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Lecture 8
Groundwater in GIS
GIS in Water Resources
Spring 2015
Acknowledgements
Special Thanks to:
•
•
•
•
Tim Whiteaker (UT Austin)
Gil Strassberg (Aquaveo)
David Maidment (UT Austin)
Norm Jones (BYU)
…. for use of some of their slide material.
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A few Things about GW
Because geological layers are complex in their 3D
orientation, extent, and lack of homogeneity (there
are often lenses of some other material embedded)
it is very hard to predict movement of water through
the ground.
We need many “views” into the ground to get an
idea how the sub surface is structured.
GW flow rate = permeability X hydraulic gradient
Groundwater flow rates are usually quite slow.
Average ground water flow rate of 15 m per day is
common. Highly permeable materials like gravels
can have flow velocities of 125 m per day.
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Relation between
Permeability &
Hydraulic Conductivity
Values for Hydraulic Conductivity and thus
Permeability vary by orders of magnitude!
It can take centuries to millenia for water
to infiltrate at some point and re-emerge at
another.
Arc Hydro Groundwater:
GIS For Hydrogeology
•
Describes the data model –
public domain
•
Chapter for each data model
component
•
Available from ESRI Press
(@Amazon for $41)
•
Norm Jones (BYU)
•
Gil Strassberg (Aquaveo)
•
David Maidment (UT Austin)
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Arc Hydro—Hydrology
The movement of water through the
hydrologic system
What makes Arc Hydro different?
ArcGIS: All features are labeled with a unique ObjectID
within a feature layer.
Arc Hydro: All features are labeled with a unique HydroID
across the geodatabase.
HydroID to ID relationships
link neighboring features and
help to trace water movement.
Arc Hydro is a unique “flavor”
or style of doing GIS.
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What makes Arc Hydro different?
Arc Hydro connects space and time:
hydro features are linked to time series.
Flow
HydroID
Time
FeatureID
Time Series
Hydro Features
Challenges in developing Arc Hydro
•
•
•
ArcGIS is a very successful static, 2D or 2.5D system.
For surface water resources, we need
- Close connection between raster terrain and vector
stream data
-
Linkage to time varying water data observations stored
at gauges
-
Access to precipitation and evaporation data “fields”
For groundwater resources we need
- 3D representation of boreholes and hydrogeologic units
-
Integration with groundwater models, especially
MODFLOW, which has become the ArcGIS of
groundwater
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Web Sites
•
ESRI Data Model Web site
http://resources.esri.com/ArcHydro/
•
Arc Hydro Groundwater Web sites
www.archydrogw.com
www.aquaveo.com/archydro
Contact
• Norm Jones ([email protected] )
• Gil Strassberg ([email protected])
Arc Hydro Groundwater
Data MODEL
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What is Arc Hydro?

Data models (geodatabase designs):

Best GIS practices in a specific field.

Terminology, common language.

Standard.

Tools – surface water, groundwater.

Community – user community advances best
practices.
Arc Hydro Groundwater Tools
Data model and tools are developed by
Aquaveo in partnership with ESRI:

