Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 5(4), 153-168, April 2015 (An International Research Journal), www.chemistry-journal.org ISSN 2229-760X (Print) ISSN 2319-7625 (Online) Analysis of Copper, Chromium & Lead in Hawassa and Arba Minch Textile Effluents Tessema Bashaye Tafesse and Adane Kassa Yetemegne Department of Chemistry, Arba Minch University, ETHIOPIA. e-mail: [email protected]. (Received on: April 23, 2015) ABSTRACT Waste water generated from the textile processing industries contains high amounts of dissolved solids, heavy metals and other auxiliary chemicals that are used in the various stages of dyeing and other processes. Therefore analysis of trace meals in wastewater is prerequisite for the investigation of the degree of pollution and appropriateness of treatment plant. In this study the Trace Metals: Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and Lead (Pb) in textile effluents and adjacent water samples were assessed. Wastewater sample in triplicates from Hawassa and Arba Minch textile effluents & adjacent water bodies (Chamo Lake, Hawassa Lake and Tikur Woha) were collected. The collected samples were digested using HNO3 and the concentrations of the metals were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The analytical results obtained were compared with standard values for wastewater set by authorized bodies. The result showed that concentration heavy metals in samples ranges from 0.143-1.000, 0.517-0.986 and 1.350-4.350 mg/L for copper, chromium and lead respectively In Hawassa textile effluents and neighboring water bodies. In Arba Minch textile effluents and neighboring water bodies it was ranged from 0.143-1.000, 0.244-0.350 and 0.050-1.200 mg/L for copper, chromium and lead respectively. All samples exceeded the prescribed guideline limit in effluents of textile and associated water bodies. The findings also indicate that the Cr contamination was more than other metals. Effluents of Hawassa textile showed larger concentration of heavy metals which indicate high degree of pollution. This textile effluent may be source of water pollution which will affect the flora and fauna existing in such environments hence textile effluent must be treated before they are discharged into the environment. Keywords: Heavy metal, Pollution, Textile Industry Effluent, Trace metals. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 154 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 1. INTRODUCTION Textile processing operations are considered an important part of the industrial sector in both developed and developing countries, like Ethiopia. However the textile industry is one of the most complex manufacturing industries with operations and processes as diverse as its products. Due to this diversity it is almost impossible to describe a “typical” textile effluent1. The technology of transforming cotton and synthetic fibers into fabrics and dyed fabrics generates various kinds of wastes. However, environmental problems of the textile industries are mainly caused by discharges of wastewater/effluents during dyeing and finishing processes2. The textile wet finishing processes considered were denim wet processing, garment wash and fabric dyeing. The major processing steps on the wet processing of denim garments involve desizing, stone-washing, bleaching and neutralization and fabric softening. Desizing involves the removal of starch based sizes added during fiber processing by treating the denim with commercial amylase enzymes. Stone washing is a more severe form of cellulous treatment which is essentially a degradative mechanism resulting in the loss of both the weight and strength of the fabric giving the material a worn out appearance. Bleaching and neutralization is normally conducted to remove unwanted color in preparation for dyeing3. Fabric dyeing involves the following major steps; scouring, bleaching, dyeing, dye fixation and fabric softening. Scouring is performed to remove impurities through the use of alkaline baths prior to further wet processing. Garment washing involves the use of detergents and softeners to remove dirt and improve the fabric texture before finished garments are sent to the market3. All the three textile finishing processes are water-intensive requiring large volumes of water for processing and rinsing. Furthermore, a wide variety of chemicals, detergents and softeners are also employed to improve the efficiency of each process. Since the processing and rinsing steps are conducted as batch operations and there are stringent water quality requirements for each processing step, water used is normally used once for each processing step or rinse before being discharged. This greatly increases the discharge