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r
thes
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e
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r
tf
a
l
l
s(
S
a
lomone
ta
l
.2012
)
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im
i
l
a
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y
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a
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yo
fedu
c
a
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i
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row
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an
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yo
fedu
c
a
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in
c
re
a
s
e
s
(H
anu
she
kandK
im
ko
,2000
;A
l
t
ino
ke
ta
l
.
,2014
)
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t
tom
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ine
i
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a
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imes
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a
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l
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re
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ame
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re
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i
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ld
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yre
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amech
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ere
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yb
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5
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l
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i
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a
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Mo,
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[2
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ftheUNDP
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1
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H
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L
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]
Animpo
r
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romthe
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a
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ad(
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a
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)
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e
inthecho
i
c
eo
f
l
i
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rfun
c
t
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in
g
s(
S
en
1999
)
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i
sme
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a
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i
l
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I
in
c
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ch
i
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e
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sto
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g
e
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.
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t(
I
v
ano
vandPe
l
e
ah
,2010
)
.
TheD
a
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S
e
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)
.
6
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i
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xp
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tcoun
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r
i
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gth
ep
iod1980
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e2010Hum
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i
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ab
a
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(A
s
to
r
g
ae
ta
l
.2003
)andA
r
r
i
a
g
a(1968
)
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ro
v
idethere
s
to
fth
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a
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i
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re
8
comp
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lsou
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s
.
De
a
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g
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lo
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i
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9
,2005
c
)
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-1913
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i
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r
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rmed
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,
11
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a
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a
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s
en1990
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i
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s
son1999
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im
a
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l
i
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r
a
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yr
a
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rowd
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i
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e2009Hum
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s
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i
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r
a
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yfo
r1980
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x
LADd
a
t
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a
s
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andNew
l
and(1991
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lu
sn
a
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a
lsou
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s
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ro
v
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t
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a
.
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ro
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rqu
a
l
i
t
yo
fedu
c
a
t
ion(B
en
a
vo
tandR
idd
l
e1988
)
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i
s
to
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i
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s
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yedu
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a
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s
8
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c
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sr
e
f
e
r
’(Un
i
tedN
a
t
ion
s2000
)
.
9
Om
r
an(1971
:736
)de
f
ine
stheep
idem
io
lo
g
i
c
a
lt
r
an
s
i
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r
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y“whe
r
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im
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”
.
10
None
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l
e
s
s
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r
r
i
a
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c
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en
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a
t
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r
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e
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ab
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am
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e
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te
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ep
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c
s(R
i
le
y
,2005
a
)
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l
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l
inedsh
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rp
l
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r
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l
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te1920
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t
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l
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ys
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gn
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t
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im
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l
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re
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r
ien
c
e
i
sfound
inB
r
i
t
i
shGu
i
an
a(M
and
l
e
,
1970
)
.
13
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a
rb
ado
s
,T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go
,andPue
r
toR
i
co
)
jo
in
edthetopg
roupbu
t
,s
in
c
e1980
,
J
am
a
i
c
a
,T
r
in
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ad
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a
go
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ah
am
a
sg
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l
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y
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tg
round
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t
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l
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luded
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e
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a
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i
ch
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s
t
sa
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te
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1950
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ldthe
l
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v
e
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-2007
.
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S
ER
TTAB
L
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en
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ab
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en
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e
rthe
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i
gu
re11
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kshow
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t
i
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son
l
yo
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e
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-1980whenc
a
t
ch
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h
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i
gu
re
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l
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ed(
F
i
gu
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e10
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gue
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e
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ro
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te
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IN
S
ER
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ER
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Wh
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r
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tthe
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e
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and
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ab
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s
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a
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-1913
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e
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In
te
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r
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ru
,and Me
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i
co
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eb
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eVene
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eb
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s
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e
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t
yandedu
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t
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a
in
s
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l
a
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e
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yw
e
a
kb
e
t
a
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e
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g
en
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e
.
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,m
a
jo
ra
ch
i
e
v
em
en
t
s
in
lon
g
e
v
i
t
yandedu
c
a
t
iona
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coun
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r
s
t
ron
g
e
rand mo
rew
id
e
sp
re
adc
a
t
ch
in
gupdu
r
in
g1938
-1980
,wh
i
l
ew
e
a
kp
ro
g
re
s
s
in
l
i
fee
xpe
c
t
an
c
yhe
lptoe
xp
l
a
ins
lu
g
g
i
shc
a
t
ch
in
g
-upa
f
t
e
r1980
.
IN
S
ER
TF
IGUR
E
S12
a
-dANDTAB
L
E5OV
ERH
ER
E
14
Hum
anDe
ve
lopmen
t
,F
r
eedom
,andA
g
en
c
y
F
ee m
a
r
k
e
t
s
,
i
th
a
sbe
ena
r
gu
ed
,wou
ldno
th
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v
econ
t
r
ibu
tedtocon
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ro
l
r
d
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e
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et
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sm
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ion
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r
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g
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t
ion
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rs
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imu
l
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t
e med
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c
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lr
e
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e
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r
ch
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c
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te
r
v
en
t
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r
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a
s
te
r
l
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ro
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am
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s
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i
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t
inAme
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i
c
a
?
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a
,theon
l
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lon
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te
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l
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ch
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l
e
20
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c
c
e
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ss
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ethe1959R
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r
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ro
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re
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r
,the1959R
e
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.
