Resilient cities: Oaxaca City, Mexico - Karol Yañez 1. Global context: climate change and food insecurity in the world World Food Crisis Climate change 1 billion obese (malnutrition) Desertification and land degradation Climate change Freshwater decline 1 billion hungry (undernourished) Urbanization of poverty Financial speculation Biodiversity and ecosystems losses FAO (2008) Human well-being Peak Oil Bio-fuels Shortfall in agricultural productivity up to -50% by 2080 Environmental degradation Kickbush (2008) 2. Case study context: Oaxaca City, Mexico UNEP (2009) Kickbush (2008) Climate change impacts in: Oaxaca City, Mexico Climate change impacts: Oaxaca Central Valley One of the most eroded parts of the world due to El Niño Hurricane: 83% of the land affected (500,000 Ha) Mexico: 50% of Latin America hunger 7/10 people obese Dilley (2008) 3. Resilient cities analytical framework Central Valley of Oaxaca: One of the most eroded parts of the world since El Niño Hurricane: 83% of the land affected (500,000 Ha) Resilient Cities Human Wellbeing Adapting Transitioning Transforming Learning to improve current system (coupe with shocks) Learning to change system boundaries (capacity of agents) Learning to change system structure (challenge status quo) Sustainable Ecological Systems Adapted from Pelling (2011) & Kernaghan (2012) 4. What features make Oaxaca city resilient? 4.Rural area Adapting Learning to improve current system (cope with shocks) Diverse, multi-level production system that reverse soil erosion and capture freswater 3. Near Rural Agriculture (commercial multi-crop low input production) 2-5Ha 4. Rural: Industrial Agriculture >5Ha 2.Peri-urban area (12km) 1. City boundaries !"!" 1. Urban Agriculture (householdconsumption) 2. Peri-urban Agriculture (commercial organic vegetable) 1-2Ha 3.Near rural area (25km) Urban Agriculture Peri-urban Agriculture: Integrated vegetables & renewable energy production Near Rural production: low input agriculture, multi crop system (20 products average). Plus reforestation & water capture systems Resilient cities: Oaxaca City, Mexico - Karol Yañez 5. How have these features evolved over time? 4.Rural area Transitioning 2006-2011 1995-2005 Learning to change system boundaries (capacity of agents) Integrated food system 3.Near rural area (25km) 2.Peri-urban area (12km) 1. Multi-level production 1.City boundaries 2. Distribution: local markets located in low-medium income areas of the city. One location every day/week !"!" Popular Restaurants & local markets 3. Consumption: popular restaurants located in low-medium income areas of the city 4. Recycling: organic waste from markets converted in compost for urban and peri-urban agriculture Organic waste compostlivelihood for urban poor 6. Who are the main actors involved in the design, implementation and management? Transforming Food System System description Civil Organizations Learning to change system structure (challenge status quo) Production Medium commercial scale (near rural area) CEDICAM & UNOSJO (Peasant- Indigenous) Small commercial scale (periurban area) Tierra Sol Civil Org Household scale (urban areas) 2011- Strong Organized Network started collaboration with government to create: - Integral Food Policy - Urban & Peri-urban Land planning Unitierra Civil Org Distribution Local markets Hob Oaxaca (Solidarity network of 150 organizations) Consumption Popular restaurants Itanoni & Heifer International NGOs Recycling Organic waste 2006 International NGO: Heiger & the Hub, came to strengthening local networks, knowledge sharing, and finance of integrated food projects Sycanda local NGO 7. What are the key learning from Oaxaca city? Promoting reapplication Resilient Cities Diverse and flexible localized agricultural system at 4 levels: 1. 2. 3. 4. Urban Peri-urban Near rural Rural (old) Transitioning Natural evolution from “isolated” agents to organized networks: Emergence of new localized food system Transforming International support to potential local agents to: Strength collective action to balance power relations ( strong lobbying capacity) Biodiversity enhance Erosion` reversion Fresh water retention Low input agriculture Top-down approach: integrated food policy 1. Participation of multi-actors 2. Addressing the whole supply chain 3. Local agencies responsible for supply chain and budget allocation 4. Land planning for urban and periurban agriculture 4. Transparent public communication and eductation Bottom- up approach: strengthening local collective action 5 key drivers to succeed: Food Security & Nutrition Adapting Sustainable Ecological Systems Development Agencies Human Well-being
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