A Japanese American Pursuit for an âAmericannessâ
Eri Kato A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi: The Case of Watson Yoshimoto ᡓᚋࣁ࣡࠾ࡅࡿ᪥⣔ேࡢࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ⓗ౯್ࠖ ࡢ᥈ồ㸸࣡ࢺࢯ࣭ࣥࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ⏕ᾭ Eri Kato* SUMMARY: Since WWII, Japanese Americans (JAs) have been generally praised for rising up from being plantation laborers to respected professionals, despite the many hardships they faced in white-dominant American society. However, recent scholarship, especially influenced by the theory of settler colonialism, argues for the need to reevaluate the “success” of JA history. The history of JAs in Hawaiʻi needs to be understood in relation to the US project of expanding its political and economic powers in the Pacific. What did JAs do and how did they identify themselves in relation to other ethnic minorities and white settlers? To provide a more diverse perspective on JA history, this paper focuses on the life of a relatively unknown businessman, Watson Yoshimoto. I show how his life can be understood from the perspective of ongoing American domination of Hawai‘i and JAs’ involvement in its structure. JAs like Yoshimoto willingly embraced the value of American presence and power in the Pacific, so to assimilate themselves into “mainstream” American society. * 加藤 恵理 Graduate Student, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 3 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ƸơNJƴ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ୡࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝♫࡛⮬ࡽࡢ❧ࡕ⨨ࢆ☜ ❧ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊࠕ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࡢ⾲㇟ࡀ࠸㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀ ࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⮬ࡽࡢே✀ほ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸほࢆ࠸ኚᐜࡉࡏ ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࢆࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேᐇᴗᐙࡢᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ ࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ே◊✲ࡣ 20 ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡽጞࡲࡾࠊࡃᡓᚋࡢ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸ◊✲ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾඹ┒ࢇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥ ⣔ே◊✲ࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡢ᪥⣔ேྠᵝࠊᙼࡽࡀ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ࡋ࡚࣓ࣜ࢝♫࡛ཷࡅ࡚ࡁࡓⱞປࡸᡓᚋࡢ♫ⓗᆅࡢྥୖ↔ Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ᪥⣔ேࡣⓑே♫ࡽᕪูࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᛅㄔࢆㄋ࠸ࠊຮ࡛࠶ࡿ࡛࣓ࣜ࢝♫ྠࡋࡓ ࠕࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸࠖࡋ࡚ᗈࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ1 ࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ ࣓ࣜ࢝♫ࡢྠࠖࡣࠊࠕⓑே♫ࡢྠࠖゝ࠸࠼ࡿࡀ ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀࡣ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢⓑேࡶ࠸࠼ࡿ㐣⛬ࡔࡗࡓࠋ2 ࡋࡋ 1970 ᖺ௦࡞ࡿࠊ࣎ࣈ࣭ࢫࢬ࢟ࡸ࢚࣑࣮࣭࢚࣐࢘ࢶ࠸ࡗࡓ◊ ✲⪅ࡽࡀࠊࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸㄽࡣᮏ᮶ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࣐ࣀࣜࢸീ ࢆᮏ㉁ࡋࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝♫࠾ࡅࡿⓑே୰ᚰ⩏ࡼࡿᕪูࢆ㞃ⶸ ࡍࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿᢈุࡋࡓࠋ3 ᡓ๓ࡽᡓᚋࡅ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡣⓑேྠᵝࡢ♫ ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭ᨻⓗ࡞ຊࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠕࣔࢹ ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸࠖ࠸࠺ゝㄝࢆ ࠎࡋ࡚ෆᅾࡋࠊࣁ࡛࣡ࡣ᪥ ⣔ேࡀඛఫẸ࡞ࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᕪ␗ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ ࡲࡓ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋෆ࡛┈ࢆ⊂༨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᢈุࡍࡽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣁ࡛࣡ࡣ᪥⣔ேࡢ⤒῭ຊࡸᨻຊࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣁ࣡ ྐࡢ◊✲⪅ࡽࡣࠊ᪥⣔ேࡀࠕ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝࠖ4 ࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆ ᙇࡋ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢኌࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ❧ሙ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊᐇ㝿ࡣⓑ ே┦౫Ꮡࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿᣦࡋࡓࠋ5 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫ⓗ⫼ᬒ㚷 ࡳࠊࣁ࣡ඛఫẸࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࣁ࢘ࢼࢽ࣭ࢣ࣭ࢺࣛࢫࢡࡽࡣࠊࣁ࣡ ࢆ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᳜Ẹᆅࡋ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞⛣Ẹࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿࠕࢭࢺ ࣮ࣛࢯࢧ࢚ࢸࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡓࠋ6 ࢺࣛࢫࢡࡣࡶࡶᦢྲྀࡉࢀࡿ❧ ሙ࠶ࡗࡓ᪥⣔ேࢆྵࡴ⛣Ẹࡣࠊࣁ࣡ඛఫẸ࡞ࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ ࢆᢚᅽࡋࠊࠕࣁ࢜ࣞࠖ7 ྠᵝࣁ࣡ࢆ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡢ᳜Ẹᆅࡋ࡚ ࡁࡓࠕࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࢫࢺࠖ࡞ࡗࡓᢈุࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ8 ࡇࡢࡼ ࠺ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ᪥⣔ேࢆᕠࡿㄒࡾࡣኚࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡾࢃ ࡅࣁ࣡࠾ࡅࡿᡓ୰ࠊᡓᚋࡢ᪥⣔ேྐࡢぢ┤ࡋࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 4 Eri Kato բ᫆ƷנƱஜᆜƷႸႎ ࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ୡࡣࠊᡓᚋࡣࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࢭࢺ࣮ࣛ ࢥࣟࢽࢫࢺࡤࢀࠊẚ㍑ⓗ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝♫ࡢྠ ഴྥࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠕࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸࠖ ࠊ ࡃࠕࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࠖࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗ ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡢ᪥⣔ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜ ࢬ࣒ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢺࣛࢫࢡࠊ࢚ࢥ࣭ࢥࢧࢧࠊࢲ࣭ࣚࢩࢼ࢞࡞ ࡣࠊ᪥⣔ே࡛ึࡵ࡚ୖୗ୧㝔㆟ဨ࡞ࡗࡓࢲࢽ࢚࣭ࣝࣀ࢚࢘ࡸ᪥ ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேᕷẸྠ┕ࣁ࣡ᨭ㒊㸦Japanese American Citizens LeagueHonolulu㸧࡞ࡢ᪥⣔ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࡽࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊᙼࡽࡀࣁ ࣡ඛఫẸࡢᶒࢆ㜼ᐖࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᣦࡋࡓࠋ9 ᪥⣔ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡣ ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࣀ࢚࢘ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿᢈุࡢᑐ㇟ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ᪥⣔ேࡢከࡃࡣࠊᚑ㌷⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓ⪅ࠊ බ⫋ᑵ࠸ࡓ⪅࡞ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝♫࡛ࡢࠕᡂຌ≀ㄒࠖࢆయ⌧ࡍࡿᏑᅾ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࢆᣢࡘ᪥⣔ୡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᡓୗ࡛⣙ 12 ே௨ୖ࠸ࡓࡉࢀࡿୡࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ ᚑ㌷ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 2 ே 10‶ࡓࡎࠊ ࡲࡓ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓ⪅ࡸࠊබ⫋ᑵ࠸ࡓୡࡣ୍㒊㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ11 ࡼࡾከᵝ࡞᪥⣔ேീࢆᥥࡁฟࡍࡓࡵࡣࠊᡓத୰ࡽᡓᚋࡅ࡚ࡢ ࠕ୍⯡ࠖࡢ᪥⣔ே╔┠ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ᪥⣔ேࡣࣁ࣡ࡢ᳜Ẹᆅࢆᢸࡗࡓࠕⓑ ே┦౫Ꮡࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࠖࡋ࡚ᢈุࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᙼࡽ ࡀࠕⓑே┦౫Ꮡࡢ㛵ಀࠖ࡞ࡗࡓ㐣⛬ࡢศᯒࡣศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋୖ ㏙ࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲ࡽࡣࠊ᪥⣔ேࡀ⤒῭ⓗ┈ࡸᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆ㏣ồࡋ ࡓ࡛ⓑே┦౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ┈ ࢆồࡵࡓ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿࠊ᪥⣔ேࡢே✀ほࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸほࢆศᯒࡍࡿ ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᮏㄽᩥࡣࠊࣀ࢚࢘ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭྡே࡛ࡣ࡞࠸᪥⣔ ୡὀ┠ࡋࠊᙼࡽࡢே✀ほ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸほࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡛ࠊᡓ୰ࠊ ᡓᚋࡢࣁ࣡࠾ࡅࡿ᪥⣔ேྐࢆከゅⓗᤊ࠼ࡿࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋ ஜᆜƷDZȸǹǹǿȇǣƴƭƍƯ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ࣡ࢺࢯ࣭ࣥࣚࢩࣔࢺ࠸࠺୍ಶேࡢ⏕ᾭὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋᙼࡣࠊ ᚑ᮶ࡢ᪥⣔ேྐ࡛ぢⴠࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠊᡓ୰ᚑ㌷ࡸᙉไᐜࢆ⤒㦂 ࡏࡎࠊᡓᚋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡶཷࡅࡿࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࠊ ࠕ୍⯡ࠖࡢ᪥⣔ே࡛࠶ 5 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸࡢᆺᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࠊ᪥⣔ୡࢆㄒࡿࡁࡢࠕᆺⓗࠖ࡞ഃ㠃ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㈋ࡋ ࠸⏕࠸❧ࡕࢆດຊ࡛ࡾ㉺࠼ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᡂຌࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡿ࠸࠺⏕ᾭ ࢆ㏦ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠࠊᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ᡂຌࢆࡵࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊⓑ ேࡀᶒຊࡢ୰ᚰ࠸ࡿ♫ᵓ㐀ࢆኚ㠉ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ᪤Ꮡࡢ ♫ᵓ㐀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ࡛ࠊ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᆅࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓே≀࡛࠶ ࡾࠊࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᢸ࠸ᡭᤊ࠼ࡿࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ᪥⣔ேࡢே✀ほࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸほࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ ࡛ࠊ⯆῝࠸≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ㊃ࡋࠊᙜ ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢⓑேࡀ᳜Ẹᆅ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠊⓑேࡼࡿ⌧ ᆅࡢᅵᆅࡸேࠎࡢᦢྲྀࢆ㇟ᚩⓗ⾲ࡍࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺ ࡗ࡚ࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࡢពࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࡛ࠊᙼࡢே✀ࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩ ࢸࡢព㆑ࢆᥥࡁฟࡍࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ௨ୖࡢㄽⅬᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᮏ ✏࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥⣔ேྐ࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ᪥⣔ୡ࡛࠶ࡿࣚࢩࣔ ࢺࡢ⏕ᾭ╔┠ࡋࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ୡࡢே✀ほࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸほࢆ᫂ ࡽࡍࡿࠋ ᲫȨǷȢȈƷȓǸȍǹƴᙸǔଐኒʴƷ ȏȯǤᅈ˟ƱƷƔƔǘǓ ࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேྐࡣࠊ᪥⣔ே⛣ẸࡀᾏࢆΏࡾࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ࡞ࡢ㎰ᅬ ࡛ാ࠸ࡓ㐣ཤࢆ㉳Ⅼࡋ࡚ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࢆዎᶵ ከࡃࡢ᪥⣔ேࡣ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᆅࢆᛴ㏿ୖ᪼ࡉࡏࠊᡓᚋࡣ㎰ ᅬࢆཤࡗࡓࠋࣁ࣡♫࡛ࡢᨻⓗ࡞Ⓨゝຊࡀቑࡋࡓ᪥⣔ேࡣࠊⓑே ධ᳜⪅ྠࡌࡃࠕࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࠖ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊඛఫẸࡸࡢ ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡽࡣࠊࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᢸ࠺❧ሙ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ12 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪥⣔ேྐࡢศᯒࡣࠊᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ᡂຌ ࢆࡵࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ㈋ࡋ࠸ᑡᖺ௦ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ ᘓタᴗ⏺ࡢせ⫋ᑵࡁࠊⳘ࡞ᐩࢆᡭධࢀࡓࠋᩍ⫱ࢆ‶㊊ཷࡅࡽ ࢀࡎࠊ⤒῭ⓗࡶᅔ❓≧ែ࠶ࡗࡓ⤒㦂ࡣࠊᙼࢆᖹ➼࡞♫ࡢᙧᡂ࡛ ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ♫ᵓ㐀ෆ࡛ࡢᡂຌᑟ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 6 Eri Kato Ძ☡Ძ ǵȈǦǭȓᠾˊטƷȨǷȢȈŴžχႎſଐኒʚɭƱƠƯ ࣡ࢺࢯ࣭ࣥࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊ1909 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 6 ᪥ࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ࢜ࣇᓥࡢ ᮾ࠶ࡿࣉࢼࣝ࢘⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋ୧ぶࡣ 1907 ᖺᒣཱྀ┴ࡽࣁ࣡ Ώࡗࡓࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬປാ⪅ࡔࡗࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᗂᑡ௦ࡢ⤒㦂ࡢከ ࡃࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢᆺⓗ࡞᪥⣔ேປാ⪅ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋᐙ᪘ࡢ ドゝࡼࡿࠊᙜࡣࠕ㣗ࡿࡶࡢᅔࡿࠖ㈋ࡋࡃࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠕ ࡃࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬࡽᢤࡅฟࡋࡓ࠸ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠖࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ13 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁ࣡ࡢᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࠖࡋ࡚ࡢᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࠊྠ ᪥ᮏㄒᏛᰯࡶ㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀᏛᰯ㏻ࡗࡓ 1920 ᖺ௦ ࡣࠊ᪥⣔ୡࡀ᪥ᮏㄒᏛᰯ㏻࠺ࡀ᪥⣔ேࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝♫ࡢ⤫ྜ ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿ♫ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊୡࡢ࣓ࣜ ࢝ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿືࡁࡀᙉࡲࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿᮇࡔࡗࡓࠋከࡃࡢ᪥⣔ୡࡀ බ❧Ꮫᰯ࡛ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⣲ᬕࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊぶࡢᨾ㒓 ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࢆࡴ౯್ほࢆᢪࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓࠋ14 ࣓ࣜ ࢝ࢆㆭ⨾ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ࡣࠊゝ࠸࠼ࢀࡤⓑே୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀ ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡛ከࡃࡢୡࡣḟ➨ⓑேࢆ㡬Ⅼ⨨ࡁࠊ㠀ⓑேࢆ༝ ୗࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞♫ᵓ㐀ࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ15 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣓ࣜ࢝ ᩍ⫱ࡢ࡞࡛ࠊከࡃࡢୡࡀࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡽࡋࡉ㸻ⓑேࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ㌟ ࡘࡅࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝㐠ືࡀᏛᰯ࡛ࡶ┒ࢇࡔࡗࡓ௦⏕ࡲ ࢀ⫱ࡗࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶࠊ ࠕⓑேࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ㌟ࡘࡅࡼ࠺ࡋࡓ᪥⣔ୡ ࡢ 1 ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ Ძ☡Წ ЭƷȨǷȢȈƷᚨಅမǁƷᡶЈ 1930 ᖺ௦࡞ࡿࠊୡࡢ࡞࡛ࡶ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡸᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞カ⦎ࢆཷ ࡅࡓேࠎࡣࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬࢆฟ࡚ࠊࡼࡾධࡢ㧗࠸ᑵࡃࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ≉ᘓタᴗ⏺⫋ࢆồࡵࡓ᪥⣔ேࡣከࡃࠊࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬ ḟ࠸࡛ᑵ⫋ேཱྀࡢከ࠸⫋✀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ16 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ୡ ௦ࡢ 1 ேࡔࡗࡓࠋ1925 ᖺࠊᙼࡣ 14 ṓ࡛Ꮫᰯࢆ୰㏥ࡋࠊᕤぢ⩦࠸ ࡽጞࡵࠊࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ⌧ሙ┘╩ࡋ࡚ࢆ௵ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡸࡀ࡚ࠊࢧࢺ࢘࢟ ࣅ㎰ᅬ࡛ࡢࡽཤࡾࠊᘓタᴗ㌟ࢆᢞࡌࠊࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬ ࡢ▱ேࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚▱ࡾྜࡗࡓ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ♫ ⫋ࢆᚓࡓࠋ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀᑵ⫋ࡋࡓᘓタ♫ࡢ♫㛗࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜࣇࣞࢱࢫࡣࠊ ㈋ࡋ࠸࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝ⣔ࡢ⛣Ẹࡢ୧ぶࡢ㛫⏕ࡲࢀࡓୡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊດຊ ຮࡼࡗ࡚ᘓタᴗ⏺࡛㢌ゅࢆ⌧ࡋࡓே≀ࡔࡗࡓࠋ17 ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵ࡛ ࡶࣁ࡛࣡ࡶࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡀ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆࡶ 7 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ᑵࡃࢣ࣮ࢫࡀከࡃࠊ୍ぢࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᑵ⫋ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࣐ࣀ ࣜࢸࡢࡑࢀࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊேཱྀᵓᡂࡀᮏᅵࡼࡾ 」㞧࡞ࣁ࡛࣡ࡣࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋࡢቃ⏺⥺ࡀࡼࡾ᭕࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᑵ⫋ඛࡀ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿᴗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣁ࣡࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝேࡣ࣮ࣚ ࣟࢵࣃฟ㌟ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࣥࢢࣟࢧࢡࢯࣥ⣔ࡢࠕⓑேࠖࡣูࡢࢢ࣮ࣝ ࣉࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥⣔ேྠࡌࡃࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬࡢປാ⪅ࡋ࡚ ♫ⓗࣄ࢚࣮࡛ࣛࣝ࢟ࡣ᱁ୗࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ18 ࡑࡋ࡚ᆅࡢప ࠸࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ㛫࡛ࡣࠊࡁ⃭ࡋ࠸➇தࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉ࠊඹឤ ࡸ⤖クࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡸࡍࡗࡓࠋ᪥⣔ேࡢࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀ㠀᪥⣔ࡢ♫࡛⫋ࢆ ᚓࡿࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ⫼ᬒࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣁ࣡⊂⮬ࡢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀධ♫ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡔࣇࣞࢱࢫࡀ♫ࢆ⯆ࡋࡓ ࡤࡾࡢᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ 2 ேࡣඹୖ᪼ᚿྥࢆᣢࡗ࡚ᘓタᴗ⏺ ࡛ྡࢆୖࡆࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᘓタ♫࡛⫋ࢆᚓࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊᐷ ࡿ㛫ࡶᝰࡋࢇ࡛ᘓ⠏ࡘ࠸࡚⇕ᚰຮᙉࢆࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ19 ࣓ࣜ࢝ ᮏᅵ࠶ࡿࢩ࢝ࢦᕤᴗᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ㸦Chicago Technical College㸧ࡽࡶ㏻ ಙᩍ⫱ࡢᩍᮦࢆྲྀࡾᐤࡏࠊ⌧ሙࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᘓ⠏ࡢ ᑓ㛛▱㆑ࢆ㌟ࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ࣇࣞࢱࢫࡢ♫࡛ാ࠸ࡓᚋࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣛࢵࢭ࣭ࣝR࣭࢚࣒ࢫ ᘓタ㸦Russell R. Ames Construction Company㸧⛣ࡾࠊ1933 ᖺࡣࡇ ࡢ♫ࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺᑵ௵ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ୰ᅜ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ W࣭ S࣭ࢳࣥᘓタ㸦W.S. Ching Construction㸧࡛ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋW࣭S࣭ࢳࣥ ᘓタࡣࠊ࣍ࣀࣝࣝࡢࢳࣕࢼࢱ࢘ࣥࡢࢩࣥ࣎ࣝⓗᘓ⠏࡛࠶ࡿ࢛࣮࣭࢘ ࣇࢵࢺ࣭ࢳࣙࢵࣉ࣭ࢫ㸦Wo Fat Chop Suey㸧ࣅࣝࠊ ᙜࡢ⛯ົᒁ ᗇ⯋ࠊ࢝ࣛ࢘ࣃࣃ㸦Kalaupapa㸧 ࠊ࢜ࣇฮົᡤࡸ࢝࢘ᓥࡢ࢝ ࣃ㸦Kapaa㸧ฮົᡤ࡞ࠊ᪥ࡢࣁ࡛࣡ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿᘓ≀ࢆᡭ ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 1940 ᖺࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࡘ࠸⮬ࡽ♫ࢆ❧ࡕ ୖࡆࠊᘓタᴗ⏺ࡢྠᴗ⪅ࢪ࢙࣒ࢬ࣭ࢱࢼ࢝ඹࠊ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇ ♫㸦Oahu Construction Company㸧ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣከᵝ࡞࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡࣂࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢆᣢࡘ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢ♫ࢆ ΏࡾṌࡁࠊᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ࡢᇶ┙ࢆ⠏ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ♫タ❧ྥࡅ࡚ࡣ᪥ ⣔ேࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋࡇࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ㒊ୗࡣࠕ࡞ ࡶᛮ㆟࡞ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥⣔ேྠኈࡢ᪉ࡀⰍࠎࡸࡾࡸࡍࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ ࡋࠊ ࡑࢀࡣ୍⯡ⓗࡔࡗࡓࠋ ᙜࡣᢞ㈨࡛ࡁࡿ⤒῭ຊࢆᣢࡗ ࡓ᪥⣔ࡀฟ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓࡽࠊ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠖㄒࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ20 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢඹྠ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀ᪥⣔ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡣࠊᙜࡢࣁ࣡ 8 Eri Kato ࠾ࡅࡿ␗࡞ࡿ࣐ࣀࣜࢸྠኈࡢ㐃ᖏࡢ㝈⏺ࢆࡶ♧ࡍ୍᪉࡛ࠊ᪥⣔ே ࡀ⤒῭ⓗ࣭♫ⓗ࡞ᆅࢆ⊂༨ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ௦ࡢ฿᮶ࢆணᮇࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋ Ძ☡Ჭ ࢼƠƳƔƬƨȨǷȢȈ 1941 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 7 ᪥ࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ⡿㌷ᇶᆅࡀ᪥ᮏ㌷ࡢᨷᧁࢆཷࡅࡓ࡛ࠊ ᪥⣔ேࡢ≧ἣࡣ୍ኚࡋࡓࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝ே࡛࠶ࡿྠ᪥ᮏேࡋ࡚ࡢ ࣮ࣝࢶࢆᣢࡘᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿୡࡣ࠸ࡢ┠ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜࡢᛅㄔᚰࠊࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ♧ࡍᚲせᛶ㏕ࡽ ࢀࡓࠋ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ௨๓ࠊୡࡢከࡃࡣࠕࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥ᮏேࠖ ࠸࠺࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭ࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࢆዎᶵࠕࣁ ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࠖ⮬ᕫࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ21 ࣁ ࣡ఫࡴከࡃࡢ᪥⣔ேࡣࠊᅜമࡢ㉎ධࠊ⊩⾑ࠊ࣎ࣛࣥࢸࡼࡿ ປാዊ⊩㌟ⓗྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋ࡞࡛ࡶᚑ㌷ࡣឡᅜᚰࢆ♧ࡍ⾜Ⅽ ࡉࢀࠊࣁ࡛࣡ࡣᮏᅵẚ࡚ᅽಽⓗྜࡀከ࠸ 1 ே㏆ࡃࡶࡢ᪥ ⣔ୡࡀධ㝲ࢆᚿ㢪ࡋࡓࠋ22 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶࠊ㛤ᡓྠࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ♧ࡍᚲせᛶࢆᙉ ࡃព㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᅇ㢳㘓ࡼࡿࠊ㛤ᡓࠊᙼࡶ㌷ධ㝲 ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ㹙┿⌔‴㹛ᨷᧁࡢᚋ࡚ࡢ ࣓ࣜ࢝ே⏨ᛶࡀࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ⚾ࡶ㌷㝲ධ㝲ࡍࡿࢆᮃࢇࡔࠖ ࡀࠊ ࠕᖺ㱋ⓗ࡞ไ㝈ࡼࡾࠊධ㝲ࡍࡿࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠖࡾ㏉ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ23 ࡓࡔࡋࠊᙜࡢࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ 32 ᡯ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡣධ㝲ࡣ ྍ⬟࡞ᖺ㱋࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡀᮏᙜࡑ࠺ᛮ࠸㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ ᩒ࠼࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺ㄒࡗࡓࡢࡣᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㌷ࡢධ㝲ࢆ ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ே⏨ᛶࡢ⩏ົࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊࡑࢀࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗ ࡓ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ࠺ࡋࢁࡵࡓࡉࡶឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀධ㝲ࡍࡿࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ㌷㝲ࡢᚿ㢪ࡀࠊ࣓ࣜ ࢝ࡢᛅㄔᚰࢆ♫♧ࡍ௨እࡶࠊᙼࡢ♫ⓗᆅࡢྥୖࡗ ࡚ࡁ࡞ពࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊරኈ ࡋ࡚ᡓᆅ㉱ࡃࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࠕ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ♧ࡍࡶ⧅ࡀࡗࡓࡽ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ24 ≉࣓ࣜ࢝♫࠾࠸࡚⏨ᛶᛶࢆྰᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 25 ࢪ ⣔⏨ᛶࡗ࡚ࠊධ㝲ࡣࠕ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆᅇࡉࡏࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ26 ᐇ㝿ࠊᡓ୰ࡢୡරኈࡣࣁ࣡♫࡛ⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣ᭱ࡶᡓ ⅆࡢཝࡋ࠸࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ᭱๓⥺㏦ࡽࢀࠊ㌷㝲ෆ㒊࡛ࡶᩛᅜእᅜேࡢ ᏊᏞࡋ࡚୰യࢆཷࡅࡿ࡞ࡢᅔ㞴ࡳࡲࢃࢀࡓࠋ27 ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ ࡛ࠊ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓ࡛ከࡃࡢ㈇യ⪅ᡓṚ⪅ࢆฟࡋࡓ᪥⣔ேࡣࠊࡑࡢ 9 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ≛≅ࢆ௨࡚࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᛅㄔᚰࢆド᫂ࡋࡓࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡔࡀࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᡓ୰ࡢ⤒㦂ࡣࠊⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡓ᪥⣔ୡീࡣࡁ ࡃࡅ㞳ࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋᙼࡣࣁ࣡ṧࡾࠊᘓタᴗ࡛㈈ࢆᡂࡋࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࡀጞࡲࡿࠊࣁ࣡ࡣᓥࠎࡢ⥲ேཱྀࢆୖᅇ ࡿ㌷㛵ಀ⪅ࡀᅾࡋࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ఫᒃࡢᚲせࡸᙼࡽࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫ ࡀᣑࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᘓタᴗ⏺ࡣዲᬒẼ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣୗ࡛ࠊ ᡓ๓ࡽࣁ࣡ࡢ⤒῭ࢆᨭ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ᪥⣔ேࡢປാຊࡣྍḞ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋᩛᅜእᅜேࡋ࡚ᕪูࢆཷࡅ࡚ࡶࠊᐇ㝿⫋ሙࡽ㝖ࡉࢀࡿ ࡣࢇ࡞ࡃࠊᙜࡢᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ࡶᕤࡢ 80％ࡣ᪥⣔ேࡔࡗࡓࠋ28 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀ⤒Ⴀࡍࡿ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࡶ࣓ࣜ࢝㌷ࡢᗜࡸර⯋࡞ ࡢᘓタࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᡓ୰ࡢࢆࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ࠊᚋࣚࢩࣔࢺ ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࡣᡓத୰ࡶ♫ ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋಶேⓗࡣ⚾ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ఱࡢၥ㢟 ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠖ29 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ᪥⣔ேࡀᩛᅜእᅜேࡢᏊᏞࡋ࡚㆙ᡄ ࡉࢀࡓᡓୗ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᘓタᴗࡣᚲせࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ ♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀࡣ㡰ㄪ࡛ࠊఇ᪥ࡣ㊃ࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ ࡔࡗࡓࠋ30 Ძ☡Ხ ࢸƷʚɭƷᅈ˟ɥଞƱȨǷȢȈƷ˟ᅈƷᧈ 1960 ᖺ௦ධࡿࠊ᪥⣔ேࡣ㣕㌍ⓗ♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗᆅࢆୖ᪼ ࡉࡏࠊࣁ࣡ࡢᨻࢆືࡋࠊᚋࡣࡢ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࠕࣂࢼࢼࠖࠊ ࠕ୰ ㌟ࡣⓑேࠖᥟࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛࡞ࡗࡓࠋ31 ࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡢṔྐࢆㄒ ࡿ㝿ࠊᡓ୰ࡢୡරኈࡢά㌍ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᙜࡢ ࣁ࡛࣡⏕άࡍࡿேࠎࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁᡓᚋࡢୡࡢάື 32 ࡢ᪉ࡀ ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞♫ࡢኚࢆక࠺ࡶࡢࡋ࡚యឤ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣁ࣡ ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࡢᙧᡂᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣚ ࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊᡓᚋࡢ᪥⣔ே♫ࡀⵚࡗࡓࢹࣥࢸࢸࡢኚࢆ♧ࡍ ୍ࡋ࡚ࠊὀ┠್ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡓᚋࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࢆಶே⤒Ⴀࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ ࡁ࡞ᡂຌࢆࡵࡓࠋᙼࡢά㌍ࢆᨭ࠼ࡓࡢࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺ⮬㌟ࡢ⤒Ⴀࡢ ᡯຍ࠼࡚ࠊᡓᚋࡢࣁ࣡♫యࡢኚ᪥⣔ேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢᨻ ຊࡢୖ᪼ࡔࡗࡓࠋ1950 ᖺ௦ࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢせ࡞⏘ᴗࡀᚎࠎࢧࢺ ࢘࢟ࣅ⏘ᴗࡽほග⏘ᴗ⛣ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᘓタᴗ⏺ ከࡃࡢࡀ⯙࠸㎸ࢇࡔࠋࣁ࣡ࡢᕞࡢ᪼᱁ࡀ┠๓㏕ࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࢵ ࢺᶵࡢⓏሙࡼࡗ࡚㏻ᡭẁࡀ㣕㌍ⓗⓎ㐩ࡋࡓࡶ࠶ࡾࠊほග⏘ᴗ ࡀὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣍ࢸࣝࡸࢩࣙࢵࣆࣥࢢࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡞ 10 Eri Kato ࡢᘓタࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵື⏘ࣈ࣮࣒ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࡼ ࠺࡞ᘓタ♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡁ࡞┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ33 ᙜࡢ ࣁ࣡࠾ࡅࡿᘓタᴗ⏺ࡢ࡞ᢸ࠸ᡭࡣࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗࡔࡗࡓⓑே ࡽࠊࢪ⣔ࠊࡃ᪥⣔ே௦ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣᘓタᴗ⏺ࡔ ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᨻ⏺࡞ࢆྵࡴࣁ࣡♫యぢࡽࢀࡓኚࡔࡗࡓࠋ ᡓ๓ࡢࣁ࡛࣡ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗࢧࢺ࢘࢟ࣅ㎰ᅬ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡽࡀᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓඹඪࡢ୍ඪᨭ㓄ࡀ⥆࠸࡚ࡁࡓࡓࡵࠊⓑேᶒຊ⪅ᒙࡢᐖぢྜ࠺ ᨻࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋᡓᚋࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓඹඪࡢ⊂༨≧ែࢆᡴ ◚ࡋࡼ࠺ࠊᡓதࡢⱥ㞝ࡉࢀࡓ᪥⣔ୡࡀ୰ᚰ࡞ࡾẸඪࡀάⓎ ࡞ᨻάືࢆጞࡵࡓࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝㌷ࡋ࡚ຬᩒᡓࡗࡓࢆホ౯ࡉࢀࠊ ᙉ࠸Ⓨゝຊࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓୡࡢ㏥ᙺ㌷ேࡸࠊ ࠕGI ࣅࣝࠖࡼࡗ ࡚࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡢᏛࡸᏛ㝔࡛Ꮫࡧࠊࣁ࣡ᖐࡗ࡚ࡁࡓୡࡀࠊ Ẹඪࡢᨻᶒ௦ࡢࡓࡵ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᢸࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪥⣔ୡࡢ ά㌍ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẸඪࡣ 1954 ᖺࡢࣁ࣡㆟㑅ᣲ࡛ඹඪࡋࠊ ࡇࡢᖺࡢ㆟ࡢࡰ༙ᩘࢆ᪥⣔㆟ဨࡀ⊂༨ࡋࡓࠋ34 ୡࡼࡿ♫ࡢኚ㠉ࡀ⫙࡛ឤࡌࡽࢀࡿ⎔ቃ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ ᙜά㌍ࡋࡓୡࡽ⮬ศࡢ㐪࠸ࢆព㆑ࡋࡓ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋࣁ࣡ ṧࡾࠊ㡰ㄪࢆ⥆ࡅࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺẚ࡚ࠊⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡓୡࡽࡣ ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵ࡛ཝࡋ࠸カ⦎ࢆཷࡅࠊࣁ࣡ࢆ㞳ࢀ㐲࠸ᡓᆅ࡛ྡࡢ㈇ യࢆ㈇࠸ࠊᡓᚋࡣᮏᅵ࡛ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࣁ࣡ᖐࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᚑ㌷ࡸᩍ ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕᓥࡢእࡢୡ⏺㸦something more than the island culture㸧ࠖࢆ ぢࡓᙼࡽࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ♫ᵓ㐀ࢆኚ࠼ࡿཎືຊ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ35 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊᡓᚋࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣᙼࡽࠕⱥ㞝ࠖ ඹ᪥⣔ୡࡋ࡚ࡃࡃࡽࢀࠊ༠ຊ㛵ಀ࡞ࡾࠊᙼࡽࡢά㌍ࡢᜠᜨ ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࣅࢪࢿࢫࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣ࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ ᪥⣔ୡࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸ⮬ぬⓗ࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠕୡࡢ⤒㦂ࠖࢆ ⿵࠺᪉ἲࢆᶍ⣴ࡋጞࡵࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡢᡂຌࡣࡑ ࡢࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ᡓᚋࠊከࡃࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ࡶ㧗࠸ᆅࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ ࣁ࣡ࡢほගᆅࡀ㐍ࡴࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᨻ⏺ࡢ⧅ࡀࡾࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ36 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶᨻ⏺ᐦ᥋ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓୡࡢ 1 ேࡔࡗ ࡓࠋ37 ᙜࡢ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࡣࠊ࣍ࣀࣝࣝᕷࡸ࣓ࣜ࢝㌷ࡽ Ỉ㐨ᘓタ㛵ಀࡢᕤࢆㄳࡅ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᪥⣔㆟ဨࡀࣁ࣡㡿㆟ ࡢࡰ༙ᩘࢆ༨ࡵࡓ 1954 ᖺࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁ࣡ࡢᘓタᴗ⏺ࡢᅋయ ࡛࠶ࡿࢪ࢙ࢿ࣭ࣛࣝࢥࣥࢺࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࢬ࣭ࢯࢩ࢚࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸦General Contractors Associationࠊ௨ୗࠊGCA ␎㸧ࡢᖿ㒊ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࠋGCA 11 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᘓタᴗ⏺࡛᭱ࡶ㛗࠸Ṕྐࢆᣢࡘ⡿ᅜᘓタᴗ༠㸦The Associated General Contractors of America㸧ࡢࣁ࣡ᨭ㒊࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1932 ᖺタ❧ࡉࢀ࡚௨᮶ࠊᘓタᴗ⏺࠾࠸࡚ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ GCA ࡢᖿ㒊࡞ࡿ࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ࡢ❧ሙࢆ☜❧ࡋ ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⩣ᖺࡢ 1955 ᖺࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡋ࡚ὀ┠ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࣃ࣭ࣜࣁ࢙࢘㸦Pali Highway㸧ࡢᕤࢆཷὀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ38 ᪥⣔ேࡢᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡞ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࡶࡁ࡞ᜠ ᜨࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁ࣡ࡢほග㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵࡿከࡃࡢᕤ ࢆཷὀࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࣁ࡛࣡ࡢᘓタసᴗࡢ࡞࡛ࡶࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ⾜ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡞㧗㏿㐨㊰ᘓタ࡞ࡢࡁ࡞ᕤࡣࠊࣁ࣡ඛఫẸࡢ⪷ᆅ ࡸᆅࢆࣈࣝࢻ࣮ࢨ࣮࡛᥀ࡾ࠼ࡍࡇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ㠀㞴ࡢᑐ ㇟ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ20 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࡢෆᐜ ࢆ▱ࡿே≀ࡣࠊࠕ㧗㏿㐨㊰ࡢᕤ࡛ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡶ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓ ࣁ࣡ࡣࡑࢇ࡞ᅵᆅࡤࡾ࡛㹙ࣁ࣡ඛఫẸࡢ࡞ ࢆ㹛㑊ࡅࡼ࠺ࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ39 ㏙ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᕤ ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᘓタᴗ⪅ࡢάືࡣࣁ࣡ࡢほ ගᆅࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊᆅඖఫேࡢ❧ࡕ㏥ࡁၥ㢟࡞ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࠋࣚࢩ ࣔࢺࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢᡂ㛗ࡢࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢඛఫẸࡢᅵᆅࡸ⏕άࡢ≛≅ ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊᙼࡣࠕⓑே┦౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ⪅ࠖ࠶ࡿᆺ ⓗ࡞ୡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 1960 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡶ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ≧ἣࡣⰋዲ࡛ࠊࣁ࣡ ࡢ᪥⣔ྥࡅࡢ᪂⪺ࡸ Star-Bulletin ࡸ Honolulu Advertiser ࡞ࡢᆅඖࡢ せ࡞᪂⪺ࡣࠊ♫㛵ࡍࡿグࢆከࡃᥖ㍕ࡋࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ♫ࡣ ࢜ࣇᓥྛᆅࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸㐨㊰ᕤࠊ㈓Ỉụᕤࠊၟᴗᆅ༊㛤Ⓨࠊつ ᶍ࡞ఫᏯᘓタ࡞ࢆḟࠎᡭࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1963 ᖺࡣ W. T. ࣚࢩࣔࢺ ᰴᘧ♫㸦W. T. Yoshimoto Corporation㸧ࢆタ❧ࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆぶ♫ࡋ ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣇᘓタㄳ㈇♫ࢆྵࡴ 4 ࡘࡢᏊ♫ࢆ㐠Ⴀࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ1987 ᖺࡣࠊW. T. ࣚࢩࣔࢺᰴᘧ♫ࡣࣁ࡛࣡ᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᘓ タ♫ୖ 25 ♫ࡋ࡚⤂ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ⩣ᖺࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢせࣅࢪ ࢿࢫㄅ Hawaii Business ࡛ࠊᘓタᴗ௨እࡢᴗ✀ࢆྵࡴ࡚ࡢᕞෆᴗ ࡛᭱ࡶᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ♫ࡢ 1 ࡘ㑅ࡤࢀࡓࠋ40 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡂຌࡣࠊᙼࡢ ホ౯ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ➹⪅ࡀࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ࿘ᅖࡢேࠎࣥ ࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࡓ㝿ࠊᙼࡽࡣỴࡲࡗ࡚ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡢᴗ⦼ࡘ࠸ ࡚ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕤぢ⩦ࡋ࡚ᘓタᴗ⏺ධࡾࠊᚋࣁ࡛࣡᭱ࡶᡂ ຌࡋࡓ♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡞ࡗࡓࡇゝཬࡋࠊ␗ཱྀྠ㡢ࠕࢭࣝࣇ࣓ 12 Eri Kato ࢻ࣐ࣥ㸦྇ࡁୖࡆࡢே㸧ࡔࡗࡓࠖ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋ41 ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫ㠃ࡢືྥὀ┠ࡋࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸⏕࠸❧ࡕ ࡽᐩࢆ⠏ࡃࡲ࡛ࡢ㐣⛬ࢆᥥࡁฟࡋࡓࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢ᪥⣔ே◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ➨ḟ ୡ⏺ᡓ࡛ᚑ㌷ࡋࡓୡࡢయ㦂ࡸࠊ᪥⣔ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡀࡁ࡞≛≅ࢆ ᡶ࠸ࠊࡑࡢᚋ♫ୖ᪼ࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡓ࠸࠺ㄒࡾࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡋࡋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡓୡࡽࡣ␗࡞ࡿᡓࢆయ㦂ࡋ ࡓࠋ㌷ධ㝲࡛ࡁࡿ❧ሙ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᖺ㱋ࢆ⌮⏤ᚑ㌷ࡀྔࢃ࡞ࡗ ࡓⓎゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿㄗゎ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙼࡀᡓத⾜࡞ࡗ ࡓ࠺ࡋࢁࡵࡓࡉࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥⣔ே⏨ᛶ ࡗ࡚ࠊ㌷࡛ࡢά㌍ࡣ⏨ᛶᛶࡢᅇᐦ᥋ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࣚࢩ ࣔࢺࡣࠕ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆド᫂ࡍࡿᶵࢆ㏨ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡓᚋ ࡣᡓᆅࡽᖐ㑏ࡋࡓୡࡢࣁ࣡♫࡛ࡢά㌍ࢆ┠ࡢᙜࡓࡾࡋࠊ᪥ ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡋ࡚ࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑ ࡋ࡚ά㌍ࡢ┠❧ࡗࡓୡࡽྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚♫ⓗᙳ 㡪ຊࡢ࠶ࡿ❧ሙ⮬ࡽࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࡓࠋ ᙼࡀᡓᚋࠕᡂຌࡋࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣐ࣥࠖ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺ ࡗ࡚⤒῭ⓗ࡞౯್௨ୖࡁ࡞ពࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣅࢪࢿ ࢫ࡛ࡢᡂຌࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ࠕ⏨ᛶࡢ⨾ᚨࠖࡉࢀ࡚ ࡁࡓࠕ㈼ࡉࠖࡸࠕຮࡉࠖࠊ ࠕ⤒῭ⓗ࡞⊂❧ᛶࠖࢆ࿘ᅖ♧ࡍࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁࡓࠋ࿘ᅖࡽࡣࠕࢭࣝࣇ࣓ࢻ࣐ࣥࠖᙧᐜࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡣࡲࡉ㈼ ࡉࡸຮࡉࡼࡗ࡚⤒῭ⓗ⊂❧ᛶࢆᚓࡓ⏨ᛶࢆㆭ࠼ࡿ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣐ࣥࡋ࡚ᡂᯝࢆฟࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊᙜࡢ᪥⣔ ୡࡢከࡃࡀ♧ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡋ࡚ࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆ⾲⌧ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࡑࢀࡣྠࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࢆࣁ࣡ࡢᅵᆅ ࡸඛఫẸࡢ⏕ά≛≅ࢆᙉ࠸ࡿ❧ሙࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊປാ⪅ ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁ࣡ࡢᘓタᴗ⏺ࢆ≌ᘬࡍࡿ㈨ᮏᐙ࡞ࡾࠊ࠸ ࢃࡤࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࢆయ⌧ࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Წ ȨǷȢȈƷȏȳȆǣȳǰƴᙸǔଐኒʚɭƷǢȡȪǫ҄ 1950 ᖺ௦ࡽࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣᡭࡋࡓ㈨㔠ࡢ༙ࢆ㊃ࡢࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢὀࡂ㎸ࡴࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࡢࢫࢱࣝࡣࠊࡶ ࡶࠕlocal hunting ᆅඖࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ ࠖࡤࢀࡿࠊ㖠ࡶ࢞ࢻ ࡶࢃ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊ⿱⚟࡞ࡿࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ ࠕࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢࠖ࠸࠺࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡸ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡢⓑேᐩ⿱ᒙࡀ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ 13 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࡲࡽࡎࠊ ࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ࠸࠺㊃ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᙼࡢே✀ࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸᑐࡍࡿព ㆑ࠊࡲࡓᮏᅵࡸࣁ࣡ࡢព㆑ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢࢆ⪃ ࠼ࡓ࠸ࠋ Წ☡Ძ ǵȕǡȪǛኰʼƢǔૼᎥᚡʙ ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡀࠕᮏሙࠖࡢᆅࡋ࡚᭱ࡶࢀࡿࣇࣜ࢝ࡢࢣ ࢽࢱࣥࢨࢽ࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀึࡵ࡚ࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡣ 1958 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣇࣜ࢝ࡢ᪑⾜ࡣࣁ࡛࣡ࡁ࡞ὀ┠ ࢆᾎࡧࡓࠋ1958 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࠊ ࠕࣁ࣡ࡽࣇࣜ࢝ࢧࣇࣜྥ࠺ேࠎ㸦ᅗ 1㸧 ࠖ࠸࠺グࡀ Honolulu Advertiser ㍕ࡗࡓࠋ42 ඹࣚࢩࣔࢺࢆྵ ࠕࣁ࣡ࡽࣇࣜ࢝ࡢࢧࣇࣜྥ࠺ேࠎࠖ 㸦Honolulu Advertiser, 図 1： January 6, 1958.㸧 14 Eri Kato ࡴࢪ⣔ࡢ⏨ᛶ 3 ேࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢጔࢆྠకࡋࡓጼࡢ┿ࡶᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ ࡓࠋᮏグ୰࡛ࠊ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡓࡕࡣࣁ࣡ࡽึࡵ࡚ࣇࣜ࢝ࡢࢧࣇ ࣜྥ࠺ேࠎࡋ࡚⤂ࡉࢀࠊ᪥⛬ࡢヲ⣽ࡀグ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࠕ40 ᪥㛫 ࡢࢧࣇࣜ୰ࠊ2 ேࡁ 1 ேࡢ> ࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮@43 ࡀ ࢞ࢻࡍࡿࠋࣁࣥࢱ࣮ > ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡽ @ ࡣࢧࣇࣜྠ⾜ ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎ㸦natives㸧 1 ᪥ 10 ࣏ࣥࢻࡢ⫗ࢆΏࡍዎ⣙࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ1 ᪥ࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࠊ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡣ⫗ࢆ⇱ࡉࡏࠊ ᐙ᪘ࡢࡇࢁᣢࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡽࡀ⌧ᆅࡢ ኳೃࡢᚰ㓄ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡸࠊᙜࡣࡲࡔ⌋ࡋࡗࡓ࣮࢝ࣛ┿࡛⌧ ᆅࡢᵝᏊࢆࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡞ࢆ⤂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ྠᖺ 3 ᭶ᮎࠊᙼࡽࡢࢧࣇࣜࢆ⤂ࡍࡿグࡀࡧᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇ ࡢグࡣࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀࢼࣟࣅࡽ Honolulu Advertiser ྥࡅ࡚㏦ࡗࡓ ᡭ⣬ࢆࡶ᭩ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕ࣍ࣀࣝࣝࣥࡀ↓ࢧࣇࣜࢆ⤊࠼ ࡓ㸦ᅗ 2㸧 ࠖ࠸࠺ࢱࢺࣝࡀࡘࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ44 ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ┿ࡣࠊ⌧ ࠕ࣍ࣀࣝࣝࣥࡀ↓ࢧࣇࣜࢆ⤊࠼ࡓࠖ㸦Honolulu Advertiser, 図 2： March 28, 1958.㸧 15 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ᆅࡢࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ 2 ேࢧࣇ࢙ࣜ࢘ࢆ╔ࡓጼࡢࣚ ࢩࣔࢺࡽ୍⾜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋෑ㢌ࡣࠕࣛࣥࢲ࣮ࡽ⎍‶㊊࡞ ࢧࣇ࡛ࣜ࠶ࡗࡓࠊ࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡀᒆ࠸ࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࣚࢩࣔࢺࡓࡕࡣࢪࣕࣥ ࢢࣝࡢዟᆅ࡛㐣ࡈࡋࡓ 40 ᪥ࡽࡧᩥ᫂♫㡰ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࢼ ࣟࣅ࡛㐣ࡈࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖጞࡲࡾࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᩥ❶ࡀᘬ⏝ࡉࢀࠊࢧࣇ ࣜࡀ࠸ᐇࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࡀグ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊᡭ⣬ࡢ ࡞࡛⮬ศࡀ㞠ࡗࡓࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡀୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢⓚᐊࡢ ேࠎࢆ࢞ࢻࡋ࡚ࡁࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1950 ᖺୖᫎࡉࢀࡓᫎ⏬ࠗ࢟ࣥࢢ࣭ ࢯࣟࣔࣥ㸦King Solomon's Mines㸧 ࠘࡞ฟ₇ࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡶ࠶ࡿࢆ᭩ ࠸ࡓᚋࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀࡑࡢࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ ࡢࣁ࣡ฟ㌟ࡢᐈ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢆሗ࿌ࡋࡓࠋ ࠕᙼ > ࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝ ࣁࣥࢱ࣮ @ ࡣࣁ࣡ㄒ௨እࡢࡰ࡚ࡢゝㄒࡀႅࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ ࠗࣟࣁ࠘ࠗ࢜ࢣ࣐ࣞࣝࢼ㸦ᮼ㸧࠘ࢆᩍ࠼ࡓࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢグࡀ᪂⪺ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࡸࠊグࡢෆᐜࡀఏ࠼ࡿࢧࣇ ࣜࡢᵝᏊࡽࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡗ࡚ࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࡀ⮬ࡽࡢࠕᡂຌࠖࢆ ♧ࡍᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋࣁ࣡ࡢ᭷ຊ⣬グࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ ࡓ࡛ࠊ᪥⣔ேࢆྵࡴࣁ࣡ࡢேࠎᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡀ⤒῭ຊࢆᣢࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠊࡲࡓᐩ⿱ᒙࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ㊃ࡍࡿࠕⓑேࠖࡢ୍ဨ࡛࠶ ࡿࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺᙼࡢே࡛࠶ࡿࢪ⣔ࡢ⏨ዪࡢ୍⾜ࡣࠊ ࣁ࡛࣡♫ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗඃࡉࢀࡿⓑே࡛ࡶᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡓࡢ࡞࠸ ࣇࣜ࢝᪑⾜ฟࡅࡓࠋᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ 1 ᯛ┠ࡢ┿ࡢ⏨ᛶࡽࡢ⼖ࢿࢡ ࢱࡸ࣏ࢣࢵࢺࢳ࣮ࣇࢆᤄࡋࡓࢫ࣮ࢶጼࡣࠊࣁ࣡ࡢẼೃࡸᩥྜ ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠸ࡶすὒࡢ⤀ኈⓗ࡞㞺ᅖẼࢆసࢁ࠺ࡋࡓ༳㇟ ࢆ࠼ࠊᙜࡢ᪥⣔ேࢆྵࡴࣁ࣡ࡢேࠎࡽぢ࡚ࠊᡂຌࡋࡓ᪥⣔ே ീࢆయ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 2 ᯛ┠ࡢグࡢ┿ࡣࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀ⌧ᆅࡽ㏦ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣚࢩ ࣔࢺᙼࡢጔࡑࡋ࡚ே 2 ேࡀࠊⴭྡ࡞ࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ ࡽᣳࡲࢀࠊࢧࣇ࢙ࣜ࢘ࢆ╔ࡓጼࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸ ࡚ࠊࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡣ 19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡽࠕ┿ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ே⏨ᛶീࠖ ࡋ࡚㛵㐃ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ45 ࠼ࡤࠊ26 ௦⤫㡿ࢭ࢜ࢻ࣭࣮ࣝࢬ ࣦ࢙ࣝࢺࡸᑠㄝᐙࡢ࣮ࢿࢫࢺ࣭࣑࣊ࣥࢢ࢙࢘࡞ࠊ⤒῭ⓗࡶ♫ ⓗࡶᆅࡢ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓேࠎࡀࣇࣜ࢝ࡸࣥࢻ࡞ࡢ㐲᪉࡛ࣁࣥ ࢸࣥࢢࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⏨ᛶⓗ࡞ࣁࣥࢱ࣮ീࢆᙉࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣉ ࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡽࡢ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ┿ࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࠕ⏨ࡽ ࡋࡉࠖࢆどぬⓗㄞ⪅ッ࠼ࠊࡲࡓᙼࡀ⮬ࡽࢆⓑேྠ➼ࡢ❧ሙ࠶ ࡿࢆఏ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ 16 Eri Kato ࡓࡔࡋࠊⓑேྠ➼ࡢ❧ሙࢆ♧ࡍࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀⓑேࢆ㡬Ⅼ⨨ ࠸ࡓே✀ព㆑ࢆෆᅾࡋࠊᙉࡍࡿ⾲୍య࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋグ⪅ࡀ ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡢሗ 㓘ࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡀᐙ᪘㣗ࡿࡓࡵࡢ⫗ࢆΏࡍࠊ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡣᕷሙ⤒῭ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠕᮍ㛤ࠖࡢேࠎࡋ࡚ ᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡽࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࠕᮍ㛤ࠖࡢேࠎᑐ↷ࢆ࡞ࡍ ⪅ࡋ࡚ᥥࢀࡓࠋࣇࣜ࢝ࡢ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡣࠕࢪࣕࣥࢢࣝࡢዟᆅࠖ ␃ࡲࡿᏑᅾ࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡽࡣࠕࡧᩥ᫂♫㡰ᛂࠖࡍࡿᏑᅾࡋ࡚ ㄞ⪅ఏ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋグࡣࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀ┤᥋ᇳ➹ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࡀࠊ⤖ᯝⓗࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣇࣜ࢝ࡢேࠎࢆࠕᮍ㛤ࡢேࠎࠖ ࡍࡿ⾲㇟ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᢸ࠸ࠊᙼࡽࡢᑐẚࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⮬ࡽࢆᩥ᫂♫ࡢഃ ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ Წ☡Წ ǵȕǡȪƷ፼ॹ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࠕ⎍‶㊊࡞ࢧࣇࣜࠖࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪑⾜ࡔࡗࡓࡢ ࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࢧࣇࣜࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨㔠ࡣᝰࡋࡲࡎࠊࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝᭱ࡶ⪁ ⯒࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1950 ᖺ௦ࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ⏺࡛㧗࠸ホ౯ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡓࢣࢽ ࡢ࢘ࢺࣇࢵࢱ࣮ࠊ࣍࣡ࢺࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࢬ㸦White Hunters㸧ࢆ⏝ࡋ ࡓࠋ46 ࢘ࢺࣇࢵࢱ࣮ࡣࠊࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢧࣇࣜࡢ‽ഛࡸ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࢆ⾜࠺♫࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭷ຊ࡞ࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ♫ࡢ♫ྡࡀࠕ࣍࣡ ࢺࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࢬ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡽࠊࣇࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢࡀⓑேࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ࡛࠶ࡿࢆ๓ᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࢃࡿࠋ࣍࣡ ࢺࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࢬࡢே⬦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ᪑⾜୰ࠊ࣍ࢸࣝࡢࣟࣅ࣮ࡸ ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࠊ࢟ࣕࣥࣆࣥࢢࢧࢺ࡞ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ሙ㠃࡛ୡ⏺ࡽ㞟ࡲࡿ ࣁࣥࢱ࣮ฟࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢡࣛࣈ࡛᭷ྡ ࡞ࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡸ࣍࣡ࢺࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࢬࡢᖖ㐃ᐈ࡞ぶ╬ࢆ῝ࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ ࢧࣇ࡛ࣜࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢேࢆྠకࡉࡏࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢே㛫㛵ಀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠕⓑேࠖഃࡋ࡚ࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ᆺⓗ࡞ྠ⾜⪅ࡣࠊࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ 1 ேࠊ⌧ᆅࡢᆅᙧ ヲࡋ࠸࢞ࢻࡀ 1 ேࠊࡑࡋ࡚⣽ࠎࡋࡓࢆᡭఏ࠺ࠕ࣮࣎㸦Boy㸧ࠖ ࡤࢀࡿከᩘࡢᆅඖࡢ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣮࣎ࡣࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࢆࠕ࣎࣡ ࢼ࣭ࣚࢩ࣮㸦Bwana Yo-Shee㸧 ࠖࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋ ࠕ࣎࣡ࢼࠖࡣᩗពࢆ ⾲ࡍࡓࡵྡ๓ࡢ๓ࡘࡅࡿࢫ࣡ࣄࣜㄒ࡛ࠊ࣮ࣝࢬࣦ࢙ࣝࢺඖ⤫㡿 ࡶࢧࣇࣜ୰ࡣࠕ೧࡞ே㸦Bwana Makuba㸧 ࠖࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ47 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣ࣎࣡ࢼࡤࢀࡓࢆࡽࡋࡃᛮࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊ⮬㌟ࡢఏグ 17 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ࡶࡇࡢ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࢆグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢧࣇࣜࡢ᪥ᖖࡽࡣࠊࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆࡍࡿⓑேࢆ㡬Ⅼᤊ࠼ࡓᩥ ࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋࢧࣇ࡛ࣜࡢᆺⓗ࡞୍᪥ࡢὶࢀࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶ ࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡲࡎ᪩ᮅ㉳ᗋࡋࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ ࡣື≀ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡓࡵ⌧ᆅࡢ࢞ࢻࡸ࣮࣎ࢆᘬࡁ㐃ࢀࠊ㌴࡛⋓≀ ࢆ᥈ࡋฟࡅࡓࠋ⋓≀ࢆぢࡘࡅࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢᧁࡗࡓື≀ࡀಽࢀࡿࠊ ࣮࣎ࡣࡍࡄᜥࡢ᰿ࡀᮏᙜṆࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ☜ㄆࡋ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ☜ ㄆࡀྲྀࢀࡿࠊࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀࡑࡢሙฟ ࡚࠸ࡁグᛕᙳࢆࡋࡓࠋグᛕᙳࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࠊᗘࡣ࣮࣎ࡽࡀṚ㧁 ࡢฎ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡈࢁ࡞ࡿ࢟ࣕࣥࣉᡠࡗ࡚ࠊࢩ࢙ࣇࡀ㣗 ࡑࡢ᪥ࡢ⋓≀ࢆᩱ⌮ࡋࡓࠋẖ᪥ࡢ࣓ࣥࢹࢵࢩࣗࡣ⋓ࢀࡓ࡚ࡢື≀ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㣗ᚋࡣࡋࡤࡽࡃࣜࣛࢵࢡࢫࡋ࡚㐣ࡈࡋࠊࡲࡓࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ ฟࡅࠊᮅྠࡌࡼ࠺ື≀ࢆᤕࡾࠊኴ㝧ࡀỿࡴ㡭࢟ࣕࣥࣉᡠࡗ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⇕࠸ࢩ࣮ࣕ࣡ࢆᾎࡧ࡚ࠊࡣ⌧ᆅ࡛▱ࡾྜࡗࡓࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࢆ ࠼࡚࢝ࢡࢸࣝࢆ㣧ࡳࠊ༗ᚋࡢ⋓≀ࢆኤ㣗ࡋ࡚㣗ࡓࠋ㣗ࡢࢸ࣮ ࣈࣝࡣࢸ࣮ࣈࣝࢡࣟࢫࡀࡅࡽࢀࠊࢼࣇࡸࣇ࢛࣮ࢡ࡞ࡀ୪ࡽ ࢀࠊࡲࡿ࡛㒔ᕷࡢࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥࡶ࠸ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺኵ ጔࡸࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡀ㣗ࢆ‶ႚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᭱୰ࠊࡑࡢ᪥ ࢧࣇ࡛ࣜ╔࡚࠸ࡓ᭹ࡣ࣮࣎ࡽࡼࡗ࡚⥡㯇Ὑ℆ࡉࢀࠊ⩣᪥ࡲ࡛ ࡣࣟࣥࡀࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣇࣜ࢝ ᅾ୰ࠊࢸࣥࢺ࡛ࡢ⏕ά⎔ቃࡶࢃࡽࡎ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㒔ᕷࡢ࣍ࢸࣝ ࠸ࡿࡢኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᚅ㐝ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊ41 ᪥㛫ࡢࢧࣇ࡛ࣜ⮬↛ᅖࡲࢀࡘࡘࠊࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢక࠺㦵ࡢᢡࢀࡿసᴗࢆ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎ௵ࡏ࡚ࢧࣇࣜࢆ‶ႚࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋࠕ࣮࣎ࠖࡸࠕ࣎࣡ࢼࠖ࡞ࡢྡࡅ㇟ᚩࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᾏ እࡽࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡸࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࡢ㛫 ࡣࠊ ࠶ࡽࡉࡲ࡞ຊ㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࡑࡇ࡛ⓑேࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ ࡽྠࡌ≉ᶒⓗ࡞❧ሙࢆ‶ႚࡋࠊ⮬ࡽࡀᙼࡽྠ➼ࡢ❧ሙ࠶ࡿࢆ ☜ㄆࡋࠊࠕ೧࡞ⓑேࣁࣥࢱ࣮㸦the great White hunter㸧 ࠖ48 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ⮬ᕫࢆ࿘ᅖ♧ࡍࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡽ᮶࡚࠸ࡿࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡓࡕࠊࡲࡓୡ⏺ྛᅜࡢ ⓚ᪘࡞ࢆ㢳ᐈᣢࡘࣉࣟࣇ࢙ࢵࢩࣙࢼࣝࣁࣥࢱ࣮ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣁ࣡ ฟ㌟ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀᙼࡽྠࡌ❧ሙ࠶ࡿࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 18 Eri Kato Წ☡Ჭ ȈȭȕǣȸȫȸȠų 1958 ᖺࡢࢧࣇࣜ௨㝆ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣୡ⏺ྛᅜࢆᕠࡾࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ 400 య௨ୖࡢື≀ࢆ㞟ࡵࡓࠋື≀ࡣୡ⏺ྛᅜ࡛⊁⊟ࡉࢀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏ ᅵࡢ♫ࡼࡗ࡚〇ࡉࢀࠊࣁ࣡ࡢࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ⮬Ꮿᒆࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ 〇ࢆ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵ㏦ࡗ࡚ࡽࣁ࣡㍺㏦ࡍࡿࡣ㛫ࡶ㈝⏝ࡶ ࡗࡓࠋ〇ᖌࡣࣇࣜ࢝࡞ࡢ⌧ᆅࡶࣁ࣡ࡶ࠸ࡓࡀࠊࣚࢩ ࣔࢺࡣᮏᅵࡢ୍ὶࡉࢀࡿ〇ᖌࡇࡔࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁࣥࢸࣥ ࢢࢆጞࡵࡓᙜึࠊ〇ࡣᙼࡢ⮬Ꮿࡢᒃ㛫ࡸ࢜ࣇࢫࡢ୍ゅ㣭ࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓࡀࠊḟ➨ᩘࡀቑ࠼ࠊ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡀసࡽࢀࡓࠋࢺ ࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡣከᩘࡢ〇ࢆᡤᣢࡍࡿࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡀᣢࡘ 〇ᑓ⏝ࡢᒎ♧ᐊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣẖᖺࡑࡢ㒊ᒇ࡛ࢡࣜࢫ࣐ࢫࣃ࣮ ࢸ࣮ࢆ㛤࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡇࡣᮏᅵࡸࣁ࣡ࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡽࡀ㞟 ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ49 ࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛ά㌍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢆࣁ࣡ ࡢேࠎ♧ࡍ㒊ᒇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡓୡරኈྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊ ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡶࠕᓥࡢእࡢୡ⏺ࠖࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ༳㇟࡙ࡅࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ ᅗ 3 ࡢ┿ࡣࣁ࣡ࢆ㉳ࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢࡀ 1 ࡘࡶ࡞࠸ࠋື≀ࡣ࡚ࣁ ࣡እࡢᅵᆅ࡛㞟ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣁ࣡ฟ㌟࡛࠶ࡿࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ ᅗ 3：ࣚࢩࣔࢺᙼࡢࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝ㸦1981㸧㸦ᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ༤≀㤋ⶶ㸧 19 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi ᱁ዲࡶࠊ ࠕṇࡶࣟࣁࢩࣕࢶࠖゝࢃࢀࡿࣁ࣡࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊᥞ࠸ ࡢࢫ࣮ࢶ࣋ࢫࢺࢿࢡࢱࢆ㌟╔ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡿ࡛࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵ ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ⤀ኈࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡢ┿ࡢ〇ࢥ ࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ㢼ㇺࡣࠊࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡀࣁ࣡ࡽษࡾ 㞳ࡉࢀࡓ✵㛫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢆᬯ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᅗ 3 ࡣࠊ1981 ᖺࡢࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡢ┿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢᩘ ✀㢮㉁ࡢ〇ࢆᒎ♧ࡍࡿࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࢆᣢࡘࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡣ㝈 ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡢ┿ࢆ㞟ࡵࡓ┿㞟 Great Hunters: Their Trophy Rooms and Collections ࡣࠊࡢ 35 ྡࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢺࣟ ࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝඹࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ㒊ᒇࡀ⤂ࡉࢀࠊ⦅⪅ࡣྠ᭩ྡࢆ㐃 ࡡࡓேࠎࢆࠊࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢᴗ⏺ࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ⓗᏑᅾࡋ࡚⛠㈶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ50 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࡇࡢᮏᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࢆࡾᛮ࠸ࠊྠ᭩ࢆ」ᩘ㉎ධࡋࠊ ே㓄ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ ᮏᅵࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡽࠊᮏᅵࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ୍ဨࡋ࡚㧗 ࠸ホ౯ࢆᚓࡿࡣࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡽࡋࡉ㸻ⓑேࡽࡋࡉࠖ࠺⪃࠼ᙳ㡪 ࡉࢀࡓୡ௦ࡢࣚࢩࣔࢺࡗ࡚ࡁ࡞ពࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣁ࣡࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ࣁ࣡ฟ㌟ࡢⓑேࡣࠕⓑே㸦White㸧࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕࣁ࢜ࣞࠖ⾲⌧ࡉ ࢀࡿࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࡶࢃࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࣁ࣡ᮏᅵࡢⓑேࡣ 㐪࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ51 ᮏᅵࡢⓑேࡢ᪉ࡀࠊ ࠕᮏ ᅵ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡔࡅࠊࣁ࣡ࡢேࠎࡽぢ࡚ࠕࡼࡾ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡽࡋ࠸ࠖ ࣓࣮ࢪࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣᙼࡽࡢ୍ဨ࡞ࡿ࡛ࣁ࣡ࡢࣁ࢜ࣞࡼ ࡾࡶࠊࡼࡾࠕⓑே࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ⮬ศࢆࣁ࣡ࡢேࠎྥࡅ࡚⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡓࠋ ྠࠊᮏᅵࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ྥࡅ࡚ࡣࠊ❧ὴ࡞ࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࢆᣢࡘ ࡛ࠊࣁ࣡ฟ㌟ࡢ᪥⣔ே࡛ࡶࠕ೧࡞ⓑேࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭ ຊࡸ⣲㣴ࡀ࠶ࡿࢆド᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㧗࠸ホ౯ࢆཷࡅ ࡿࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࢆࣁ࣡సࡿ࡛ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣁ࣡ࡢேࠎࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚ᮏᅵࡢࣁࣥࢱ࣮ྥࡅ࡚ࠊࣁ࡛࣡ࡶᮏᅵྠᵝ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ ௨ୖࡢࡀ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࢆド᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣚࢩ ࣔࢺࡣࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀᮏᅵࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ ேຎࡽ࡞࠸ࢆ⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋྠࠊࣁ࣡ࢆᛮࢃࡏࡿࡶࡢ ࡀఱࡶ࡞࠸ࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࣁ࣡ࡢ㊥㞳ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶ ࡢࡔࡗࡓࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 20 Eri Kato ኽᛯ ௨ୖࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ୡ࡛࠶ࡿ࣡ࢺࢯ࣭ࣥࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ⏕ᾭࢆࠊᙼࡢ ࣅࢪࢿࢫࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣚࢩ ࣔࢺࡣᡓத๓ᚋࡢዲᬒẼࢆዎᶵࠊᘓタᴗ⏺࡛Ⳙ࡞㈈⏘ࢆᚓࡓࠋᙼ ࡣࠊ ⱥ㞝どࡉࢀࡿ᪥⣔ୡࡢࡼ࠺ᚑ㌷ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⏨ ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ♧ࡍࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᡓᚋࡣୡࡢᨻ㈈⏺࡛ࡢά㌍ࡢ Ἴࡗ࡚ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᡂຌࡼࡾࠊ⮬ඹࠕࢭࣝࣇ ࣓ࢻ࣐ࣥࠖࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࡣࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡗ࡚ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆド᫂ࡋࠊୡࡢᚑ㌷⤒㦂ࢆ⿵࠺ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡢᡂຌࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡼࡿࣁ࣡ࡢ᳜Ẹᆅࢆ㐍 ࡵࡿ୍ຓࢆᢸ࠺⧅ࡀࡾࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᢸ ࠺᪥⣔ேࡢ 1 ே࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ౯್ࢆయ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓ ࡀࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࣁ࣡ࡢ᳜Ẹᆅࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ୍➃ࢆᢸࢃࡏࡓࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ᚓࡓ㈈⏘ࢆ㊃ࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥࢸ ࣥࢢ㈝ࡸࡋࡓࠋࣇࣜ࢝࡞ࡢࠕᮍ㛤ࡢࠖᅵᆅ࡛ࠊ⿱⚟࡞ⓑேࣁࣥ ࢱ࣮ࡢ୍ဨࡢࡼ࠺ࡿ⯙࠸ࠊ⌧ᆅࡢேࠎࢆ⪅ࡋࠊ⮬ࡽࢆⓑேഃ ⨨࡙ࡅࡓࠋࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢ࡛㞟ࡵࡓ〇ࡸࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࡣࠊࣅ ࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡢά㌍ྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢࠕ⏨ࡽࡋࡉࠖࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢࡔࡗ ࡓࠋྠࠊ〇ࡢࢥࣞࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊᮏᅵࡢேࠎࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀ ᮏᅵࡢⓑேྠ➼ࡢຌ⦼ࢆṧࡏࡿࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺ ࡣࣁࣥࢱ࣮࡞ࡾࠊࣁ࣡ࢺࣟࣇ࣮࣮࣒ࣝࢆసࡿ࡛ࠊ᪥⣔ேࡀ ⓑேࠊࡲࡓࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀᮏᅵࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ேຎࡽ࡞࠸ࢆ♧ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡢᡂຌࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢᴗ⏺࡛ࡢά㌍ࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿ⏕ࡁࡿ⾡ ࡋ࡚ࡢࡸ㊃࠸࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ே⏨ᛶࡀ࣓ࣜ ࢝♫࡛ࡢᒃሙᡤࢆぢࡘࡅࡿᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓᙼࡢࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ ศᯒࡍࡿࠊᙼࡀ᪥⣔ேⓑேࠊࣁ࣡ᮏᅵࡢ㛫࠶ࡿቃ⏺⥺ ᑐࡋ࡚ᣮᡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃࠼ࡿࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᒃሙᡤ᥈ࡋࠊቃ ⏺⥺ࢆᦂࡿࡀࡍ⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣᮏᅵࡢⓑேࡢ୍ဨࡢࡼ࠺ ࡿ⯙ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⤖ᯝⓗࣚࢩࣔࢺࢆࠕࢭࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢫࢺࠖ ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 21 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi Notes 1 ࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ William Pettersen, “Success Story, Japanese-American Style,” New York Times, January 9, 1966 ࡸ Harry Kitano, Japanese Americans The Evolution of a Subculture (Engleweed Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 2 20 ୡ⣖༙ࡤࡲ࡛ࠕⓑேࠖࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ඃᛶࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝㸻ⓑே ࡢᵓᅗࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣ Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1998) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 3 ࣔࢹ࣐ࣝࣀࣜࢸㄽࡢᢈุࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Bob Suzuki, “Education and Socialization of Asian Americans: A Revisionist Analysis of the ‘Model Minority’ Thesis,” Amerasia Journal 4, no. 2 (1977): 23– 25; Amy Uyematsu, “The Emergence of Yellow Power in America,” in Roots: An Asian American Reader, ed. A. Tachiki (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and the Regents of the University of California, 1971) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 4ࠕ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝࠖࡣࠊே✀ࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࣁ࣡ࡢᆅᇦᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ࡋ࡚ࠊ ୡ௨㝆ࡢୡ௦ࡽࣁ࡛࣡⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡗࡓேࠎࢆᣦࡍゝⴥࡋ࡚ᾐ㏱ࡋࡓࠋ Jonathan Y. Okamura, Ethnicity and Inequality in Hawaiʻi (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2008), 113. 