Groundwater Analyst

Subsurface Analyst

MODFLOW Analyst
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UC2008 Pre-
1
UC2008 Pre-
1
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Groundwater Analyst
Tools in the Groundwater Analyst will help you import data into your AHGW datamodel,
manage key attributes, and visualize your data. With Groundwater Analyst you will be
able to import a variety of datasets (wells, time series, cross sections, volumes) into
your geodatabase, manage symbology of layers in ArcMap and ArcScene, map and plot
time series, and create common products such as water level, water quality, and flow
direction maps.
Subsurface Analyst
Create and visualize both 2D & 3D geologic models, starting with
classification and visualization of borehole logs, creation and editing
of cross sections, and generation of 3D geosections and
geovolumes.
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MODFLOW Analyst
The MODFLOW Analyst enables you to create, archive, and visualize modflow models within
ArcGIS. The geoprocessing tools are based on the MODFLOW Data Model, which supports the
storage of a complete modflow model (including grid structure, inputs, and results) within an
ArcGIS geodatabase. Tools in the toolkit enable you to import an existing model into the
geodatabase and geo-reference the model so you can visualize and analyze the results in
context with other GIS data, as well as create new models from GIS features
Arc Hydro Groundwater
Data model
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Arc Hydro Data Model
General model for representing water resources, including surface water components
and groundwater components centered on a common framework
Surface water
Groundwater
Network
Drainage
Hydrography
Geology
Arc Hydro
Framework
Chanel
Boreholes
Hydrostratigraphy
Simulation
Temporal
Arc Hydro Groundwater Data Model
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Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
Framework
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Hydrography
•
WaterLine, WaterBody represent hydrography
•
Watershed represents drainage areas
WaterPoint
•
WaterPoint represents points of interest such
as structures, dams, springs, diversions, etc.
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Monitoring Point
•
MonitoringPoint features represent locations
where water is measures
Aquifer features
•
An aquifer is defined by one or a set of polygon features
•
Aquifer features can be grouped by HGUID
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Well
•
•
Wells are defined as a 2D point in the Well feature class
In the Arc Hydro model we only predefine a set of basic
attributes
Wells in the Edwards Aquifer
Point dataset
Well
HydroID
HydroCode
LandElev
WellDepth
AquiferID
AqCode
HGUID
FType
Aquifer and well
Well HydroID = 53
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Hydro Features
•
HydroID – Unique ID within the geodatabase (internal relationships).
Every feature in Arc Hydro is assigned a unique HydroID
•
HydroCode – Public identifier (external relationships)
•
Tables and tools to manage HydroIDs within a geodatabase
Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
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Space-time datasets
Space-time datasets
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Space-time datasets
•
Single variable time series – A variable recorded at a
location, such as stream discharge or groundwater levels
•
Multi variable time series – Multiple variables recorded
simultaneously at the same location, such as chemical
analysis of a water sample
•
Time varying surfaces (raster series) – Raster datasets
indexed by time. Each rater is a “snapshot” of the
environment at a certain time.
•
Time varying features (feature series) – A collection of
features indexed by time. Each feature in a feature series
represents a variable at a single time period.
Variable Definition table
•
Catalog of time varying parameters (e.g. streamflow, water
levels, concentrations, etc.)
•
Each variable is indexed with a HydroID
VariableDefinition
HydroID
VarKey
VarName
VarDesc
VarUnits
Medium
DataType
IsRegular
TimeStep
TimeUnits
NoDataVal
Vocabulary
VarCode
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TimeSeries table
•
Each measurement is indexed by space, time, and type
•
Space = FeatureID
•
Time = TsTime
•
Type = VarID
VarID provides information
on the variable
TsTime
TsValue
FeatureID
VariableID
Time series views
We can “slice” through the data cube to get specific views of the data
Where?
What?
Query by location
(FeatureID = 2791)
Query by type
(VarID = 6875)
VarID
Query by location and type
(FeatureID = 2791 VarID = 6875)
TsTime
TsTime
TsTime
2791
Where and What?
FeatureID
6875
VarID
FeatureID 6875
2791
FeatureID
VarID
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Time series views
Well HydroID = 2791
Create a plot of time series
related to a feature
• Get all the data of VarID 6875
measured at Feature 2791
•
Time series views
A type-time view: Get water levels (TSTypeID =2) for 1/1999
TsTime
Water level in the Edwards
Aquifer in 1/1999
1/1991
FeatureID
6875
VarID
Set of layers for
different times
creates an
animation
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Multi-variable time series
•
Multiple variables recorded simultaneously at the same
location
•
Example – water quality parameters
•
Indexed by location (FeatureID), and time (TsTime)
•
Relationship to the VariableDefinition table is through the
VarKey
Variables (VarKey)
Multi-variable time series
Can query for multiple variables together
New Braunfels Springs
Well HydroID = 2833
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Raster Series
•
•
Raster datasets indexed by time
Each raster represents a continuous surface
describing a variable for a given time
January 1991
January 1992
January 1993
Feature Series
•
A collection of features indexed by time
•
Example of particle tracks
•
Features are indexed by VarID, TsTime, and GroupID
•
Each group of features creates a track over time
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Time series statistics
•
•
Summarize values over a given time
Custom tool - part of Groundwater Analyst
Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
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Geology
•
Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Simplified data model – not comprehensive geologic
map design
Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
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Boreholes
Wells and 3D data
•
3D data is referenced along wells
•
From depth (top) – To depth (bottom)
From
To
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BoreholeLog table
Combining the well geometry (x, y) and the vertical data stored in
the BoreholeLog table we can describe a set of 3D geometries
(x, y, z)
750
Upper confining unit
146
Georgetown Fm. (GTWN)
128
41
Cyclic + Marine member (CYMRN)
Leached + collapsed member (LCCLP)
-60
-81
Regional dense member (RGDNS)
Grainstone member (GRNSTN)
-140
Kirschberg evaporite member (KSCH)
-217
Dolomitic member (DOLO)
-372
Lower confining unit, upper Glen Rose (UGLRS)
-433
3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)
From the tabular data we create 3D features that
can be viewed in ArcScene.
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Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
GeoSections
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XS2D Component
Add geophysical plots to 2D cross
sections. This tool creates features
representing geophysical data, such as
points, lines and polygon plots, along
with scale bars, for use in an XS2D
data frame.
2D Cross Section Editing
Edit cross sections in ArcMap
Borehole data
Outcrop
Salt water interface
Panel divider
Panel
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Transform to 3D GeoSection
GeoRasters
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GeoVolumes
Components
•
Framework – Surface water features, wells, and
aquifers
•
Temporal – Representation of time series data
•
Geology – Representation of data from geologic maps
•
Boreholes – Borehole log table and 3D description of
borehole lines and contact points
•
Hydrostratigraphy – 2D and 3D description of
hydrogeologic units
•
Simulation – Representation of groundwater
simulation models
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Simulation Feature Data Set
For more Information
… on DataModel
http://archydrogw.com/ahgw/MODFLOW_Data_Model
… on ModFlow
http://modflow.com/
MODFLOW SIMULATION
groundwater flow within the aquifer is simulated in MODFLOW
using a block-centered finite-difference approach. Layers can be
simulated as confined, unconfined, or a combination of both.
Flows from external stresses such as flow to wells, areal
recharge, evapotranspiration, flow to drains, and flow through
riverbeds can also be simulated
… on ParFlow
https://computation.llnl.gov/casc/parflow/parflow_h
ome.html
ParFlow is an integrated, parallel watershed model that makes use
of high-performance computing to simulate surface and
subsurface fluid flow. The goal of the ParFlow project is to enable
detailed simulations for use in the assessment and management
of groundwater and surface water, to investigate system physics
and feedbacks and to understand interactions at a range of scales.
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Data model and tools summary
•
Arc Hydro – general data model that includes a
framework, and temporal, surface water, and
groundwater components.
•
Arc Hydro (surface water) – surface water
components + tools developed by ESRI.
•
Arc Hydro Groundwater – the groundwater
components + tools developed by Aquaveo
(Groundwater Analyst, Subsurface Analyst, and
MODFLOW Analyst).
•
MODFLOW Data Model – geodatabase design for
storing MODFLOW simulations. Developed by
Aquaveo, and works tightly with MODFLOW Analyst
tools
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