volume and fresh water requirements for the wet processes. Thus, it is important to fully characterize the effluent from the major industrial dischargers in order to analyze the pollutant load before and after treatment and to enable recommendations for other treatment requirements2-5. The wastewater generated from the textile processing industries contains high amounts of suspended solids, dissolved solids, unreacted dyestuffs (color), BOD, COD, heavy metals and other auxiliary chemicals that are used in the various stages of dyeing and other processes4-9. Textile wastewater contains substantial pollution loads in terms of heavy metals and other toxic chemicals. The concentration of these trace metal in effluents must be treated and reduced to permissible level before disposed in to the environment. However the treatment process commonly used in textile industries will not be efficient and very little work has been done on the characterization of textile wastewater in Ethiopia in general and southern April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 155 Ethiopia particularly. The study will help to assess whether the effluents discharged by this two factories are in accordance with the guide line that is set for industrial wastewater by EPA in Ethiopia and other international standards. It will also serve policy makers to design a preventive measure to the health and environmental problems due to industrial pollution. There was no sufficient published and accessible data on the characterization of effluents of textile industry in Ethiopia. Therefore the finding will be used as a base line data for further investigation. It will also be a new study area for researchers to focus on the effluent chemical toxicity on the public health and environmental pollution in Ethiopia. Treatment plant for a certain textile industry is designed based on the type and amount of effluent produced at the end of the production. Therefore the finding of this study will be used to the investigation of treatment options so as to release waste water which is safe to the environment. Source of Heavy Metals The source of heavy metals in dyes is from premetallized dyes (3% to 4% metal); basic dyes requiring preparation as a double salt of zinc; dichromates to oxidize and fix dyes; and chromium compounds from after chroming operations in wool dyeing (Table 2.1 shows the content of heavy metals in dyes). There are mainly two sources of metals. Firstly, the metals may come as impurity with the chemicals used during processing such as caustic soda, sodium carbonate and salts. Secondary, the source of metal could be dye stuffs like metalized mordent dyes10. Table 2.1 Heavy Metal Content of Dyes Metal Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead Mercury Zinc Typical Conc. (ppm) <1-4.4 <1 -3-83 <1-3.2 33-110 6-52 0.5-1 3-32 Dye Type With Highest Metal Content Reactive All types Vat Acid Vat Reactive Vat Basic Metal complex dyes contain chelated chromium, cobalt, copper and nickel. Some cationic dyes contain zinc and trace concentrations of mercury, cadmium and arsenic can be present as impurities from intermediates. Some oxidizing and reducing agents contain metals (e.g. dichromate and permanganate), but in most cases, these chemicals are no longer in use. Metals are also present in finishes such as antifungal and odor-preventive finishes, water repellents and flame retardants11. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 156 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 2.6 Effects of Heavy Metals on Human Health The heavy metals hazardous to humans include lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, copper, zinc, and chromium. Such metals are found naturally in the soil in trace amounts, which pose few problems. Arsenic and cadmium, for instance, can cause cancer. Mercury can cause mutations and genetic damage, while copper, lead, and mercury can cause brain and bone damage. Copper Copper, like lead, can enter water by dissolution of the corrosion product, basic copper carbonate. The solubility is mainly a function of pH and total inorganic carbon. Solubility decreases with increase in pH, but increases with increase in concentrations of carbonate species. The pitting of copper is commonly associated with hard ground waters having a carbon dioxide concentration above 5mg/L and high dissolved oxygen. Surface waters with organic color may also be associated with pitting corrosion. Copper pipes can fail by pitting corrosion, which involves highly localized attacks leading to perforations with negligible loss of metal. Copper is both an essential nutrient and a drinking-water contaminant. It has many commercial uses. It is used to make pipes, valves and