5 Haunani-Kay Trask, “Settlers of Color and ‘Immigrant’ Hegemony: ‘Locals’ in Hawaiʻi” Amerasia Journal 26, no. 2 (2000): 2. 6 Ibid. 7 ࣁ࢜ࣞࡣࣁ࡛࣡ࠕⓑேࠖࢆᣦࡍゝⴥࡋ୍࡚⯡ⓗࢃࢀࡿゝⴥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋOkamura, Ethnicity and Inequality in Hawaiʻi, 24. 8Candace Fujikane, “Asian Settler Colonialism in Hawaiʻi” Amerasia Journal 26, no. 2 (2000): xv–xxii.ࠕࢭ ࢺ࣮ࣛࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࡣᵝࠎ࡞ពࢆྵࡴࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᵓ㐀࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᮏ᮶ᦢྲྀࡉࢀࡿഃࡋ࡚ὶධࡋࡓ⛣Ẹࡽࡼࡿࢥࣟࢽࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᣦࡍࠋ 9 Trask, “Settlers of Color,” 7-8; Ida Yoshinaga and Eiko Kosasa, “Local Japanese Women for Justice (LJWJ) Speak Out against Daniel Inouye and the JACL,” Amerasia Journal 26, no. 2 (2000): 143-46. 10 ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ3 3000 ேࡢ᪥⣔රኈࡀཧᡓࡋࠊࡑࡢෆࡢ༙ศࡀࣁ࣡ฟ㌟⪅ࡔࡗ ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ୰ᔱᘪᏊࠗࣁ࣭࣡ࡉࡲࡼ࠼ࡿᴦᅬ Ẹ᪘ᅜᐙࡢ⾪✺࠘ ᮾி᭩⡠ࠊ 1993 年 ࠊ 190 頁。 11 Gary Y. Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865-1945 (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992), 140-41; Eileen Tamura, “The Americanization Campaign and the Assimilation of the Nisei in Hawaii, 1920 to 1940” (PhD dissertation, University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, 1990), 227-29. 12 Trask, “Settlers of Color,” 2. 13 ➹⪅ࡼࡿࢢࣛࢹࢫ࣭ࢧࢺ࢘Ặࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ 㸦2013 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 8 ᪥㸧 14 Tamura, “The Americanization Campaign,” 195-97. 15 Okihiro, Cane Fires, 56. 16 James Okahata, A History of Japanese in Hawaii (Honolulu, HI: United Japanese Society of Hawaii, 1971), 200. 17 ࣇࣞࢱࢫࡣᘓタᴗ⏺࡛ᴗ⦼ࢆୖࡆࠊࡑࡢᚋᨻ⏺ࡶ㐍ฟࡋࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣ 1953 ᖺ ࡽ 1955 ᖺࡲ࡛ࣁ࣡ᕞ㆟ࡢୖ㝔㆟ဨࢆົࡵࡓࠋ“The Pokiki: Portuguese Traditions,” Islander’s 22 Eri Kato Magazine, http://www.islander-magazine.com, accessed August 1, 2013. 18 Gay Reed, “Fastening and Unfastening Identities: Negotiating Identity in Hawaiʻi,” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 22, no. 3 (2001): 331. 19 ࢧࢺ࢘Ặࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ 20 ➹⪅ࡼࡿ࢙࢘ࣥࢹ࣭࣒ࣝ࢝Ặࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ 㸦2013 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 11 ᪥㸧 21 ▮ཱྀ♸ே ࠗࣁ࣡ࡢṔྐᩥ㸸ᝒࡾࡢࣔࢨࢡࡢ୰࡛࠘ ୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠊ2002 年 ࠊ97 頁。 22 Roland Kotani and Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee, The Japanese in Hawaii: A Century of Struggle (Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Hochi, 1985), 95-100. 23 Watson Yoshimoto, Yoshi (Long Beach, CA: Safari Press, 2002), 8. 24 Jon Robert Adams, Male Armor the Soldier-Hero in Contemporary American Culture (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2008), 8-9. 25 David L. Eng, Racial Castration: Managing Masculinity in Asian America (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 16. 26 Kathy E. Ferguson, Oh, Say, Can You See?: The Semiotics of the Military in Hawaiʻi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 160. 27 ᪥⣔㒊㝲ࡢάືࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊLinda Tamura, Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence: Coming Home to Hood River (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2012) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 28 Okihiro, Cane Fires, 242. 29 Yoshimoto, Yoshi, 201. 30 Ibid. 31 Okamura, Ethnicity and Inequality, 132-33. 32 ᡓᚋࡣᮏᅵࡢⴭྡ࡞Ꮫ࡛Ꮫࢆྲྀࡾࣁ࣡Ꮫ࡛ᩍ⫋ᑵ࠸ࡓࡾࠊᘚㆤኈ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊබ ⫋ᑵ࠸ࡓࡾࡋࡓୡࡢά㌍ࡀ┠❧ࡗࡓࠋFranklin Odo, No Sword to Bury: Japanese Americans in Hawaii (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2004), 253. 33 Noel Kent, Hawaii Islands Under the Influence (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1993), 165. 34 Ibid., 130. 35 Tamura, “The Americanization Campaign,” 398. 36 Kent, Hawaii Islands, 132.ࠉ 37 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡀᐙ᪘ࡄࡿࡳ࡛ぶࡋࡗࡓே≀ࡢ࡞ࡣࠊᚋ࣍ࣀࣝࣝᕷ㛗ࢆ㛗ࡃົࡵࡓࣇࣛࣥࢡ࣭ ࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࡀ࠸ࡓࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿᨻᐙ㢖⦾⊩㔠ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇ ࠺ࡋࡓᨻᐙࡢᨭࡣࠊ1950 ᖺ௦ࡽࣚࢩࣔࢺࡢ♫ࡀᨻᗓࡸ㌷㛵ಀࡢࡁ࡞ࢆཷὀࡍ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ↓㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ 38 “Further Widening of Nuuanu Ave. Is Next Pali Rd. Project,” Honolulu Advertiser, March 6, 1955. 39 ࣒࢝Ặࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠋ 40 “Oahu Construction: Riding the Crest of Growth,” Building Industry Digest, May 1987; “The 250 Largest Public and Private Corporations in Hawaii,” Hawaii Business, May 29, 1988. 41 ࢭࣝࣇ࣓ࢻ࣐ࣥࡣࠊᜨࡲࢀ࡞࠸♫⎔ቃ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ⪅࡛ࠊ⮬ຓດຊຮࡼࡗ࡚≉ᶒ㝵 ⣭ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕᡂຌࠖࢆᚓࡓே≀ࡢࢆᣦࡋࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢⱥ㞝ീࡢ 1 ࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋΏ㎶ 㞝ࠊ ࠕⱥ㞝ࡋ࡚ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢡࣜࣥ ࢭࣝࣇ࣭࣓ࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡢീᐇീ ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢⱥ㞝 ≉ 㞟 !ࠖ ࣓ࠗࣜ࢝◊✲࠘➨ 11 ྕ㸦1977 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ1–15 㡫ࠋ 42“Islanders to Go on African Safari,” Honolulu Advertiser, January 6, 1958. 23 A Japanese American Pursuit for an “Americanness” in Post-WWII Hawaiʻi 43ࢧࣇࣜ୰ࡢ࢞ࢻࢆົࡵࠊື≀ࢆࡋࡵࡿᡭຓࡅࢆࡍࡿࣁࣥࢸࣥࢢࢆ⫋ᴗࡍࡿேࠎࢆᣦ ࡍࠋ 44 “Honoluluans End Successful Safari,” Honolulu Advertiser, March 28, 1958. 45 Daniel Justin Herman, Hunting and American Imagination (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), 276. 46 ࣚࢩࣔࢺࡣࡇࡢࢧࣇࣜከ㢠ࡢ㈨㔠ࢆࡘࡂ㎸ࢇࡔࠋᙜࡢࢧࣇࣜࡅࡿࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࣁࣥ ࢱ࣮ࡢᖹᆒ㔠㢠ࡣ 1,500 ࢻࣝࡽ 1,800 ࢻࣝ௨ୗࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊࣚࢩࣔࢺኵጔࡀᨭᡶࡗࡓ㔠㢠ࡣ 1 ࢻࣝࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢᖹᆒ㔠㢠ࡣ 1965 ᖺᙜࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࠊࡢ್ẁ࡛ 19,278 ࢻࣝࡽ 23,134 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࣚࢩࣔࢺኵጔࡀᨭᡶࡗࡓྜィ㔠㢠ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ್ẁ⟬ࡍࡿ 173,679 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ Bureau of Economic Analysis ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 47 “Roosevelt Arrives: Family Is with Him,” New York Times, March 15, 1910. 48ࠕ೧࡞࣍࣡ࢺࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࠖࡣࣁࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ୍⯡ⓗࣇࣜ࢝࡞㐲ᆅ࡛άືࡍࡿⓑேࣁ ࣥࢱ࣮ࢆ⾲ࡍ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⓑேࡢ≉ᶒⓗ࡞❧ሙࢆࠕ೧࡞㸭ࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸㸭㌟ศࡢ㧗࠸㸦Great㸧 ࠖ ࡶࡢࡋ࡚⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧௦࡛ࡣ⓶⫗ࢆ㎸ࡵ࡚ࢃࢀࡿࡀከ࠸ࠋRuth Mayer, Artificial Africas: Colonial Images in the Times of Globalization (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2002), 88-89. 49 ᐙ᪘ࡼࡿࠊࣃ࣮ࢸ࣮ࢆ࠸ࡘࡽጞࡵࡓࡣᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡣẖᖺᜏ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 50 Safari Press, ed., Great Hunters: Their Trophy Rooms and Collections (Long Beach, CA: Safari Press, 1997), 8-13. 51 ࠼ࡤࣁ࣡ࡢⓑேࡣ local haole ࡤࢀࠊᮏᅵࡢⓑேࡣ mainland haole ࡤࢀࡿ࡞ࡢ࢝ࢸ ࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡀ࠶ࡿࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋOkamura, Ethnicity and Inequality, 24. 24
© Copyright 2024