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Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 1
I-Guttural Verbs (Ross, 32)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.456
1. Irregular Verbs
(a) Verbs with guttural letters behave unexpectedly (e.g. cf. Qal perfect of axm and Qal imperfect
of [mv )
(b) As we have seen previously, gutturals tend to attract composite shewas and the patach vowel
(beneath and even before them)
2. I-Guttural Imperfect Paradigms
I-Guttural verbs generally follow one of two different paradigms in the imperfect:
•
Dynamic verbs have a holem theme vowel and the guttural (first) radical takes a
composite shewa ‘a’ (except with vocalic suffixes, when it reduces to patach before the
medial shewa), with the yiqtol prefix thus taking patach also.
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
•
dmo[}y"ê
dmo[}Tæâ
dmo[}Tæâ
ydIm][æTæâ
dmo[>a,â
3 mp
3 fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wdm]['y"ê
hn:d“moË[}Tæâ
Wdm]['Tæâ
hn:d“moË[}Tæâ
dmo[}n"êI
Imperatives follow the
regular pattern (formed by
dropping prefix off 2nd
person forms, with hireq
vowel under first radical in
the case of rule of shewa).
Stative verbs have a patach theme vowel and the guttural radical takes a composite shewa
‘e’ (except with vocalic suffixes, when it reduces to seghol before the medial shewa).
Stative verbs retain their thematic vowel (patach) in imperative (e.g. ms imv. = q z "j)} .
3. New Vocab (Ross, p.230)
4. Class Exercises
•
Translate (together) 32.5b (#1-4)
•
Translate (in pairs) exercise 32.5b (#5-12)
Homework
Learn vocabulary (lesson 32)
Learn the Qal imperfect verb paradigm for d
Revise grammar (as necessary)
m[
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 2
I-Guttural Verbs (Ross, 32 cont.)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.456
I-a Imperfect Paradigms
Generally I-a verbs decline just like I-gutturals (but with seghol and composite seghol replacing
patach and composite patach): e.g. Û s 'a; (to gather) → Û s oa›y < (3ms impf.).1 As expected, in
stative verbs patach will replace holem as the theme vowel: e.g. b h'a›y <
Some I-a verbs (basically these: r ma, hb a, l k a,
quiescent first radical losing its consonantal value.2
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
lk'ayO
lk'aTo
lk'aTo
ylik]aToê
lk'a3o
3 mp
3 fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
hp a, d b a)
decline differently, due to the
Wlk]ay≈O
hn:l]k'ËaTo
Wlk]aToê
hn:l]k'ËaTo
lk'anO
Imperatives follow the
regular pattern (with
thematic holem), but have
composite seghol under a
which ‘reduces’ to hireq
when rule of shewa
applies.
NB The theme vowel varies between ‘a’ and ‘e’, but is never ‘o’. For the variations in the
theme vowel, see Ross, p.229.
Also note that the frequently occurring infinitive construct of r
ma is unusual: r moal e
Class Exercises
Translate (together) 32.5b (#1-12), parsing the verb forms.
Homework
Revise vocabulary (lesson 32)
Learn the Qal imperfect verb paradigm for l
Consolidate grammar (as necessary)
1
k a
Although sometimes this verb follows the peculiar I-a pattern; cf. Û s ,Y Ow ® (2 Sam 6:1) and Û s eT o (Ps 104:29), both
of which drop the a altogether.
2
The following mnemonic may help you recall these five verbs: ‘The bridegroom said (r m a) to his bride, ‘I am
willing (hb a) to eat (l k a) all you bake (hp a) though I perish (d b a)’. NB Two of these verbs are doubly weak
(being III-h as well).
3
NB. The redundant quiescent a has elided altogether, as is typical where two alephs would otherwise stand side
by side.
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 3
I-Guttural & II-Guttural Verbs (Ross, 33)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.457
I-Guttural Niphal, Hiphil and Hophal
(i) Qatal Paradigm
The Niphal and Hiphil qatal of I-guttural verbs take their expected thematic vowel (i.e. ‘a’ and
‘i’ respectively), a composite shewa (‘e’) under the first (guttural) radical and the associated
seghol under the stem prefix (i.e. n or h).4
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
db'[>n<
hd:b][,n<
T;d“b'Ë[>n<
T]d“b'[>n<
yTid“b'Ë[>n<
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wdb][,n<
!T,d“b'[>n<
@T,d“b'[>n<
Wnd“bË'[>n<
NB The hiphil thematic
vowel (hireq yod) gives
way to patach in 2nd and 1st
person forms as with
regular/strong verbs.
The Hophal stem is as expected, with thematic patach, and ‘o’ replacing ‘e’ in both the
composite shewa and stem prefix: e.g. dm'[?h;
(ii) Yiqtol Paradigm
The only irregularity with respect to the niphal is the compensatory lengthening of the prefix
vowel (i.e. from ‘hireq’ to ‘sere’, since the first radical cannot take the normal daghes): e.g.
3ms Niphal yiqtol = @mea;yE Imperative and infinitive forms do likewise.