fittings and is present in alloys and coatings. Copper concentrations in treated water often increase during distribution, especially in systems with an acid pH or high-carbonate waters with an alkaline pH. Food and water are the primary sources of copper exposure in developed countries. Consumption of standing or partially flushed water from a distribution system that includes copper pipes or fittings can considerably increase total daily copper exposure, especially for infants fed formula reconstituted with tap water. IPCS concluded that the upper limit of the acceptable range of oral intake in adults is uncertain but is most likely in the range of several (more than 2 or 3) but not many milligrams per day in adults12. This evaluation was based solely on studies of gastrointestinal effects of copper-contaminated drinking-water. The available data on toxicity in animals were not considered helpful in establishing the upper limit of the acceptable range of oral intake due to uncertainty about an appropriate model for humans, but they help to establish a mode of action for the response. Recent studies have delineated the threshold for the effects of copper in drinking-water on the gastrointestinal tract, but there is still some uncertainty regarding the long-term effects of copper on sensitive populations, such as carriers of the gene for Wilson disease and other metabolic disorders of copper homeostasis. The 1958 WHO International Standards for Drinking-water suggested that concentrations of copper greater than 1.5 mg/liter would markedly impair the potability of the water. The 1963 and 1971 International Standards retained this value as a maximum allowable or permissible concentration. In the first edition of the Guidelines for DrinkingApril, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 157 water Quality, published in 1984, a guideline value of 1.0 mg/liter was established for copper, based on its laundry and other staining properties. This guideline value was retained in the addendum to the Guidelines published in 1998 and remained provisional as a result of uncertainties in the dose–response relationship between copper in drinking-water and acute gastrointestinal effects in humans. It was stressed that the outcome of epidemiological studies in progress in Chile, Sweden and the USA may permit more accurate quantification of effect levels for copper-induced toxicity in humans, including sensitive subpopulations. 2.6.2 Chromium Effects in humans occupationally exposed to high levels of chromium or its compounds, primarily Cr(VI) by inhalation, may include irritating respiratory effects, possible circulatory effects, effects on stomach and blood , liver and kidney effects, and increased risk of death from lung cancer13. Evidence from studies on experimental animals shows that Cr(VI), especially those of low solubility, can induce lung cancer. Trivalent chromium is not considered to be carcinogenic. There is, according to the IPCS monograph, insufficient evidence to implicate chromium as a causative agent of cancer in any organ other than the lung. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans14. Exposure to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds can be associated with allergic responses (e.g., asthma and dermatitis) in sensitized individuals. People who work with material containing mere traces of chromium salts are more at risk than workers who occasionally come into contact with high concentrations of chromium salts. Adverse effects of the hexavalent form on the skin may include ulcerations, dermatitis, and allergic skin reactions. Inhalation of hexavalent chromium compounds can result in ulceration and perforation of the mucous membranes of the nasal septum, irritation of the pharynx and larynx, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchospasms and edema. Respiratory symptoms may include coughing and wheezing, shortness of breath, and nasal itch. According to National Toxicology Program (NTP), there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals for the following hexavalent chromium compounds; calcium chromate, chromium trioxide, lead chromate, strontium chromate, and zinc chromate. 