gravity - the property of objects that have mass - the strongest force is in the center - the larger the object, the stronger the force (F) BUT doesn’t collapse on itself because the gravitational force (gF) is weak and because of mutual gravitation - equal F on all sides - the only time something collapses is in the case of a black hole and burned out star ATMOSPHERE - (closest --> farthest) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere - liquid and solid particles - held in place by gravitational forces as well - “sphere of air” - less distance from celestial object, the denser the atmosphere - density decreases until it fades into the vacuum of space - weaker gravitational pulls = thinner atmospheres - no boundary between atmosphere and space - helps regulate Earth’s temperatures [NEWTON] F = G [(m1m2)/r^2] F = forces between mass G = gravitational constant [6.67 x 10^-11 N(m/kg)^2] m1 = first mass m2 = second mass r = distance between the centers of the masses - any 2 bodies in the universe attract each other with a F directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two law of universal gravitation - every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a F pointing along the line in intersecting both pointst [also - gauss’ law for gravity - gravitational force (gF) experienced by a partciple is equal to the mass of the particle multiplied by the gF at that point] --> - held together by electromagnetic forces/nuclear attraction of shared electrons human body - all neutrons are identical, all protons identical, all electrons identical - responsible for strong nuclear force - (100x stronger than electromagnetism) strong interaction - ensures the stability of ordinary matter - holds quarks [elementary particle and fundamental constituent of matter] and neutrons and protons together, and also creates neutrons and protons and “other” quarks (on a small scale) - aka nuclear force - holds atoms together as well (on a larger scale) ancient philosophy [maybe] - - Galileo --> for there to be motion, there must also be a resistive substance (air/water) - Aristotle --> an object requires a push/pull (F) to remain in motion - quantity of matter in an object/measure of inertia and sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start/stop/change its state of motion in any way mass weight - the result of force upon the object newton’s 3rd law - to every action there is always an opposed equal reaction - Object 1 exerts F1 on Object 2 - Object 2 exerts equal force (F2) on Object 1 - occurs simultaneously - essentially a balance of equal forces (between celestial bodies) = state of equilibrium - the universe is made up of matter [substance] and energy (E) [moves matter] - *center of gravity? rotational inertia motion - the property of an object to resist changes in a rotational state of - more rotational inertia = more difficulty in changing the rotational state - celestial bodies get in a routine/pattern over time, makes it harder for them to be manipulated and altered Earth and Moon --> the Moon is continuously falling away from the Earth - falling around it -*law of universal gravitation? Everything pulls on everything in a way that involved mass and distance [Newton] --> STRINGS? Atoms are constantly vibrating - constantly in motion** People never actually touch anything else; just get close enough to feel the object’s electrical repulsion Use of magma and Earth textures (crust, mantle, etc) and apply onto human model - show different layers and center of mass