The only irregular aspect of the Hiphil yiqtol and related forms is the substitution of the
simple shewa with a composite shewa ‘a’; e.g. dymi[}y"
The same principle applies in the case of the Hophal yiqtol and related forms; e.g. dm'[?y:
II-Guttural Verbs
Obviously the verb stems most affected here are those whose second radical is normally
doubled (i.e. Piel; Hithpael; Pual). For Piel/Hithpael forms, there is either compensatory
lengthening of preceding vowel (generally if middle radical is a or r), or implied doubling
(generally if middle radical is h, j, or [). For Pual forms, in the case of compensatory
lengthening holem replaces qibbuts; e.g. &r"Bo cf. lF 'qu
Class Exercises
Translate (in small groups) 33.5b (#1-7), parsing the verb forms.
Homework
Learn new vocabulary (lesson 33)
Learn the Niphal and Hiphil paradigms (Qatal & Yiqtol) for d
Consolidate grammar (as necessary)
4
m[
NB that the Hiphil qatal with vav consecutive is an exception, with patach replacing seghol in both the
composite shewa and the stem prefix: e.g. yTËin“m'a}hâ'w“
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 4
III-Guttural Verbs and III-a (Ross, 33)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.457
III-Gutturals
(i) Niphal
As previously noted, guttural letters prefer patach underneath and even before them. Thus in the
III-guttural niphal yiqtol and related forms, patach replaces sere as thematic vowel (e.g. jl'V;y)I
As expected, a furtive patach follows the accented long vowel in the infinitive absolute (j˛/lv]nI).
(ii) Piel
In Piel III-gutturals patach again replaces sere as thematic vowel (qatal & yiqtol), apart from the
inf. abs and m.sg. participle—which has sere followed by furtive patach: j˛L ev'ñm]).
(iii) Hiphil
Other than attracting furtive patach after the accented theme vowel (i.e. hireq-yod; e.g.
and substituting patach for sere (e.g. [mæv]y)" , the III-guttural behaves regularly. 5
[y'miv]h)i ,
III-a verbs
The irregularities in III-a result from the quiescence of the a at the end of a syllable, and
consequent lengthening of preceding vowel. The niphal qatal paradigm is set out below (apart
from their distinctive characteristics (doubled medial radical, different initial vowel), Piel and Pual
conjugate likewise:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
ar:q]nI
ha;r“q]nI
t;arEËq]nI
tarEq]nI
ytiarEËq]nI
War“q]nI
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
NB The thematic sere
reduces to seghol in 3rd
and 2nd fp yiqtol forms.
!t,arEq]nI
@t,arEq]nI
WnarEËq]nI
In the case of the Hiphil paradigm, sere replaces Qal’s patach as theme vowel in the qatal/Perfect
where appropriate. Yiqtol and related forms follow the regular pattern, except for the accented
seghol before a quiescent a with consonantal suffix (hn:): e.g. hn:ar,Ëq]T'
The Hophal conjugates the same way as Niphal, Piel and Pual (NB initial vowel can be ‘o’ or ‘u’)
Class Exercises
Translate (in small groups) 33.5b (#8-14), parsing the verb forms.
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 33)
Learn the Niphal, Piel and Hiphil paradigm for III-a verbs
Consolidate grammar (as necessary)
5
NB The prefix vowel patach occurs in Qal only with I-guttural verbs (cf. d mo[}y)" , hence [mæv]y" must be hiphil.
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 5
I-n Verbs (Ross, 34)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.458
The irregularity of I-n verbs results from the tendency of a n to assimilate where it would otherwise
be pointed with a silent shewa. This means that wherever a prefix is attached (i.e. yiqtol and
related forms) the initial radical will assimilate and the following radical will (generally) have a
compensatory daghes (or equivalent).6 NB Final n may also assimilate (always with @tn) when a
consonantal suffix is added (e.g. yTit'Ën: ).
(i) Qal (Yiqtol)
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
lPoyI
lPoTi
lPoTi
yliP]Ti
lPoa,
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WlP]yI
hn:l]PËoTi
WlP]Ti
hn:l]PËoTi
lPonI
NB The thematic vowel will
be patah[ (III-gutturals); q am e s[
(III-a) and sere (for @tn).
There is no shorter jussive
form, and the accent is NOT
(cf. Ross, 243) brought
forward in wayyiqtols!
I-n imperatives with thematic patah[ in imperfect have a shortened imperative in which the initial n
is not reflected at all (e.g. vG ˛ / [s'). This is also true in the case of III-a (ac ); and @tn ( @Te ).7
Before vocalic suffixes the thematic vowel reduces to shewa.
I-n verbs with thematic patah[ in imperfect/imperative are strengthened with an additional t in the
infinitive construct and are pointed (NB penultimate stress) with seghols or (if III-guttural)
patah[s.8 When pronominal suffixes are attached, the first syllable of the infinitive construct is
closed (i.e. short vowel—usually hireq—followed by silent shewa).
(ii) Niphal
Niphal perfects (and participles) of I-n verbs reflect the assimilated first radical by means of a
daghes forte (or equivalent in the case of II-gutturals): e.g. @T'nI
Niphal imperfects (and related forms) follow the regular pattern:9 e.g. @teN :yI
(iii) Hiphil
As expected, the initial n assimilates to the following letter, which takes daghes forte.