2.6.3 Lead Lead in the environment is mainly particulate bound with relatively low mobility and bioavailability. Lead does, in general, not bioaccumulate and there is no increase in concentration of the metal in food chains. Lead is not essential for plant or animal life50. For infants and young children lead in dust and soil often constitutes a major exposure pathway and this exposure has been one of the main concerns as to the exposure of the general population. The intake of lead will be influenced by the age and behavioral characteristics of the child and the bioavailability of lead in the source material. Baseline estimates of potential exposure of children to dusts, including intake due to normal hand-to-mouth activity, are April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 158 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 0.2 g/day for children 1.6 years old when both indoor and outdoor ingestion of soil and dust is considered, but for some children it may be up to 5 g/day15 of particular concern for the general population is the effect of lead on the central nervous system. Epidemiological studies suggest that low level exposure of the fetus and developing child may lead to reprotoxic effects, i.e. damage to the learning capacity and the neuropsychological development16. Studies of children indicate a correlation between higher lead contents in the blood and a lower IQ. Some of the effects are reversible, whereas chronic exposure to high lead levels may result in continued decreased kidney function and possible renal failure. Renal effects have been seen among the general population when more sensitive indicators of function were measured. The reproductive effects of lead in the male are limited to sperm morphology and count. In the female, some adverse pregnancy outcomes have been attributed to lead. Lead does not appear to have deleterious effects on skin, muscle or the immune system. The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. 2.7 Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Organisms Dyes may affect the photosynthetic activity in aquatic life due to reduced light penetration and may also be toxic to some aquatic life due to the presence of aromatics, metals, etc. in them17-18 aquatic organisms are adversely affected by heavy metals in the environment. The toxicity is largely a function of the water chemistry and sediment composition in the surface water system19. The metals are mineralized by microorganisms, which in turn are taken up by plankton and further by the aquatic organisms. Finally, the metals by now, several times biomagnified is taken up by man when human consume fish from the contaminated water. Slightly elevated metal levels in natural waters may cause the following sublethal effects in aquatic organisms: i.) histological or morphological change in tissues; ii.) Changes in physiology, such as suppression of growth and development, poor swimming performance, changes in circulation; iii.) Change in biochemistry, such as enzyme activity and blood chemistry; iv.) Change in behavior; and v.) Changes in reproduction20. Many organisms are able to regulate the metal concentrations in their tissues. Fish and crustacea can excrete essential metals, such as copper, zinc, and iron that are present in excess. Some can also excrete non-essential metals, such as mercury and cadmium, although this is usually met with less success20. Research has shown that aquatic plants and bivalves are not able to successfully regulate metal uptake20. Thus, bivalves tend to suffer from metal accumulation in polluted environments. In estuarine systems, bivalves often serve as biomonitor organisms in areas of April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 159 suspected pollution21. Shellfishing waters are closed if metal levels make shellfish unfit for human consumption. In comparison to freshwater fish and invertebrates, aquatic plants are equally or less sensitive to cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. Thus, the water resource should be managed for the protection of fish and invertebrates, in order to ensure aquatic plant survivability22. Phytoplankton and zooplankton often assimilate available metals quickly because of their high surface area to volume ratio. The ability of fish and invertebrates to adsorb metals is largely dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the metal21. Metals may enter the systems of aquatic organisms via three main pathways: i.) Free metal ions that are absorbed through respiratory surface (e.g., gills) are readily diffused into the blood stream. ii.) Free metal ions that are adsorbed onto body surfaces are passively diffused into the blood stream. iii.) Metals that are adsorbed onto food and particulates may be ingested, as well as free ions ingested with water20. For eg: Chromium is not known to accumulate in the bodies of fish, but high concentrations of chromium, due to the disposal of metal products in surface waters, can damage the gills of fish that swim near the point of disposal. METHODS AND MATERIALS Sampling Area Samples were collected from Hawassa Textile effluents, Tikur Wuha, Hawassa Lake, Arba Minch Textile effluents and Chamo Lake. Sample Collection and Preparation Wastewater samples was