015 12:51:30
6. Income
6.1 Gender pay gap
The unadjusted Gender Pay Gap represents the difference between
average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid
employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid
employees.
The gender pay gap in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is around 15 to
16 per cent, a little narrower than the average for the EU, at 16 per cent.
The gap is slightly wider in Finland and Iceland. The gap has been stable
or
in all the Nordic countries from 2011 to 2012. From 2010 to
Income
6.reduced
2011, the gap widened in Denmark, but has decreased again in 2012, and
Denmark has now the narrowest gap in the Nordic countries.
6.1 Gender pay gap
The unadjusted Gender Pay Gap represents the difference between
average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid
employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid
employees.
Gender pay gap
25
20
15
10
2007
2008
DK
FI
2009
2010
2011
IS
NO
SE
2012
EU27
Source: INDIC109 in the database Nordic Statistics
The gender pay gap in Denmark, Norway
and Sweden is around 15 to 16 29
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
per cent, a little narrower than the average for the EU, at 16 per cent. The
gap is slightly wider in Finland and Iceland. The gap has been stable or
reduced in all the Nordic countries from 2011 to 2012. From 2010 to 2011,
the gap widened in Denmark, but has decreased again in 2012, and
Denmark has now the narrowest
gap in the Nordic countries.
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
29
23-02-2015
12:51:30
6.2 Mean annual earnings
Mean annual earnings are the gross annual earnings of employees,
calculated for both full-time and part-time employees, as full-time
equivalents.
In 2010 Iceland had the largest gender wage gap (in purchasing power)
among the Nordic countries, in terms of women’s share of men’s earnings.
Iceland was at the same time the country with the lowest wage level for
both sexes, lower than the level of the EU27. Also Finland had a relatively
large wage gap between men and women, while in Sweden the gap was the
smallest. This is due to a generally lower wage level among Swedish men in
2010, compared to the wage level of men in Denmark, Norway and Finland.
Denmark was the country with the highest wage level, for both men and
women, but the gender gap was still relatively large compared to that of
Norway
andannual
Sweden.
6.2 Mean
earnings
Mean annual earnings are the gross annual earnings of employees,
calculated for both full-time and part-time employees, as full-time
equivalents.
Mean annual earnings. PPS in Euro. 2010
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
DK
FI
Women
IS
NO
SE
EU27
Men
Note: PPS: Purchasing Power Standards eliminates the differences in price levels
between the countries.
Source: Eurostat
In 2010
Iceland
had
the largest
gender
30
Nordic
Gender
Equality
in Figures
2015 wage gap (in purchasing power)
among the Nordic countries, in terms of women’s share of men’s earnings.
Iceland was at the same time the country with the lowest wage level for
both sexes, lower than the level of the EU27. Also Finland had a relatively
large wage gap between men and women, while in Sweden the gap was
the smallest. This is due
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
30 to a generally lower wage level among Swedish 23-02-2015
12:51:30
6.3 People at risk of poverty
The indicator measures the proportion of men and women at risk of
monetary poverty. Monetary poverty is a key dimension of social inclusion.
Persons are at risk of poverty if their equivalised disposable income is
below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which in the EU is set at 60 per cent of
the national median income after social transfers.
The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has increased in
all Nordic countries in recent years, with the exception of Iceland. The most
dramatic increase in the five-year period from 2008–2013 has been for
Swedish women. One in six Swedish women was at risk of poverty in 2013,
compared to less than one in ten Icelandic women. In Denmark and Iceland
more
men than
women
were at risk of poverty in 2013.
6.3 People
at risk
of poverty
The indicator measures the proportion of men and women at risk of
monetary poverty. Monetary poverty is a key dimension of social inclusion.
Persons are at risk of poverty if their equivalised disposable income is
below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which in the EU is set at 60 per cent of
the national median income after social transfers.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Percentage of total
population
20
15
10
5
0
DK
FI
IS NO SE EU27
Women
2008
DK
FI
IS NO SE EU27
Men
2013
Source: Eurostat
The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has increased in
all Nordic countries in recent years,Nordic
with the
exception
Iceland.
The most
Gender
Equality of
in Figures
2015
31
dramatic increase in the five-year period from 2008–2013 has been for
Swedish women. One in six Swedish women was at risk of poverty in 2013,
compared to less than one in ten Icelandic women. In Denmark and Iceland
more men than women were at risk of poverty in 2013.
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 31
23-02-2015 12:51:30
6.4 Relative median income ratio
The relative median income ratio is defined as the ratio of the median
equivalised disposable income of people aged above 65 to the median
equivalised disposable income of those aged 65 years or below.
In all the Nordic countries the average income of women and men above 65
years, was less than the average for those under 65. The gap was the greatest for Denmark and Finland. Also, in all the Nordic countries the average
income of women under 65 was below that of men in the same age group.
The gender gap is on average about ten percentage points in men’s favour.
The gender gap in income for this age group is often more pronounced in
countries where a relatively large proportion of women live alone, which
is more common in the Nordic countries than in many other European
countries.
6.4 Relative median income ratio for people aged above 65
The relative median income ratio is defined as the ratio of the median
equivalised disposable income of people aged above 65 to the median
equivalised disposable income of those aged below 65.
Relative median income ratio for people aged above 65. 2013
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
DK
FI
Women
IS
NO
SE
Men
EU28
Source: Eurostat
In all the Nordic countries the average income of women and men above 65
32
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
years, was less than the average for those under 65. The gap was the
greatest for Denmark and Finland. Also, in all the Nordic countries the
average income of women under 65 was below that of men in the same age
group. The gender gap is on average about ten percentage points in men’s
favour. The gender gap in income for this age group is often more
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 32
23-02-2015
12:51:30
7. Influence and power
7.1 Candidates elected to the national parliaments
The indicator shows the gender distribution of seats in the national
parliaments in the Nordic countries after the latest election in each country.