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a
c
t
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T
heo
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r
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r
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l
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fthe1959R
e
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rope
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i
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s(M
cGu
i
reandF
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l2005
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v
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reu
x2010
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rdandD
e
v
e
reu
x2010
,2012
)
.The mo
r
t
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l
i
t
yde
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l
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,
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t
e
r
theU
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t
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a
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s
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i
a
tedtos
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i
t
a
r
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l
i
che
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l
th
inno
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a
t
ion
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l
a
r
g
e
l
y
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romCub
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’
s
l
e
v
e
lo
fe
conom
i
cde
v
e
lopmen
t(D
í
a
z
-B
r
ique
t
s1981
)
.
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f
te
rtheR
e
vo
lu
t
ion
,afu
r
the
rand
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r
e
s
s
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l
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e
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ad
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f
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t
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l
i
t
y
.
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e
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e
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c
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e
s
s
h
a
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c
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r
red
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t
r
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k
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t
r
a
s
tw
i
th
i
t
spoo
re
conom
i
cp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
.Su
chan
a
ch
i
e
v
emen
th
a
sbeena
t
t
r
ibu
tedtoth
ecoe
r
c
i
v
epow
e
ro
ftheso
c
i
a
l
i
s
ts
t
a
te
(De
v
e
reu
x2010
, Me
s
a
L
a
go2005
)
.
Doe
sthee
v
id
en
c
esu
g
g
e
s
tapo
s
i
t
i
v
ean
sw
e
rtoth
e
in
i
t
i
a
lque
s
t
ion
?B
e
fo
r
e
p
ro
v
id
in
ganan
sw
e
ran
impo
r
t
an
tc
a
v
e
a
t
i
sne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
.
Inthesho
r
t
cu
tapp
ro
a
chto
‘me
a
su
re
’hum
ande
v
e
lopmen
tu
s
edhe
r
e
,a
g
en
c
yandf
re
edoma
re
l
e
f
ta
s
ide
.W
i
thou
t
a
g
en
c
yandf
reedom
,th
ehum
ande
v
e
lopmen
t
ind
e
xbe
come
ss
imp
l
ya
‘b
a
s
i
cneed
s
’
inde
x(
I
v
ano
vandP
e
l
e
ah2010
)
.Acomp
reh
en
s
i
v
edep
i
c
t
iono
fhum
ande
v
e
lopmen
t
need
s
in
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rpo
r
a
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eoppo
r
tun
i
t
i
e
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ind
i
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l
sh
a
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fe
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e
r
c
i
s
in
gthe
i
rpo
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
20
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a
v
echo
s
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rm
‘
so
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i
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l
i
s
t
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‘
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i
s
t
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s
inthe M
a
r
x
i
s
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gh
tthe
l
a
t
te
r
w
asthego
a
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e
a
chedandso
c
i
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l
i
smw
a
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an
stor
e
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ch
i
t
.S
e
ead
i
s
cu
s
s
ion
in
I
v
ano
vand
Pe
l
e
ah(2010
)
.
15
c
ap
ab
i
l
i
t
i
e
sandi
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c
in
gpub
l
i
cde
c
i
s
ion
s(D
a
s
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t
aand W
e
a
l
e1992
;Che
ibub
nf
2010
)
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a
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re
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en
t
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t
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a
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e
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s
in
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ch
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in
g
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g
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e
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r
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ldbe
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t
l
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g
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s
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a
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rth
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I
v
ano
vandPe
l
e
ah2010
)
.21 Th
es
am
ec
a
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e
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e
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r
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t
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e1950
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r
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i
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.22
IN
S
ER
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IGUR
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ERH
ER
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s
Hum
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e
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ro
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l
f
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c
i
a
l
l
ybe
tw
een1900and1980
,wheng
a
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sw
e
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i
f
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ro
s
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bo
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rd
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em
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t
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c
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redb
e
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een1938
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re
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s
e
l
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et
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conom
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a
l
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k
l
a
sh
.
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i
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lopmen
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z
z
l
e
. Wh
ya
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r
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r
lon
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imewhen
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re
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r
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i
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s
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l
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g
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er
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21
F
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i
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r
spe
c
t
i
v
e
,thedem
i
seo
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c
i
a
l
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f
te
r1989wou
ldh
a
v
er
ep
re
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tedanad
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an
c
e
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te
rm
so
fhum
ande
ve
lopmen
t
.How
e
ve
r
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sr
e
g
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rd
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gen
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y
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an
c
e
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inc
i
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t
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eh
a
sbeenqu
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ip
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t
r
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c
ted
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t
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i
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rm
e
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t
r
a
lA
s
i
a
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r
t
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l
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r
)and
ind
i
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t
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l
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ro
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r
e
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s
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en
t
r
a
lEu
ropeandthe
B
a
l
t
i
cr
epub
l
i
c
s(B
r
a
ine
rd2010
a
)
.
22
The
inde
xo
fdemo
c
r
a
t
i
z
a
t
ioncom
e
sf
romV
anh
anen(2011
)
,no
rm
a
l
i
zedb
yd
i
v
id
in
g
i
t
sv
a
lueb
y
i
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t
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lm
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imumso
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een0and1
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com
e
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l
etotheH
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poten
16
The
l
a
s
tth
r
eede
c
ade
sh
a
v
ew
i
tne
s
s
edaw
iden
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g
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so
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teg
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e
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r
en
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inth
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ro
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,bu
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r
y
.W
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r
s
th
e
a
l
tht
r
an
s
i
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,
i
t
sd
yn
am
i
cro
l
e
f
aded
.As
e
condw
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l
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c
t
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yg
a
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r
ab
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e
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t
r
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a
sy
e
ttot
a
k
ep
l
a
c
e
.
In
s
te
ad
,edu
c
a
t
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a
sm
a
in
l
yre
spon
s
ib
l
efo
r
lon
grun
p
ro
g
re
s
sandc
a
t
ch
in
gup
inhum
ande
v
e
lopmen
t
.
Th
i
sde
v
e
lopmen
tpu
z
z
l
er
a
i
s
e
sanumbe
ro
fk
e
yque
s
t
ion
s
.Fo
re
x
amp
l
e
,wh
y
d
id
l
i
fee
xpe
c
t
an
c
ys
topbe
in
gth
ed
r
i
v
in
gfo
r
c
eo
fwo
r
ldhum
ande
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e
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en
ta
sthe
f
i
r
s
the
a
l
tht
r
an
s
i
t
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a
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c
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ed
? Wh
yL
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t
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i
c
ah
a
sbe
en
l
e
f
ta
s
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romth
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s
e
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a
l
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r
an
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t
ion
?
I
sthe
r
ea
l
a
c
ko
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l
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cpo
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c
i
e
s
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rapo
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r
i
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to
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lte
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?
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s
i
tth
a
th
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a
l
thandedu
c
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t
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r
eh
i
gh
l
y
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come
e
l
a
s
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c
?To
wh
a
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t
en
td
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t
r
i
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c
c
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stoh
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e
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in
come
inequ
a
l
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e
?The
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eque
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t
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sde
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e
r
v
efu
r
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r
in
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r
e
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ch
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a
t
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s
.
17
Re
fe
ren
ce
s
Ac
emo
g
lu
,D
.andS
.John
son(2007
)
,
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conom
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rna
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lE
conom
y115
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:925
-985
.
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l
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ino
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.
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.D
i
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l
t
,andJ
.
L
.Demeu
l
eme
e
s
te
r(2014
)
,"ANew
In
te
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D
a
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a
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:1965
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”
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i
edE
conom
i
c
s 46(11
)
:1212
-1247
.
An
and
,S
.andA
.
S
en(2000
)
,
‘
The
In
comeCompon
en
to
ftheHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t
Inde
x
’
,
Jou
rna
lo
fHumanD
e
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en
t1(1
)
:83
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.
ewL
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inth
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e
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en
th
A
r
r
i
a
g
a
,E
.E
.(1968
)
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r
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s,Popu
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.
.(
2003
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s
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e
r
g
é
s
,andE
.V
.K
.F
i
t
zG
e
r
a
ld
,(2005
)
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and
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s
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r
yR
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v
i
ew58(4
)
:765
-796
.
B
an
k
s
,A
.S
.(2010
)
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ro
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.6
0
.9
0
.0
1
.9
0
.8
0
.6
0
.5
1900
-1913
1
.6
0
.7
0
.6
0
.3
1913
-1929
1929
-1938
1
.4
0
.7
0
.6
0
.1
1938
-1950
2
.7
1
.9
0
.6
0
.3
1950
-1960
2
.0
0
.8
0
.9
0
.3
1
.7
0
.6
0
.9
0
.3
1960
-1970
1970
-1980
1
.8
0
.5
0
.9
0
.4
1980
-1990
0
.7
0
.6
0
.3
-0
.1
1
.8
0
.5
1
.1
0
.1
1990
-2000
2000
-2007
1
.1
0
.5
0
.4
0
.2
1870
-1913
1913
-1938
1938
-1980
1980
-2007
1
.5
1
.5
2
.1
1
.2
0
.5
0
.7
1
.0
0
.5
0
.7
0
.6
0
.8
0
.6
0
.3
0
.2
0
.3
0
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1870
-2007
1
.6
0
.7
0
.7
0
.2
25
T
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ing
inHumanD
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lopm
en
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:H
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s
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e
s
1880
1870
1890
1900
U
ru
gua
y
0
.130
U
ru
gua
y
0
.139
U
ru
gua
y
0
.158
U
ru
gua
y
0
.172
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.088
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.098
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.136
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.159
Cuba
0
.081
Cuba
0
.095
Cuba
0
.119
Cuba
0
.128
J
ama
i
c
a
0
.070
J
ama
i
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a
0
.084
J
ama
i
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a
0
.104
J
ama
i
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a
0
.117
Ch
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l
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0
.065
Ch
i
l
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0
.071
Ch
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l
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0
.090
Ch
i
l
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0
.109
Co
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i
a
0
.054
Co
lomb
i
a
0
.058
Vene
zue
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a
0
.062
Co
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i
a
0
.072
B
ra
z
i
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0
.050
B
ra
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0
.051
B
ra
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0
.060
B
ra
z
i
l
0
.069
Me
x
i
co
0
.048
Me
x
i
co
0
.051
Me
x
i
co
0
.059
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zue
l
a
0
.064
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ru
0
.047
Vene
zue
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a
0
.050
Co
lomb
i
a
0
.057
Me
x
i
co
0
.064
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.036
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ru
0
.042
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.046
E
cuado
r
0
.058
Vene
zue
l
a
0
.035
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.041
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ru
0
.045
Bo
l
i
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0
.054
E
cuado
r
0
.034
E
cuado
r
0
.041
E
cuado
r
0
.044
Pe
ru
0
.053
1913
1929
1938
U
ru
gua
y
0
.213
U
ru
gua
y
0
.256
U
ru
gua
y
0
.287
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.207
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.251
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.279
Cuba
0
.165
Cuba
0
.190
Cuba
0
.202
Ch
i
l
e
0
.142
Ch
i
l
e
0
.179
Co
s
taR
i
ca
0
.200
Co
s
taR
i
ca
0
.128
Co
s
taR
i
ca
0
.167
Ch
i
l
e
0
.192
J
ama
i
c
a
0
.119
J
ama
i
c
a
0
.152
J
ama
i
c
a
0
.183
Co
lomb
i
a
0
.092
Co
lomb
i
a
0
.122
Me
x
i
co
0
.140
Hondu
ra
s
0
.087
Me
x
i
co
0
.115
Co
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i
a
0
.137
Me
x
i
co
0
.086
Pe
ru
0
.111
Pe
ru
0
.132
B
ra
z
i
l
0
.084
B
ra
z
i
l
0
.107
Vene
zue
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a
0
.130
Pe
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0
.077
Hondu
ra
s
0
.104
B
ra
z
i
l
0
.122
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.076
Vene
zue
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a
0
.101
E
cuado
r
0
.114
Vene
zue
l
a
0
.074
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.098
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.108
E
lSa
l
vado
r
0
.070
E
cuado
r
0
.094
N
i
ca
ragua
0
.101
N
i
ca
ragua
0
.066
N
i
ca
ragua
0
.087
Hondu
ra
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0
.101
E
cuado
r
0
.063
E
lSa
l
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r
0
.073
E
lSa
l
vado
r
0
.101
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t
ema
la
0
.062
Gua
t
ema
la
0
.069
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la
0
.085
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,1950
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.