collected in plastic containers previously cleaned by washing in non-ionic detergent, rinsed with tap water and later soaked in 10% HNO3 for 24 hours and finally rinsed with deionized water prior to usage. During sampling, sample bottles were rinsed with water which was sampled. Wastewater was collected before treatment, after treatment at lagoon, and from Tikur Wuha River, Hawassa Lake and Chamo Lake at the peak hour of production in one month interval in triplicate. All the samples collected were analyzed separately. Then the samples were stored in the refrigerator at about 4oc prior to analysis. The samples were digested using HNO3 as follows. The sample, 100ml is transferred into a beaker and 5ml concentrated HNO3 is added. The beaker with the content then is placed on a hot plate and evaporated down to about 20ml; after it cools another 5ml concentrated HNO3 is also added. Then the beaker is covered with watch glass and is returned to the hot plate. The heating is continued and then small portion of HNO3 is added until the solution appeared light colored and clear. The beaker wall and watch glass is April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 160 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) washed with distilled water and then filtered to remove any insoluble materials that could clog the atomizer. Finally the volume is adjusted to 100ml with deionized water. Determination of Concentration of Heavy metals Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was calibrated for each element using standard solution of known concentration before sample injection23. Blank solutions, standard, and Sample were pipetted and loaded on the AAS according to the following sequence: blank, lowest to highest standard, then sample and absorbance readings were done. Metals concentrations such as, Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) samples were analyzed on Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer by using specific cathode lamp in Arba Minch University chemistry laboratories, Arba Minch. The calibration curve, obtained from the absorbance data of standard solutions with varying concentrations was used to calculate the mg/L concentration of metals in waste effluent and neighboring water. Data Analysis The obtained data was analyzed by descriptive statistics (Minimum conc., Maximum Conc., Mean conc. and standard deviation by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)). The all figures were generated by Microsoft Office Excel 2007 during the analysis of EIA process and were used directly for results interpretation. The precision of the all analyses were measured using the standard deviation techniques and calculated in mg/L for the each sample. Reagents and Glass Wares All the chemicals used were analytical grade, chemicals and Atomic Absorption spectroscopic standard solutions of metals were used for metal analysis. De-ionized water was used for sample and standard solution dilution or preparation. Borosilicate glass wares (conical flask, volumetric flask, watch glass, pipette, measuring cylinder, etc.) were used for the preparation of blank, sample and standard solutions. Polyethylene bottles were used for sample collection. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A number of azo dyes were used in textile printing industries24. Waste water was being discharged directly into drains that connect the industry to the main drainage network to The River Tikur Wuha which flows in Hawassa Lake in the city. Heavy Metals Analysis Among various industries, textile industries are major producer of metals like chromium, iron, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium and nickel etc. All the collected samples were analyzed for copper, chromium, and lead and they were detected in each sample. The absorbance of standard solution for determination of concentration of heavy metals of interest were given below in Table 3.2. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 161 Table 3. 1 Absorbance Data for the Calibration Standards Concentration (mg/L) 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 Copper Standard Absorbance Absorbance Mean 0.040 0.040 0.04 0.040 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.066 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.083 0.087 0.085 0.085 Chromium Standards 0.010 0.013 0.011 0.080 0.082 0.080 0.200 0.240 0.210 0.405 0.401 0.413 Lead Standards 0.081 0.090 0.077 0.148 0.144 0.150 0.161 0.166 0.175 0.209 0.232 0.200 Standard Deviation 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.011 0.001 0.081 0.001 0.217 0.017 0.406 0.005 0.083 0.005 0.147 0.002 0.167 0.006 0.214 0.013 April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 162 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) The calibration curve for standard solution obtained to examine the status of metals in textile effluents and their contamination associated with neighboring water bodies (Fig 3.9 - Fig.3.11) and data analysis were given in Table 3.3 below. Fig. 3. 