Most of the Nordic countries have a relatively balanced gender
representation in their parliaments, with an average female representation
of 40 per cent. The average in the EU was 23 per cent in 2013. Sweden
has the highest female representation, with 45 per cent. Åland and the
Faroe Islands have a considerably lower female representation than the
other Nordic countries. Åland is slightly below the EU average. All Nordic
countries have a proportional representation system.
7. Influence and power
7.1 Candidates elected to the national parliaments
The indicator shows the gender distribution of seats in the national
parliaments in the Nordic countries after the latest election in each
country.
Candidates elected to the national parliaments, latest election
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
DK
FO
GL
Women
FI
AX
IS
Men
NO
SE
Source: ELE03 in the database Nordic Statistics
Most of the Nordic countries have aNordic
relatively
balanced
gender
Gender
Equality in
Figures 2015
33
representation in their parliaments, with an average female representation
of 40 per cent. The average in the EU was 23 per cent in 2013. Sweden has
the highest female representation, with 45 per cent. Åland and the Faroe
Islands have a considerably lower female representation than the other
Nordic countries. Åland33is slightly below the EU average. All Nordic
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd
23-02-2015
12:51:30
7.2 Gender balance on boards
The indicator shows the gender balance on boards of the largest publicly
listed companies in the Nordic countries. Publicly listed means that the
shares of the company are traded on the stock exchange. Norway and Iceland
have passed legislation to secure gender balance on such boards.
On average, about three of ten board members of the largest publicly listed
companies in the Nordic countries are women. In 2014 Iceland and Norway
had the highest female share among the Nordic countries, at 46 and 40 per
cent. Denmark had the lowest share at 23 per cent.
7.2 Gender balance on boards of publicly listed companies
The indicator shows the gender balance on boards of the largest publicly
listed companies in the Nordic countries. Publicly listed means that the
shares of the company are traded on the stock exchange. Norway and
Iceland have passed legislation to secure gender balance on such boards.
Women and men on boards of listed companies. Per cent. 2014
100
80
60
40
20
0
DK
FI
Women
IS
NO
SE
Men
Source: European Commission, database on men and women in decision making
On average,
about three of ten board members of the largest publicly listed
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
companies in the Nordic countries are women. In 2014 Iceland and Norway
had the highest female share among the Nordic countries, at 46 and 40 per
cent. Denmark had the lowest share at 23 per cent.
34
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 34
23-02-2015 12:51:30
7.3 Gender differences among employers
The indicator shows the percentage of employers among all employed
women and men.
In the Nordic countries the share of employers is significantly higher
among men compared to women. The highest share of female employers
was found in Iceland where just over two per cent of the employed women
are employers. Norway had the lowest share, one per cent. This could
however, also be a reflection of the general low share of employers among
Norwegian employees. Two per cent of Norwegian employed men are
employers compared with six per cent of Finnish men. The share of female
employers has grown in Norway and Sweden over the last decade, while in
Denmark, Finland and Iceland it has decreased. In this period the share of
male employers with employees has increased in Norway and Finland but
decreased in the other Nordic countries.
7.3 Gender differences among employers
The indicator shows the percentage of employers among all employed
women and men.
Employers. Per cent of all employed
10
8
6
4
2
0
DK
FI
IS NO
Women
2002
SE
DK
FI
IS NO
Men
SE
2012
Source: OECD
In the Nordic countries the share of Nordic
employers
is significantly higher
Gender Equality in Figures 2015
35
among men compared to women. The highest share of female employers
was found in Iceland where just over two per cent of the employed women
are employers. Norway had the lowest share, one per cent. This could
however, also be a reflection of the general low share of employers among
Norwegian employees. Two per cent of Norwegian employed men are
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 35
23-02-2015
12:51:30
7.4 Leaders and managers
Managers include all employees with managerial responsibilities
(ISCO 08, occupation code 1).
The proportion of women managers is still below 40 per cent for all the
Nordic countries in 2013. Iceland has the highest proportion of female
managers, 37 per cent. Denmark has the lowest share, 29 per cent. In the
EU the share of female managers is on average 33. However, there has not
been any major change in increasing the share of female managers during
the last decade. This chart shows the sex distribution among managers
at all levels. The proportion of women in top management is known to be
considerably lower.
7.4 Leaders and managers
Managers include all employees with managerial responsibilities
(ISCO 08, occupation code 1).
Share of women among employed persons with managerial
responsibilities
50
40
30
20
10
2002
DK
2004
FI
2006
IS
2008
NO
2010
SE
2012
EU28
Source: OECD
The proportion
of women managers is still below 40 per cent for all the
Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015
Nordic countries in 2013. Iceland has the highest proportion of female
managers, 37 per cent. Denmark has the lowest share, 29 per cent. In the
EU the share of female managers is on average 33. However, there has not
been any major change in increasing the share of female managers during
the last decade. This chart shows the sex distribution among managers at
_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 36
36
23-02-2015 12:51:31
Ved Stranden 18
DK-1061 Copenhagen K
www.norden.org
This brochure gathers information on
gender equality in the Nordic region. It
briefly describes some important areas
of life and society, such as family, work,
education, health, power, income and
influence. This data will hopefully be
useful for everyone who seeks reliable
and comparable data on gender equality
in the Nordic countries. Please visit
www.norden.org for more information.
ISBN 978-92-893-4039-7 (PRINT)
ISBN 978-92-893-4040-3 (PDF)
ISSN 0908-4339
http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-733
ANP 2015:733
2015_733_omslag .indd 1
Nordic Gender
Equality
in Figures
2015
23-02-2015 12:50:44