26
T
ab
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a
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k
ing
inHumanD
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(
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y
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ah
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a
s
A
r
g
en
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ina
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go
Pue
r
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i
co
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a
rb
ado
s
Ch
i
l
e
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B
e
l
i
ze
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s
taR
i
ca
P
a
r
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a
y
J
ama
i
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a
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an
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a
Vene
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l
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an
a
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i
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i
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ra
s
Bo
l
i
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t
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la
H
a
i
t
i
1950
1960
1970
0
.351
B
a
rb
ado
s
0
.348
Pue
r
toR
i
co
0
.337
U
ru
gua
y
0
.311 T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go
0
.305
A
r
g
en
t
ina
0
.299
B
ah
am
a
s
0
.276
Cuba
0
.273
Ch
i
l
e
0
.259
J
ama
i
c
a
0
.256
Co
s
taR
i
ca
0
.248
Vene
zue
l
a
0
.244
Gu
y
an
a
0
.240
P
an
am
a
0
.230
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y
0
.228
B
e
l
i
ze
0
.208
Me
x
i
co
0
.190
Co
lomb
i
a
0
.187
E
cuado
r
0
.186
Pe
ru
0
.179
B
ra
z
i
l
0
.155
Dom
in
i
c
anR
.
0
.153
E
lSa
l
vado
r
0
.146
N
i
ca
ragua
0
.141
Hondu
ra
s
0
.137
Gua
t
ema
la
0
.134
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
0
.084
H
a
i
t
i
0
.407
Pue
r
toR
i
co 0
.486
0
.396
B
a
rb
ado
s 0
.477
0
.394
B
ah
am
a
s 0
.442
0
.385 T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go 0
.439
0
.380
U
ru
gua
y 0
.439
0
.378
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.428
0
.331
Cuba 0
.407
0
.324
Ch
i
l
e 0
.395
0
.324
J
ama
i
c
a 0
.386
0
.315
Co
s
taR
i
ca 0
.384
0
.305
Vene
zue
l
a 0
.366
0
.293
P
an
am
a 0
.356
0
.290
Me
x
i
co 0
.323
0
.277
Gu
y
an
a 0
.321
0
.269
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y 0
.311
0
.265
B
e
l
i
ze 0
.308
0
.243
Co
lomb
i
a 0
.303
0
.233
Pe
ru 0
.293
0
.229
E
cuado
r 0
.284
0
.226
B
ra
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i
l 0
.268
0
.222
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in
i
c
anR
. 0
.264
0
.203
E
lSa
l
vado
r 0
.246
0
.186
N
i
ca
ragua 0
.243
0
.175
Hondu
ra
s 0
.213
0
.163
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 0
.213
0
.146
Gua
t
ema
la 0
.208
0
.113
H
a
i
t
i 0
.131
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r
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e
x
t
.
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te
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a
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ld,1870
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ld
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s,1913
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,1950
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27
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ab
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s
t
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s
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t
.
)
(
1980
1990
2000
2007
B
a
rb
ado
s 0
.517
B
a
rb
ado
s 0
.557
Pue
r
toR
i
co 0
.636
Cuba 0
.732
Pue
r
toR
i
co 0
.509
Cuba 0
.507
Pue
r
toR
i
co 0
.546
Cuba 0
.508
B
a
rb
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s 0
.606
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.580
B
a
rb
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s 0
.674
Pue
r
toR
i
co 0
.659
B
ah
am
a
s 0
.473
B
ah
am
a
s 0
.507
Ch
i
l
e 0
.575
Ch
i
l
e 0
.633
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.465
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go 0
.455
A
r
g
en
t
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.506
U
ru
gua
y 0
.505
U
ru
gua
y 0
.567
Cuba 0
.552
U
ru
gua
y 0
.631
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.609
U
ru
gua
y 0
.454
Ch
i
l
e 0
.493
Ch
i
l
e 0
.433 T
r
in
id
ad
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a
go 0
.479
Co
s
taR
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ca 0
.527
B
ah
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a
s 0
.503
Co
s
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ca 0
.578
Vene
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l
a 0
.559
Co
s
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ca 0
.474
P
an
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a 0
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P
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.421
P
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Me
x
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0
.490
P
an
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a 0
.539
Me
x
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.405
J
ama
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.405
Me
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.431
J
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.422
B
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.375
E
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B
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.389
Pe
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r 0
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Pe
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.501
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Pe
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Co
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E
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.494
Co
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.351
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.421
P
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.417
B
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Gu
y
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.462
B
ra
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l 0
.342
P
a
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a
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a
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.340
B
ra
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.369
Gu
y
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a 0
.346
B
e
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.416
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P
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Dom
in
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.315
N
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.263
Dom
in
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.338
E
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.314
Gu
y
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a 0
.412
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l
i
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a 0
.377
J
ama
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a 0
.441
Bo
l
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a 0
.411
Hondu
ra
s 0
.260
Bo
l
i
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a 0
.304
E
lSa
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.358
Bo
l
i
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.255
E
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r 0
.253
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.292
N
i
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.266
Gua
t
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la 0
.240
H
a
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.175
Gua
t
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.260
H
a
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i 0
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r
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a
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B
ra
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.478
B
ra
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.503
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ra
s
Gua
t
ema
la
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ra
s
E
lSa
l
vado
r 0
.404
Gua
t
ema
la 0
.389
N
i
ca
ragua 0
.343
H
a
i
t
i 0
.215
N
i
ca
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.378
H
a
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t
.