(iv) Hophal
As with Hiphil, initial n assimilates, with q i b b u s[ ( u) normally before second doubled radical.
Class Exercises
Translate (in small groups) 34.5c (# 1-8), parsing the verb forms.
Homework
Learn new vocabulary (lesson 34)
Learn the Qal Imperfect of lpn and the Niphal Perfect of @tn
6
The compensatory daghes may be omitted if the second radical is pointed with shewa, except in the case of
Begadkefat letters.
7
These may have emphatic suffix appended. For this and other forms, see Ross’s chart on top of p.244.
8
III-a will have sere and quiescent a (although cf. Ross, p.244) and @tn also drops final radical (tte).
9
But note the graphemic assimilation of the final n to the hn: suffix in fem. Pl. imperative: hN :tË'N :hi
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 6
I-n Verbs (Ross, 34 cont.)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.458
(i) Qal infinitive construct of I-n Verbs
As noted above, I-n verbs that have a thematic patach and/or shortened imperative have an
irregular infinitive construct: the n is absent, the inf. construct has a helping t appended, and is
pointed like a segholate noun (i.e. with penultimate stress): e.g. vg˛n: → vG ˛yI → tv,G <‡
When a preposition such as l is attached to such an infinitive construct, the preposition is pointed
with a q am e s[ rather than the normal shewa: tv,g<‡l;
Moreover, when pronominal suffixes are added to the infinitive construct, the first syllable is fully
closed: e.g.
tv,G <‡ → yTiv]G I
t['s→
Ë' yTi[]s'
tTe → yTiTi
(ii) The Qal Imperfect/Yiqtol and related forms of the verb jql
This verb behaves like a I-n verb in imperfect and related forms, with the first radical (in this case
l) assimilating to the following letter. Because it is also a III-guttural, its thematic vowel is patah[
(as expected).
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
jQ'yI
jQ'Ti
jQ'Ti
yjiq]Ti
jQ'a,
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wjq]yI
hn:j]Q'ËTi
Wjq]Ti
hn:j]Q'ËTi
jQ'nI
NB Jussive/preterite form is
identical with imperfect.
Following the I-n pattern
outlined above, it has a
shortened imperative (jq') and
segholate-style infinitive
construct: tj'q'Ë’l ;¿
NB l does not assimilate in the Niphal system: e.g. Niphal 3ms perfect = jq'l]nI and Niphal 3ms
imperfect = jq'L ;yI
Class Exercises
Translate (in small groups) 34.5c (# 9-14), parsing the verb forms.
Translate Genesis 14:8-16 (Ross, pp.351-52).
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 34)
Learn the Qal Imperfect of jql
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 7
I-y and I-w Verbs (Ross, 35)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.459
While ostensibly the same (in the 3ms perfect, participle and inf. absolute), verbs whose first
radical is y may be one of two types: those originally I- y and those originally I-w (the vast majority
of such verbs).10 An original w is generally reflected (as a consonant or vowel letter) in the derived
stems (i.e. niphal, hiphil, hophal) rather than in the Qal. However, genuine I-y verbs reflect the
original letter (usually as a vowel letter) throughout the paradigm.
(i) Qal Imperfect of I-w verbs:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
bveyE
bveTe
bveTe
ybiv]Tâe
bveae
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wbvî]yE
hn:b]v'ËTe
Wbv]Teâ
hn:b]v'ËTe
bvenE
NB Wayyiqtol retracts accent
on to the prefix, hence
shortened (SUS) thematic
vowel. Imperatives drop y
altogether, and infinitive
construct has segholate style
form(s).
NB The theme vowel is changeable: usually it is sere, but patah[ before gutturals.
(ii) The Qal Imperfect of lky
This I-w verb is irregular, replacing the first radical with sureq throughout (e.g. lk'Wy)
(iii) The Irregular Verb ^lh
This verb behaves as if it were a I-w verb: 11 the first radical is missing in imperfect (
imperative (&le), and infinitive construct (tk,l),Ë .
(iv) The Qal Imperfect of I-y verbs:
Most original I-y verbs retain the y in the Qal imperfect and related forms:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
bf'yyI
bf'yTi
bf'yTi
ybif]yTâi
bf'yai
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wbf]yîyI
hn:b]f'ËyTi
Wbf]yîTi
hn:b]f'ËyTi
bf'ynI
&leyE
),
NB Jussive/preterite form is
identical with imperfect (i.e.
no shortened form). Other
than thematic vowel (patah[),
imperative is regular (but
some may drop y altogether).
Infinitives follow regular
pattern.
Class Exercises
Exercise 35.7c (in small groups). NB how to identify niphal and hiphil forms above.
Homework
Learn new vocabulary (lesson 35)
Learn the Qal Imperfect (and related forms) of bvy and bfy
10
Genuine (i.e. original) I-y verbs include the following: bf y (to be good); ar y (to fear); qny (to suck); vr y (to
inherit). NB Some verbs, like the latter, are only I-y in Qal imperfect; otherwise I-w).
11
It also follows the I-w pattern in the Hiphil (see Ross, p.254), but not in its only occurrence in the Niphal.
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 8
I-y and I-w Verbs (Ross, 35)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.459
The original consonant (w) is retained in the niphal because it is not the first letter of the word (n).