1 Calibration Curve for the Determination of Copper in Hawassa and Arba Minch Textile Waste and Neighboring Water. Fig. 3. 2 Calibration Curve for the Determination of Chromium in Hawassa and Arba Minch Textile Waste and Neighboring Water. Fig. 3. 3 Calibration Curve for the Determination of Lead in Hawassa and Arba Minch Textile Waste and Neighboring Water. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 163 Table 3. 2 Absorbance Data and Calculated Concentration of Heavy Metals in Hawassa Textile Waste Water and Neighboring Water Bodies. Copper Sample sites Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Tikur Wuha Hawasa Lake Absorbance Calculated Conc. 0.021 0.286 0.020 0.143 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.025 0.027 0.286 0.429 0.429 0.571 0.714 0.143 0.571 1.000 0.857 1.143 0.020 0.022 0.532 0.562 0.019 0.517 0.040 0.043 0.835 0.880 0.050 0.986 0.030 0.033 0.031 0.040 0.044 0.041 0.683 0.729 0.698 0.835 0.895 0.850 0.077 0.076 1.400 1.350 0.079 1.500 0.126 0.125 0.128 0.129 0.130 0.126 0.136 0.133 0.132 3.850 3.800 3.950 4.000 4.050 3.850 4.350 4.200 4.150 Mean Conc. Standard Deviation Maximum Conc. Minimum Conc. 0.238 0.067 0.286 0.143 0.476 0.067 0.571 0.429 0.476 0.243 0.714 0.143 1.000 0.117 1.000 0.857 0.562 0.517 0.986 0.835 Guide Line Limit (mg/L)[25] ≤ 0.250 Chromium Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Tikur Wuha Hawasa Lake 0.537 0.019 0.900 0.063 ≤ 0.100 0.703 0.860 0.019 0.026 0.729 0.895 0.683 0.835 Lead Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Tikur Wuha River Hawasa Lake 1.417 0.062 1.500 1.350 3.867 0.062 3.950 3.800 3.967 0.085 4.050 3.850 4.233 0.085 4.350 4.150 April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org ≤ 0.100 164 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) Table 3. 3 Absorbance Data and Calculated Concentration of Heavy Metals in Arba Minch Textile Waste Water and Neighboring Water Bodies. Sample sites Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Chamo Lake Absorbance Calculated Conc. 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.143 0.286 0.429 0.714 0.571 0.286 1.000 0.857 0.857 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.244 0.274 0.259 0.259 0.289 0.274 0.305 0.335 0.350 0.050 0.051 0.052 0.053 0.051 0.051 0.060 0.070 0.073 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.100 0.100 0.550 1.050 1.200 Copper Mean Conc. Standard Deviation Maximum Conc. Minimum Conc. 0.286 0.117 0.429 0.143 0.524 0.178 0.714 0.286 0.905 0.067 1.000 0.857 0.259 0.012 0.259 0.244 0.274 0.012 0.289 0.259 0.33 0.019 0.350 0.305 0.100 0.041 0.150 0.050 0.133 0.047 0.200 0.100 0.933 0.278 1.200 Guide Line Limit (mg/L)[25] ≤ 0.250 Chromium Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Chamo Lake ≤ 0.100 Lead Textile Waste Before Treatment Textile Waste After Treatment Chamo Lake ≤ 0.100 0.550 Graphs of Comparison of Sample Concentration with Guideline Limit. Fig. 3. 4 Comparison of Concentrations of Copper with Guide Line Limit in Hawassa Textile Industry April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 165 Fig. 3. 5 Comparison of Concentrations of Chromium with Guide Line Limit in Hawassa Textile Industry Fig. 3. 6 Comparison of Concentrations of Lead with Guide Line Limit in Hawassa Textile Industry The data of metal concentration in textile effluents are furnished in Table 3.3 & 3.4. Analytical results revealed that the concentration of chromium in effluents of textile industries were recorded maximum of 0.986 and minimum of 0.517mg/L, in Hawassa (Table 3.3); maximum of 0.350 and minimum of 0.244mg/L in Arba Minch textile industries (Table 3.4). In all cases the concentrations of Chromium is above the guideline limit (≤ 0.100mg/L). This high concentration may cause allergic reactions in the skin, damage the lungs, and asthma attacks26. Concentration of copper was found maximum of 1.000 and minimum of 0.143 mg/L for both Hawassa textile and Arba Minch textile industries. For most of the samples taken the concentration of copper exceeds the guideline limit. Copper is an essential element in mammalian nutrition as a component of metallo-enzymes in which it acts as an electron donor or acceptor. Conversely, exposure to high levels of copper can result in a number of adverse health effects. Maximum value of lead was 4.350mg/L and minimum of 1.350 mg/L in textile effluent of Hawassa (Table 3.3). On the other hand maximum of 1.200mg/L and minimum of 0.050mg/L of lead were noted in waste water samples of Arba Minch industry (Table 3.4). The values for Arba Minch were 27.59% lower for maximum and 3.7% lower for minimum as compared to the values of Hawassa textile and neighboring water bodies. Excess amount of lead affects central nervous system, particularly in children and also damages kidneys and the immune system. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org 166 Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) Generally the mean concentration before and after treatment of heavy metals such as Cu, Cr, and Pb were 0.286±0.117; 0.259±0.012 and 0.100±0.041mg/L & 0.524±0.178; 0.274±0.012; and 0.133±0.047mg/L respectively for metals of Arba Minch and 0.238±0.067; 0.537±0.019 and 1.417±0.062mg/L & 0.476± 0.067; 0.900±0.063 and 3.867± 0.062 mg/L respectively for heavy metals of Hawassa textile effluent. Calculated standard deviation values related to the distribution of these metals before treatment and after treatment show a very close dispersion around the mean (the data are more reliable) metal concentrations in the effluents. The findings the data showed highest concentration of Pb have maximum value of 4.350mg/L against a mean level of 4.233±0.085mg/L (Table 3.3) for Hawassa textile effluents and that of Arba Minch; the maximum concentration of Pb is about 1.200mg/L against an average level of 0.933± 0.278mg/L relative to other heavy metals. This implies the textile effluent and adjacent water bodies are highly contaminated by lead. The content of lead in water samples of Lake Hawassa showed average value of 4.233±0.085mg/L against the levels relatively unpolluted Chamo Lake were found 0.933±0.278 mg/L this may be the contribution of dyeing and finishing process of Hawassa textile industry. Metal concentrations in the water samples from both stations are shown in Table 3.3 & 3.4 to be above the guide line limit. Comparisons were made between the mean metal concentrations in waste water samples before treatment and after treatment were tending to be similar and are above the permitted level of the guideline limit. The average levels metal concentrations of both water samples for Hawassa and Chamo lake were above permitted levels for drinking water (Fig 3.12, 3.13 & 3.14)26. From the evidence the levels of metals such as Cu, Pb and Cr arisen due to textile effluents and other source to the natural environment. 4. CONCLUSIONS The textile industry emits a wide variety of pollutants from all stages in the processing of fibers and fabrics. Results from this study showed especially Hawassa textile effluents were highly toxic not only for human beings living near affected areas but also a serious threat to ground and surface water resources. It is clear that the effluent of Hawassa textile industry is far from the prescribed limits, toxic in nature and requires treatment before disposal on land as well as water because trace metals are too higher than the prescribed limits and not safe for final release. These are the most frightening values and cause a real threat to the environment27. These could mean the factory poses series pollution load to the environment in general and the aquatic habitat in particular. The concentration of these metals in all samples exceeded the prescribed guideline limit. The wastewater treatment plant of the Hawassa textile factory is nominal as it is inefficient for treating heavy metal. Therefore, the effluent demands frequent control and proper treatment before being discharged to the environment and Proper legislation should be done for all quality parameters of wastewater and should be implemented and monitored regularly28. April, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org Tessema Bashaye Tafesse, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (4), 153-168 (2015) 167 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the Research Grant & Monitoring Directorate of Arba Minch University for providing financial support through award of a minor research Project. REFERENCES 1. Sofia N., Haq N., Khalil-ur-R., Physico-Chemical Characterization of effluents of local textile industries of Faisalabad. Pakistan. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 2:3 (2000). 2. Aslam M., Baig A., Hassan I., Qazi A., Malik M., Saeed H., Textile wastewater Characterization and Reduction of its COD and BOD by Oxidation. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 3:6 (2001). 3. Freeman N., Daniel I., Pardon K., Edison M., Mohammed B., 2009. Characterization of effluent from Textile Wet Finishing Operations. World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science (WCECS) Vol I, San Francisco, USA. 4. 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