No
te
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,1950
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28
0
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T
ab
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row
th
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ing
1870
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.0
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zue
l
a 2
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i
a1
.8
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.7
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r1
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x
i
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.1
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A
r
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en
t
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ra
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i
l 0
.4
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l
i
v
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a 0
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ama
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y 0
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ru -6
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1880
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A
r
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.1
Me
x
i
co 4
.3
Cuba 3
.2
Vene
zue
l
a 2
.8
Ch
i
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.1
U
ru
gua
y 0
.8
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l
i
v
i
a 0
.4
J
ama
i
c
a0
.2
B
ra
z
i
l 0
.0
E
cuado
r -0
.2
Pe
ru -0
.2
Co
lomb
i
a -2
.1
1890
-1900
E
cuado
r2
.7
Pe
ru 2
.7
Ch
i
l
e 1
.2
U
ru
gua
y 0
.8
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 0
.8
J
ama
i
c
a0
.5
Me
x
i
co 0
.4
Co
lomb
i
a -0
.1
A
r
g
en
t
ina -0
.8
B
ra
z
i
l -0
.9
Vene
zue
l
a -1
.5
Cuba -2
.8
1900
-1913
Cuba 3
.3
U
ru
gua
y 3
.1
Pe
ru 2
.7
Vene
zue
l
a 2
.6
A
r
g
en
t
ina 2
.5
Ch
i
l
e 2
.3
Co
lomb
i
a 2
.3
B
ra
z
i
l 2
.2
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.9
Me
x
i
co 1
.6
E
cuado
r1
.6
J
ama
i
c
a0
.4
1913
-1929
Vene
zue
l
a 6
.8
Co
lomb
i
a 3
.9
Pe
ru 3
.5
N
i
ca
ragua 3
.3
E
cuado
r2
.2
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.8
Hondu
ra
s 1
.4
B
ra
z
i
l 1
.4
U
ru
gua
y 0
.9
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.9
Ch
i
l
e 0
.9
J
ama
i
c
a0
.9
Gua
t
ema
la 0
.7
E
lSa
l
vado
r0
.6
Me
x
i
co 0
.6
Co
s
taR
i
ca 0
.1
Cuba -0
.4
1929
-1938
1938
-1950
1950
-1960
1960
-1970
1970
-1980
J
ama
i
c
a3
.7 Vene
zue
l
a 4
.3
J
ama
i
c
a6
.9
Pue
r
toR
i
co 6
.2
B
ra
z
i
l 6
.0
Gua
t
ema
la 2
.6 E
lSa
l
vado
r3
.8 T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go 5
.3
B
a
rb
ado
s5
.2
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y5
.9
Co
s
taR
i
ca 1
.9 N
i
ca
ragua 3
.7
Pue
r
toR
i
co 4
.7
P
an
am
a4
.8
E
cuado
r5
.7
Co
lomb
i
a1
.4
Me
x
i
co 3
.5
B
a
rb
ado
s4
.6
J
ama
i
c
a3
.7
B
e
l
i
ze 5
.4
.0
E
cuado
r3
.4
Gu
y
an
a3
.9
N
i
ca
ragua 3
.6
Dom
in
i
c
anR
. 4
.3
B
ra
z
i
l 1
E
cuado
r0
.8
Cuba 2
.8
Co
s
taR
i
ca 3
.7
Me
x
i
co 3
.6 T
r
in
id
ad
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a
go 4
.1
Vene
zue
l
a 0
.5
J
ama
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c
a2
.6
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zue
l
a 3
.6
B
ah
am
a
s3
.5
B
a
rb
ado
s3
.6
Me
x
i
co 0
.4
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.7
B
ra
z
i
l 3
.5
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l
i
v
i
a 3
.1
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x