In the perfect/qatal and participle, the w appears as h[olem-vav (/):
(i) Niphal perfect of I-w verbs:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
dl'/n
hd:l]/n
T;d“l'Ë/n
T]d“l'/n
yTid“lË'/n
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
also has a h[olem-waw
Wdl]/n Hiphil
(/) after stem prefix, but has
thematic hireq-yod (d yr I/h).
!T,d“l'/n Hophal has sureq (W) after
@T,d“l'/n stem prefix, and thematic
patah[ (d r "Wh)
Wnd“lË'/n
(ii) The Niphal Imperfect of I-w verbs:
Most original I-w verbs retain the w in the Qal imperfect and related forms:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
dleW:yI
dleW:Ti
dleW:Ti
ydIlî]W:Ti
dleW:ai
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wdl]îW:yI
hn:d“l'ËW:Ti
Wdl]îW:Ti
hn:d“l'ËW:Ti
dleW:nI
Imperatives and infinitives
substitute prefix with h
Hiphils take / after prefix &
substitute their thematic vowel
( y /i E ).12
As expected, Hophals
substitute sureq for h[olem and
use patah[ as thematic vowel
Verbs that are also III-guttural will have furtive patah[ or thematic patah[ as appropriate (see Ross,
p.253).
(iii) The Hiphil of I-y verbs:
Throughout the Hiphil paradigm, 13 original I-y verbs take prefix vowel sere-yod. The theme vowel
is hireq-yod (or sere where appropriate): e.g. 3ms perfect: byfiyhe and 3ms imperfect: byfiyyE
Class Exercises
Exercise 35.7b (together) and Gen 14:8-16 (Ross p.351-352).
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 35)
Learn the Niphal Perfect and Imperfect of dly and the Hiphil paradigm of bfy
12
In wayyiqtol forms, the retraction of the accent onto the prefix syllable results in a shortened vowel in the
unaccented closed syllable (SUS rule): d r </Y‡w"
13
For full paradigm, see Ross, p.551. NB typos in 3cpl Hiphil perfect and 3/2fp Hiphil imperfect. Again,
retracted accent on wayyiqtols reduces final vowel: e.g. bf ,yYE‡w"
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 9
III-h Verbs (Ross, 36)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.460
Most III-h verbs were originally III-y, thus y is reintroduced (as vowel letter) before consonantal
affirmatives/suffixes.
(i) Qal perfect of III-h verbs:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hn:B;
ht;n“Bâ;
t;ynI‡B;
tynIB;
ytiynI‡B;
3 mp
WnB;
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
!t,ynIB]
@t,ynIB]
WnynI‡B;
The 3fs substitutes t for h
before fs suffix.
The 3cp drops h altogether.
In the rest original y replaces h
in the form of a vowel letter
(hireq-yodh).
(ii) The Qal Imperfect of III-h verbs:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hn<b]yI
hn<b]Ti
hn<b]Ti
ynIb]Ti
hn<b]a,
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
= almost normal
Wnb]yI Imperatives
(drop prefix before yiqtol
form), but NB sere in ms
hn:yn<‡b]Ti Infinitive
construct and
Wnb]Ti passive participles substitute
t / y (respectively) for h14
hn:yn<‡b]Ti Active participle drops h
before suffixes15
hn<b]nI Cohortatives do not have the
usual indicator; i.e. final h
:
(iii) Qal Jussive and Preterite of III-h verbs:
Jussive has a shortened form; the final h , of the imperfect is absent (apocopated),16 and may
have one of four different vowel patterns: (a) hireq on prefix + double shewa: T]p]Y Iw"
(b) hireq on accented prefix + seghol: @b,yI‡
(c) sere on prefix + double shewa: +]b]yE
(d) sere on accented prefix + seghol: lk,Y E‡w"
New Vocab
Ross, pp.264-65.
Class Exercises
Exercise 36.7b (together) and Gen 14:17-24 (Ross p.360).
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 36)
Learn the Qal paradigm for hnb
14
NB In each case of the passive participle III-h reverts to original y (NB doubled y in f.s. on Ross, p.261 = typo)
But NB alternative fs form with original yodh: hY:nIB o
16
NB Daghes lene may be retained even after apocopation (cf. +]b]yE - example ‘c’ above).
15
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 10
III-h Verbs (Ross, 36 cont)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.460
Derived stems of III-h verbs
(i) Niphal perfect of III-h verbs:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hl;g“nI
ht;l]g“nI
t;ylËeg“nI
tyleg“nI
ytiylËeg“nI
3 mp
Wlg“nI
3fp
!t,yleg“nI
@t,yleg“nI
WnylËeg“nI
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Apart from their regular
distinctives, the other stems
follow Qal (hireq-yodh stem
vowel – so Piel, Hiphil &
Hithpael) or Niphal (sere-yodh
– so Pual and Hophal).
3ms hiphil = hl ;g“hi
3ms hith = hL;G
"t]hi
(ii) The Niphal Imperfect of III-h verbs:
hl,G :yI
hl,G :Ti
hl,G :Ti
yliG :Ti
hl,G :a,
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
WlG :yI
hn:yl,ËG :Ti
WlG :Ti
hn:yl,ËG :Ti
hl,G :nI
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
All other stems follow suit
(i.e. same vocalization on last
syllable; typical vowel pattern
otherwise):
Piel = hL,g"y“
Pual = hL,gUy“
Hithpael = hL,G "t]yI
Hiphil = hl ,g“y"
Hophal = hl ,g“y:
(iii) Jussive/Preterite forms
The jussive/preterite form again loses the final h
Niphal = lG
:yI
Piel = lg"y“
Pual = lgUy“
Hiphil verbs may follow one of two patterns:
Hithpael = lG
17
lg<y<‡
"t]yI
(hence wayyiqtol = lg<Y
‡<w"
) and
T]p]y"
(iv) Cohortative & other forms
Cohortative is the same as 1st person imperfect forms. Other forms as expected (see table in Ross,
p.263)
Class Exercises
Exercise 36.7a (together) and Jer 4:23-26 (Ross p.266).
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 36)
Learn the derived stem paradigms for hl
17
g
NB In the case of gutturals, PaTah[ replaces seghol(s): e.g. l['Y"w" and jm'TË, (hjm ‘to blot out’)
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 11
Doubly-Weak Verbs (Ross, 37)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.461
For verbs with two weak radicals, generally both irregularities will apply.
I-Guttural and III-h verb like hl
(i) Qal perfect of hl
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
[ reflects the following pattern:
[
hl;[;
ht;l][;“
t;ylËi[;
tyli[;
ytiylËi[;
(ii) The Qal Imperfect of hl
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wl[;
Other perfect stems follow
suit: e.g. other than its
distinctive pattern prefix
(XX[›h), the hiphil perfect
paradigm conjugates likewise:
!t,yli[}
hl ;[›he,
@t,yli[} ht;l ][,h,18
WnylËi[; t;y l Ë[i ›h,
etc.
[
Wl[}y"ê
hn:yl,Ë[}T'“
Wl[}T'“
hn:yl,Ë[}T'“
hl,[}n"ê
As expected, imperatives lose
prefix (e.g. hl e[)} and jussives
lose vowel letter (l ['y )à" ,
cohortatives are unmarked,
inf. cons. have final t (see
table in Ross, top of p.268).
NB That some hiphil forms
are identical to Qal!19
These verbs follow the regular pattern of I-Guttural and III-h verbs,
even though the presence of
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hl,[}y"ê
hl,[}T'“
hl,[}T'“
yli[}T'“
hl,[›a,“
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
(iii) The verbs hyh and hyj
20
two yodhs may seem strange. See tables in Ross, p.269.
New Vocabulary
Ross, pp.271-272
Class Exercise
37.7b (Ross, p.273)
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 37)
Learn the above paradigms for hl [
18
NB the initial vowels can also be patachs
I.e., imperfect, jussive, and preterite forms; cf. Ross, p.269.
20
But note that the reduced vowel is composite seghol (not patah[) in the case of heavy endings (2 m/f p) - for
both verbs; pace Ross.
19
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 12
Doubly-Weak Verbs (Cont. Ross, 37)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.461
For verbs with two weak radicals, generally both irregularities will apply.
I-n/III-h verbs reflect the following patterns:
(i) Qal imperfect of hf
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
n
hF ,yI
hF ,Ti
hF ,Ti
yF iTi
hF ,a,
(ii) Hiphil imperfect of hk
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WF yI
hn:yF ,&Ti
WF Ti
hn:yF ,&Ti
hF ,nI
Jussive drops second vowel
and hireq under prefix
lengthens to sere: f y E
Imperatives reintroduce first
radical, but otherwise follow
normal III-h pattern (e.g. hf en )fi
Infinitives follow normal III-h
pattern: inf. Cs. = t/f n fi
WK y"
hn:yK ,ËT'
WK T'
hn:yK ,ËT'
hK ,n"
Hiphil perfect likewise has
comp. daghes after Hiphil
stem letter: e.g. 3ms hK ;hi
Jussive drops second vowel,
but prefix vowel (marking
hiphil) remains as is: J y "
n
hK ,y"
hK ,T'
hK ,T'
yK iT'
hK ,a'
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
For rest of paradigm, see
Ross, p.270.
(iii) I-w and III-h verbs
These generally follow the patterns of both types of irregular verb, thus vowel letter will replace first
radical and h will assimilate where appropriate: e.g. 2ms hiphil perfect of hr :y: = t ;yr I/ h
See Ross, p. 271 for Hiphil paradigm.
Class Exercises
37.7b, #5-14 (Ross, p.273)
37.7c (Ross, p.274)
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 37)
Revise the paradigms for I-n/III-h verbs
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 13
Hollow Verbs (Ross, 38)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.462
Hollow verbs have semi-vowels ( y or w ) as their medial ‘radical’.
(i) Qal Perfect of
(NB Medial y verbs like
İ Wq
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
(ii) Qal imperfect of İ
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
!q;
hm;q;Ë
T;m]q'Ë
T]m]q'
yTim]q'Ë
3 mp
!Wqy:
!WqT;
!WqT;
ymiWqËT;
!Wqa;
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
!yc i
decline identically)
Wmq;Ë
!T,m]q'
@T,m]q'
Wnm]q'Ë
Qal hollow verbs lose their
medial ‘radical’ in the perfect
and participle.
The long vowel q am e s[ is
reduced to patah[ before
consonantal suffix in perfect,
but retained throughout in
participles.21
Wq
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WmWqËy:
hn:ym,ËWqT]
WmWqËT;
hn:ym,ËWqT]
!Wqn:
Medial y verbs like decline
almost identically, with hireqyodh replacing sureq as
necessary: e.g. !yc iy:
Jussives = normally distinct,
with appropriate theme vowel
replacing semi-vowel: e.g. !qoy:
& !c ey: The vowel is reduced
in wayyiqtol forms: !q;Y :‡w"
(iii) Qal imperative and infinitive construct
Imperatives and Infinitive construct retain the semi-vowel: e.g. !Wq (ms); Wmyc Ëi (mp)22
(iv) Stative Verbs
As expected, statives are vocalized with either se r e or h[o l e m . Otherwise, they decline as
above. 23 E.g. 3ms of twm = tme (se r e reduces to patah[ for consonantal suffixes: 2ms = hT;m)Ë'
The 3ms of vwb = vB h[o l e m - reduces to q am e s[ h[at[u p3 only for heavy suffixes: 2ms = T;v]BË but
2mp = !T,v]B;
(v) Doubly Irregular verb, a/B
In addition to the hollow vocalization pattern, the final
paradigm.
a
quiesces. See Ross, p.279 for
Class Exercises
37.7c (Ross, p.274)
38.12b #1-5 (Ross, p.283)
38.12a #1-5, 11-15
Homework
Learn new vocabulary (lesson 38) & the Qal paradigm for İ
Wq
and
!yc i
21
NB The fs participle is distinguished from 3fs Perfect by accent on the final syllable: hm;Ëq;
Only exception = fpl imperative, which has tone-long vowel before consonantal suffix: cf. hn:m]qoË &
23
For full Qal perfect paradigm of stative hollow verbs, see bottom of Ross, p. 278.
22
hn:m]c eË
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 14
Hollow Verbs (Ross, 38 cont.)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.462
NB Hollow verbs have distinct forms of Piel and Pual which you will meet later in the course (i.e.
Polel and Polal paradigms)
(i) Niphal Perfect of
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
!/qn:
hm;/qËn:
t;mËoWqn“
tmoWqn“
ytimoËWqn“
(ii) Niphal imperfect of İ
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
(NB Medial y verbs like
İ Wq
!yc i
decline identically)
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wm/qËn:
As expected, Niphal ms
participle is identical to 3ms
perfect (holem throughout)
Hiphils take thematic hireq,
with sere [or comp. shewa ‘a’]
on the stem prefix: e.g.
!t,moWqn“
24
@t,moWqn“ !yqihe
Hophals take thematic patah
WnmoËWqn“ and sureq
on stem prefix: e.g.
25
!q'Wh
Wq
!/QyI
!/QTi
!/QTi
ymi/QËTi
!/Qa,
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wm/QËyI
hn:m]/QËTi
Wm/QËTi
hn:m]/QËTi
!/QnI
As usual, imperative simply
substitutes h for impf. Prefix.
Hiphil takes thematic hireq,
with qames on prefix letter
(sere with participial m).26
Hophal takes thematic patah
(qames with participle), with
sureq after prefix letter.27
(iii) Wayyiqtol forms
For hollow verbs in wayyiqtol with accent on the prefix syllable (i.e. Qal and Hiphil), the
theme vowel is short (SUS rule): e.g.
Qal 3ms wayyiqtol = !q;Y :‡w" cf. 3ms impf. !Wqy:
Hiphil 3ms wayyiqtol = !q,Y :‡w" cf. 3ms impf. !yqiy:
(iv) Hiphil of doubly weak hollow verbs (i.e. with III-guttural)
Under influence of final guttural, theme vowel becomes patah in jussive/preterite and
imperative forms. Otherwise, furtive patah after accented long vowel.
Class Exercises
38.12a #6-10, 16-20 and 38.12b#6-14 (Ross, pp.283-84)
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 38) & the Niphal & Hiphil paradigms for İ
Wq
NB the helping ‘o’ vowel before consonantal suffixes: t;mËoyqih}
NB this combination remains throughout, with no additional vowel (cf. Hiphil). See p. 553 for paradigm.
26
NB Hiphil imperfect forms of II-w and II-y verbs are identical. Moreover, they also overlap in form with Qal
imperfect II-y verbs: e.g. 3ms impf. !yviy: could be either Qal or Hiphil (Ross’ e.g. [p.280] is misleading)
27
For full paradigms, see Ross, p.553.
24
25
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 15
Geminate Verbs (Ross, 39) - Qal
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.463
Geminates are words with identical second and third radicals. In many forms the third radical is
not written, but represented by the presence of daghes forte in the second radical.
(i) Qal Perfect (Qatal)
In the Qal perfect of dynamic verbs, all three radicals are preserved before vocalic suffixes, but the
third is represented only by daghes in the case of consonantal suffixes.