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co 3
.5
.1
A
r
g
en
t
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.7
Pe
ru 2
.9 T
r
in
id
ad
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a
go 2
.8
Cuba 3
.2
U
ru
gua
y 0
Pe
ru 0
.1
Pe
ru 1
.6
Me
x
i
co 2
.8
A
r
g
en
t
ina 2
.7
H
a
i
t
i 3
.2
Bo
l
i
v
i
a -0
.6
B
ra
z
i
l 1
.6
E
cuado
r2
.3
Co
s
taR
i
ca 2
.7
Co
lomb
i
a 3
.1
E
lSa
l
vado
r -0
.7 Co
lomb
i
a 1
.5
N
i
ca
ragua 2
.0
Gua
t
ema
la 2
.7
Co
s
taR
i
ca 2
.9
A
r
g
en
t
ina -0
.8
U
ru
gua
y 1
.5
P
an
am
a2
.0
B
ra
z
i
l 2
.6
Gua
t
ema
la 2
.9
Ch
i
l
e -0
.8 Hondu
ra
s 1
.4
Dom
in
i
c
anR
.2
.0
Vene
zue
l
a 2
.3
P
an
am
a2
.8
Cuba -1
.2
Ch
i
l
e 1
.3
Co
lomb
i
a1
.6
Pe
ru 2
.3
U
ru
gua
y 2
.6
Hondu
ra
s -3
.4 Co
s
taR
i
ca 0
.4
E
lSa
l
vado
r1
.5
B
e
l
i
ze 2
.2
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r
toR
i
co 2
.5
N
i
ca
ragua -5
.4 Gua
t
ema
la -0
.1
Ch
i
l
e 1
.2
E
lSa
l
vado
r2
.2
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ra
s 2
.3
A
r
g
en
t
ina 1
.1
Co
lomb
i
a 2
.1
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.4
Gua
t
ema
la 1
.0
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y2
.0
Gu
y
an
a1
.3
U
ru
gua
y 0
.7
Ch
i
l
e 1
.9
Pe
ru 1
.0
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y0
.3
Dom
in
i
c
anR
. 1
.8
Ch
i
l
e 1
.0
Hondu
ra
s 0
.0
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ra
s 1
.5
A
r
g
en
t
ina 0
.9
H
a
i
t
i -0
.2
E
cuado
r1
.4
Vene
zue
l
a 0
.6
Cuba -0
.4
Gu
y
an
a 1
.2
B
ah
am
a
s0
.6
B
e
l
i
ze -1
.7
U
ru
gua
y 0
.5
E
lSa
l
vado
r -0
.2
Bo
l
i
v
i
a -1
.7
Cuba -0
.7
J
ama
i
c
a -2
.1
B
ah
am
a
s -2
.4
H
a
i
t
i -1
.2
N
i
ca
ragua -2
.7
29
T
ab
le4HumanD
e
v
e
lopm
en
tG
row
th
inLa
t
inAm
e
r
i
ca(%
)
:Coun
t
r
yRan
k
ing(
con
t
.
)
1980
-1990
Pue
r
toR
i
co 2
.5
B
e
l
i
ze 2
.3
J
ama
i
c
a2
.2
B
ah
am
a
s 1
.8
.3
Co
lomb
i
a 1
Ch
i
l
e 1
.2
Cuba 1
.1
.3
Dom
in
i
c
anR
. 0
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y 0
.2
B
a
rb
ado
s 0
.1
Me
x
i
co -0
.1
U
ru
gua
y -0
.3
Co
s
taR
i
ca -0
.3
B
ra
z
i
l -0
.5
E
cuado
r -0
.5
.6
Hondu
ra
s -0
P
anama -0
.8
E
lSa
l
vado
r -1
.5
Gua
t
ema
la -1
.5
Bo
l
i
v
i
a -2
.0
.1
Vene
zue
l
a -2
A
r
g
en
t
ina -2
.6
.8
Gu
y
an
a -2
.0
H
a
i
t
i -3
Pe
ru -3
.5
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go -3
.7
N
i
ca
ragua -3
.8
1990
-2000
Gu
y
an
a 4
.8
Ch
i
l
e 4
.6
Dom
in
i
c
anR
. 4
.1
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go 3
.7
P
an
am
a 2
.9
Pue
r
toR
i
co 2
.9
A
r
g
en
t
ina 2
.8
Co
s
taR
i
ca 2
.6
E
lSa
l
vado
r 2
.4
U
ru
gua
y 2
.3
Pe
ru 2
.3
B
e
l
i
ze 1
.8
Gua
t
ema
la 1
.7
Me
x
i
co 1
.7
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.4
N
i
ca
ragua 1
.2
B
ra
z
i
l 1
.0
Co
lomb
i
a 0
.9
Hondu
ra
s 0
.8
B
a
rb
ado
s 0
.7
B
ah
am
a
s 0
.6
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cuado
r 0
.0
Vene
zue
l
a 0
.0
J
ama
i
c
a -0
.2
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y -0
.5
H
a
i
t
i -1
.9
Cuba -1
.9
2000
-2007
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go 7
.6
Cuba 6
.0
Pe
ru 4
.0
P
an
am
a 4
.0
Dom
in
i
c
anR
. 3
.5
Co
lomb
i
a 3
.3
Co
s
taR
i
ca 3
.3
E
cuado
r 3
.2
Ch
i
l
e 3
.2
Hondu
ra
s 3
.0
A
r
g
en
t
ina 2
.8
Vene
zue
l
a 2
.6
U
ru
gua
y 2
.6
B
e
l
i
ze 2
.3
B
ra
z
i
l 1
.9
N
i
ca
ragua 1
.9
Gu
y
an
a 1
.6
Me
x
i
co 1
.5
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a
rb
ado
s 1
.5
P
a
r
a
gu
a
y 1
.4
Bo
l
i
v
i
a 1
.3
Gua
t
ema
la 1
.3
Pue
r
toR
i
co 1
.2
J
ama
i
c
a1
.1
E
lSa
l
vado
r 1
.1
B
ah
am
a
s 0
.7
H
a
i
t
i -1
.2
Sou
r
c
e
s
:S
eethet
e
x
t
.