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
b b 's;
hb ;b }s;
t;/BËs'
t/Bs'
yti/BËs'
Wb b }s;
3 cp
!t,/Bs'
@t,/Bs'
Wn/BËs'
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
NB The q am e s[ in the
syllable closed by daghes
reduces to patah[, and a
helping h[olem vowel is
inserted
between
the
doubled radical and the
consonantal suffix.28
Stative geminate verbs follow a slightly different pattern:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
l q'
hL;q'Ë
t;/LËq'
t/Lq'
yti/LËq'
WLq'Ë
3 cp
!t,/Lq'
@t,/Lq'
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WnL]qË' / Wn/LËq'
(ii) Qal Imperfect (Yiqtol)
NB Three paradigms for Qal Geminate imperfects: normal (‘o’ theme vowel with qamets);
alternative (‘o’ theme vowel, doubled radical, with hireq)29 and stative (‘a’ theme vowel with sere).
3ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
active
alternative
stative
b soy:
b soT;
b soT;
yBisËoT;
b soa;
b S oyI
b S oTi
b S oTi
yBiS ËoTi
b S oa,
l q'yE
l q'Te
l q'Te
yLiqË'Te
l q'ae
3mp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
active
alternative
stative
WBsoËy:
hn:yB,ËsuT]
WBsoËT;
hn:yB,ËsuT]
b son:
WBS oËyI
hn:b ]S oËTi
WBS ËoTi
hn:b ]S oËTi
b S onI
WLqË'yE
hn:yLË,q'T]
WLqË'Te
hn:yLË,q'T]
l q'nE
Class Exercises
Translate 38.12b # 10-14 (together) and 39.11b # 1-5 (small groups)
Homework
Begin learning new vocabulary (lesson 39)
Learn the Qal Perfect and imperfect Geminate paradigms
28
NB also the compound shewa in 3fs preserving the pronunciation of the geminate letters. However, in some
geminates the normal (i.e. simple) shewa appears (e.g. ‘they measured’: W d d “mâ;).
29
Imitating the I-n paradigm.
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 16
Geminate Verbs (Ross, 39 cont.)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.463
Non-Qal Stems in Geminate Verbs
(i) Niphal
For perfect, other than 3rd person, simply prefix n“ to Qal perfect forms. 3rd person forms take prefix
n: and geminate letter takes daghes forte with vocalic suffixes.
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
b s'n:
hB;sË'n:
t;/BËs'n“
t/Bs'n“
yti/BËs'n“
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WBs'Ën:
!t,/Bs'n“
@t,/Bs'n“
Wn/BËs'n“
Imperfect and related
forms take normal prefix
pattern (but with patach
under first radical);30
second radical doubles
(with dag.) only when
suffixes appended.
(ii) Piel
Piel geminates follow the regular verb pattern (cf. Ross, p.289).
(iii) Hiphil
Hiphil geminates in the perfect have a long vowel (sere in perfect; qamets in imperfect) in the
prefix, and take a sere rather than hireq-yod as the thematic vowel:
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
b sehe
hB;seËhe
t;/BËsih}
t/Bsih}
yti/BËsih}
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
WBsËehe
!t,/Bsih}
@t,/Bsih}
Wn/BËsih}
Hiphil ms geminate
participle also takes
sere with the prefix:
bs eme which reduces
to shewa when
suffixes are added:
hB ;s im]
In the imperfect and related forms, Hiphil geminates have a q am e s[ in the prefix, and retain
sere as the thematic vowel:31 e.g. 3ms yiqtol/jussive = b sey: ms imperative = b seh;
(iv) Hophal
Hophal geminates have prefix vowel sureq throughout the paradigm, and the geminate doubles
(with daghes) when suffixes are added:
3ms qatal = b s'Wh
3ms yiqtol = b s'Wy
ms participle = b s;Wm
1cs qatal = yti/BËs'Wh
3mp yiqtol = WBs'Wy
fp part. (def.) = tBos'Wm
Class Exercises
Do exercise 39.11c (translate 1 Samuel 3:1-10) + 39.11b #1-2, 4-7, 9, 12
Homework
Continue learning new vocabulary (lesson 39)
Learn the Niphal and Hiphil Geminate paradigms
30
31
NB 3rd/2nd fem. pl. again (cf. Qal imperfect) have seghol-yod before suffix: hn:yB ,ËS'Ti
However, the sere reduces to seghol (SUS rule) in wayyiqtol forms (accented on prefix): bs ,Y:‡w˛
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 17
Guttural Geminate Verbs (Ross, 39 cont.)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.463
In the case of guttural geminates, the Hiphil stem takes a different theme vowel (gutturals
preferring patah[ before them).
Qatal paradigm
[r
h[;r
t;/[Ër
t/[r
yti/[Ër
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
˛he
EËhe
Eh}
Eh}
Eh}
!t,/[r hE }
@t,/[r Eh}
Wn/[Ër Eh}
NB the normal theme
vowel (sere) is replaced
with patah[ before gutturals
except
when
verbal
suffixes are added (with
no daghes in second
radical; cf. hB;sËehe etc.)
W[r EËy:
hn:y[,Ër ET]
W[r EËT;
hn:y[,Ër ET]
[r "n:
Related forms (imperative
and infinitive) replace
prefix with h (or in
participles, with m) as with
non-guttural
geminates,
but take sere before
guttural (which cannot be
doubled) where necessary
W[r EËhe
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Yiqtol paradigm
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
[˛r ey:
[r "y:
[r "T;
[r "T;
y[ir EËT;
[r "a;
or
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Class Exercises
Ross 39.11 exercise a (parse & translate together)
Ross 39.11 exercise b # 6-20 (translate in small groups)
Homework
Continue learning new vocabulary (lesson 39)
Learn the Hiphil Guttural Geminate paradigms
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 18
Minor Stems (Ross, 40)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.464
As well as the seven major verbs stems, there are also several additional verb stems found in
Biblical Hebrew. Some of these are more important than others.
Polel/Polal & Hithpolel
These are essentially alternative Piel, Pual and Hithpael forms of hollow verbs,32 with a h[o l e m
vowel followed by a thematic sere or (in the case of the Polal) patah[.33 Apart from 3ms
qatal/perfect, the inflection of the Polel and Polal is identical (see Ross, p.296); so too is the
Hithpolel—apart from its regular stem prefixes (e.g. -t]h)i . Most stems of these verbs are
translated as factitives (i.e. causing the state denoted by the root).
Qatal/Perfect Paradigm
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
!me/q
hm;m]/q
T;m]m'Ë/q
T]m]m'Ë/q
yTim]m'Ë/q
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wmm]/q
!T,m]m'/q
@T,m]m'/q
Wnm]m'Ë/q
NB theme vowel sere is
replaced with patah[ in 3ms
Polal.
For hithpolels,34 simply
prefix polel forms with t]hi
Yiqtol/Imperfect paradigm
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
!me/qy“
!me/qT]
!me/qT]
ymim]/qT]
!me/qa}
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wmm]/qy“
hn:m]mËe/qT]
Wmm]/qT]
hn:m]mËe/qT]
!me/qn“
Again, for Polal substitute
sere with patah[ where
appropriate.
Related forms (imperative
and infinitive) simply drop
prefix as expected.
Rare Stems
The following non-standard stems are also attested:35
(i) Poel, Poal and Hithpoel (basically Polels et al. formed with regular tri-radical stems)
(ii) Palel/Pilel/Pilal, Pulal and Hithpalel (Intensives duplicating 3rd radical)
(iii) Pilpel, Polpel and Hithpalpel (1st and 3rd radicals duplicated)
(iv) Pealal (2nd and 3rd radicals duplicated) & Quadriliterals (four radicals!)
(v) Qal Passive (a mix of Qal stem with Pual/Hophal pointing)
Class Exercises
Translate Ross 40.6b, #1-4, 6-7 (in small groups).
Homework
Learn new vocabulary (lesson 40)
Learn Polel paradigm
32
However, some geminate verbs also follow this pattern: e.g. @nE/j (3ms Polel Perfect @nj ‘to have pity on’).
When suffixes are added, the normal thematic ‘a’ vowel pattern is reflected: e.g. T;m]m'Ë/q
34
NB In some verbs (e.g. @W K ‘to establish’), the t of the prefix assimilates: @nE/K Ti
35
For examples of these unusual stems, see Ross pp. 296-298.
33
Moore College
Hebrew 2
PR Williamson
2007
Grammar 19
Minor Stems - Hishtaphel (Ross, 40)
For lesson at a glance, see Ross, p.464
Hishtaphel
This peculiar stem (with initial T'v]h)i applies to only one verb in the Hebrew Bible, the verb
hw:j; (‘to bow down, worship’). It follows the pattern of III-h verbs, but with some anomalies.
Qatal/Perfect Paradigm
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hw:j}T'v]hi
--t;ywI‡j}T'v]hi
--ytiywI‡j}T'v]hi
3 cp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wwj}T'v]hi
!t,ywIj}T'v]hi
-----
NB Apart from the
unusual
stem
and
composite shewa under
first radical, follows III-h
pattern exactly.
Yiqtol/Imperfect paradigm
3 ms
3 fs
2 ms
2 fs
1 cs
hw<j}T'v]yI
--hw<j}T'v]Ti
ywIj}T'v]T*i
hw<j}T'v]a,
3 mp
3fp
2 mp
2 fp
1 cp
Wwj}T'v]yI
hn:yw<‡j}T'v]T*i
Wwj}T'v]Ti
hn:yw<‡j}T'v]T*i
hw<j}T'v]nI
Again,
follows
III-h
pattern
apart
from
composite shewa and
unusual stem.
For
imperatives
and
participles,
substitute
appropriate letter (hi/mi)36
NB The 3ms jussive (and wayyiqtol) forms are: WjT'Ëv]yI / WjT'Ëv]Y Iw˛ NB The loss of both the h
and the w radical differentiates these singular forms from their plural counterparts: e.g. Wwj}T'v]yI
Class Exercises
Translate Genesis 37:1-11 (Ross 40.6c) in small groups.
Homework
Revise new vocabulary (lesson 40)
Learn Hishtaphel paradigm
36
The infinitive construct form is also as expected: t/j}T'v]hiñl]Ñ
NB These forms are not actually attested, but can be deduced from closely related forms (e.g. 3fpl wayyiqtol
@;yw<‡j}T'v]Tiw˛ and fs imperative: ywIj}T'v]h)i .
*