No
te
:co
v
e
r
a
g
e
,bo
ld,1870
-2007
;
bo
ld
i
ta
l
i
c
s,1913
-2007
;v
e
r
s
a
l
i
t
a
s
,1950
-2007
30
T
ab
le5HumanD
e
v
e
lopm
en
tG
row
thand
i
t
sD
r
i
v
e
r
s
:Coun
t
r
yRan
k
ing
1870
-1913
H
IHD
A
r
gen
t
in
a
2
.0
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
o
f
L
i
fe
E
xpe
c
t
an
c
y
Edu
c
a
t
ion
0
.7
1
.0
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
Ad
ju
s
ted
In
come
1913
-1938
H
IHD
0
.3
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cu
ado
r
2
.4
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
o
f
L
i
fe
E
xpe
c
t
an
c
y
Edu
c
a
t
ion
1
.2
0
.8
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
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ju
s
ted
In
come
0
.4
Ch
i
l
e
1
.8
0
.6
0
.9
0
.3
V
ene
zue
l
a
2
.3
0
.7
0
.8
0
.7
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
1
.8
0
.5
1
.1
0
.2
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ru
2
.2
1
.1
0
.7
0
.4
V
ene
zue
l
a
1
.7
0
.5
0
.8
0
.5
Me
x
i
co
1
.9
1
.0
0
.9
0
.1
0
.2
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s
taR
i
ca
1
.8
1
.1
0
.6
0
.1
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a
1
.7
0
.6
0
.8
E
cu
ado
r
1
.4
0
.0
0
.9
0
.5
N
i
ca
ragua
1
.7
1
.3
0
.4
0
.0
Me
x
i
co
1
.4
0
.5
0
.5
0
.4
J
am
a
i
c
a
1
.7
0
.6
0
.6
0
.5
J
am
a
i
c
a
1
.2
0
.3
0
.9
0
.1
Co
lomb
i
a
1
.6
0
.6
0
.4
0
.6
0
.1
B
r
a
z
i
l
1
.5
0
.6
0
.7
0
.3
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lomb
i
a
1
.2
0
.6
0
.5
B
r
a
z
i
l
1
.2
0
.3
0
.7
0
.1
E
lSa
l
vado
r
1
.5
1
.1
0
.3
0
.0
U
ru
gu
a
y
1
.1
0
.4
0
.5
0
.2
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
1
.4
1
.0
0
.2
0
.2
Pe
ru
1
.1
0
.4
0
.8
0
.0
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t
ema
la
1
.2
0
.6
0
.4
0
.2
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i
l
e
1
.2
0
.8
0
.4
0
.0
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r
gen
t
in
a
1
.2
0
.6
0
.6
0
.0
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ru
gu
a
y
1
.2
0
.5
0
.6
0
.1
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a
0
.8
0
.6
0
.3
-0
.1
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ra
s
0
.6
0
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-0
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-0
.1
So
u
r
c
e
s
:S
eethet
e
x
t
.
e
:co
v
e
r
a
g
e
,bo
ld,1870
-2007
;
bo
ld
i
ta
l
i
c
s,1913
-2007
;v
e
r
s
a
l
i
t
a
s
,1950
-2007
Not
31
T
ab
le5HumanD
e
v
e
lopm
en
tG
row
thand
i
t
sD
r
i
v
e
r
s
:Coun
t
r
yRan
k
ing(
con
t
.
)
1938
-1980
H
IHD
E
cu
ado
r
2
.8
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
o
f
L
i
fe
E
xpe
c
t
an
c
y
Edu
c
a
t
ion
1
.4
1
.0
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
Ad
ju
s
ted
In
come
1980
-2007
H
IHD
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
o
f
L
i
fe
E
xpe
c
t
an
c
y
Edu
c
a
t
ion
Con
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f
Ad
ju
s
ted
In
come
0
.5
Gua
t
ema
la
1
.8
0
.7
1
.0
0
.0
V
ene
zue
l
a
2
.8
1
.3
1
.2
0
.3
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
1
.8
0
.7
1
.0
0
.0
Me
x
i
co
2
.5
1
.1
1
.0
0
.4
E
lSa
l
vado
r
1
.7
0
.8
0
.8
0
.1
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t
ema
la
2
.5
1
.6
0
.7
0
.2
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ra
s
1
.6
0
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0
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0
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0
.5
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r
a
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i
l
1
.4
0
.6
0
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0
.1
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r
a
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i
l
2
.4
1
.1
0
.9
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ru
2
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1
.0
1
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0
.2
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i
l
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1
.4
0
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0
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0
.3
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i
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ragua
2
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1
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0
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0
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1
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Tob
a
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0
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0
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0
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0
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am
a
i
c
a
0
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0
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0
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0
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ru
gu
a
y
1
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0
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0
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u
r
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e
s
:S
eethet
e
x
t
.
No
te
:co
v
e
r
a
g
e
,bo
ld,1870
-2007
;
bo
ld
i
ta
l
i
c
s,1913
-2007
;v
e
r
s
a
l
i
t
a
s
,1950
-2007
32
T
ab
le5HumanD
e
v
e
lopm
en
tG
row
thand
i
t
sD
r
i
v
e
r
s
:Coun
t
r
yRan
k
ing(
con
t
.
)
1870
-2007
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IHD
V
ene
zue
l
a
2
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Con
t
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ibu
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o
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come
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So
u
r
c
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s
:S
eethet
e
x
t
.
e
:co
v
e
r
a
g
e
,bo
ld,1870
-2007
;
bo
ld
i
ta
l
i
c
s,1913
-2007
;v
e
r
s
a
l
i
t
a
s
,1950
-2007
Not
33
F
i
gu
re1H
i
s
to
r
i
c
a
l
Ind
e
xo
fHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t(H
IHD
)inL
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
,1870
-2007
:
A
l
te
rn
a
t
i
v
eCoun
t
r
yS
amp
l
e
s(popu
l
a
t
ion
-w
e
i
gh
teda
ve
r
a
g
e
s
)Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
h
yb
r
idand
o
ld)
F
i
gu
re2Hum
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v
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lopmen
t Me
a
su
re
s
:H
IHDandHD
I(
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
34
F
i
gu
re3Hum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t(
e
x
c
lud
in
g
in
com
e
)
:H
IHD*a
ndHD
I
*(h
yb
r
idand
o
ld)
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
F
i
gu
re4R
e
a
lGDPpe
rH
e
adandHum
anDe
v
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lopmen
t(
e
x
c
lud
in
g
in
com
e
)G
row
th(%
)
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
35
F
i
gu
re5D
r
i
v
e
r
so
fH
IHDG
row
th
inL
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
,1870
-2007(%
)
Sou
r
c
e
:S
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x
t
.
F
i
gu
re6R
e
l
a
t
i
v
eHum
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v
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lopmen
t
inL
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
:H
IHDandHD
I(
O
ECD =1
)
Sou
r
c
e
s
:te
x
tandP
r
ado
sde
l
aE
s
co
su
r
a(2015
)
.
36
F
i
gu
re7R
e
l
a
t
i
v
eH
IHD
:L
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
in Wo
r
ldPe
r
spe
c
t
i
v
e1870
-2007(O
ECD=1
)
Sou
r
c
e
s
:te
x
tandP
r
ado
sde
l
aE
s
co
su
r
a(2015
)
.
F
i
gu
re8R
e
l
a
t
i
v
eL
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
’
sGDPpe
rH
e
adandH
IHD*(
e
x
c
l
.
in
come
)(O
ECD=1
)
Sou
r
c
e
s
:te
x
tandP
r
ado
sde
l
aE
s
co
su
r
a(2015
)
.
37
F
i
gu
re9L
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a
’
sH
IHDC
a
t
ch
in
g
-upw
i
thO
ECD
,1870
-2007(%
)
Sou
r
c
e
s
:te
x
tandP
r
ado
sde
l
aE
s
co
su
r
a(2015
)
.
F
i
gu
re10H
IHD
Inequ
a
l
i
t
y
,1870
-2007
:A
l
t
e
rn
a
t
i
v
eCoun
t
r
yS
amp
l
e
s(unw
e
i
gh
tedc
.
v
.
)
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
38
F
i
gu
re11B
e
t
a
-Con
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
inHum
anD
e
v
e
lopm
en
t
,1870
2007
Sou
r
c
e
:S
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x
t
.
F
i
gu
re12
aB
e
t
a
-Con
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
inHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t
,187
0-1913
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
39
F
i
gu
re12bB
e
t
a
-Con
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
inHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t
,191
3-1938
Sou
r
c
e
:S
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x
t
.
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i
gu
re12
cB
e
t
a
-Con
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
inHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t
,193
8-1980
Sou
r
c
e
:S
eethete
x
t
.
40
F
i
gu
re12dB
e
t
a
-Con
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
inHum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
t
,198
0-2007
Sou
r
c
e
:S
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t
.
inAme
r
i
c
a
,1870
-2007
F
i
gu
re13Hum
anDe
v
e
lopmen
tandDemo
c
r
a
t
i
z
a
t
ion
inL
a
t
Sou
r
c
e
:Demo
c
r
a
t
i
z
a
t
ion
inde
x
,V
anh
anen(2010
)
,no
rm
a
l
i
zed
;
H
IHD,s
eeth
ete
x
t
.
41
ON
L
IN
EAPP
END
IX
.
S
ce
sandP
ro
cedu
re
s
our
L
i
f
eE
xp
e
c
tan
c
ya
tb
i
r
th
Mo
s
td
a
t
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romth
e MO
x
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a
t
ab
a
s
efo
rL
a
t
inAme
r
i
c
a(A
s
to
r
g
ae
ta
l
.
2003
)(
supp
l
emen
tedw
i
thth
ewo
r
k
in
gshee
t
sp
r
ep
a
redb
ySh
aneandB
a
rb
a
r
aHun
t
andk
ind
l
yp
ro
v
id
edb
yP
ab
loA
s
to
r
g
a
)
-andA
r
r
i
a
g
a(1968
)
.
Inadd
i
t
ion
,n
a
t
ion
a
l
sou
r
c
e
su
s
eda
re
:
A
r
g
en
t
in
a
,1870
-1890
,R
e
c
ch
in
ideL
a
t
te
sandL
a
t
te
s(1975
)
.
Ch
i
l
e
,1890
-1900
,andU
ru
gu
a
y
,1870
-1900
,a
s
sumedtoh
a
v
ee
vo
l
v
eda
lon
gA
r
g
en
t
in
a
.
U
ru
gu
a
y
,1900
-1938
,M
in
i
s
te
r
iod
eS
a
ludPúb
l
i
c
a(2001
)
,
L
i
fee
xp
e
c
t
an
c
y
inCo
lomb
i
a
,1870
-1900
,Cub
a
,1870
-1900
,P
an
am
a
,1880
-1900
,
Hondu
r
a
s
,1890
-1900
,Pue
r
toR
i
co
,1870
-1890
,andVene
zu
e
l
a
,1880
-1900
,h
a
sbe
en
a
s
sumedtoe
vo
l
v
ea
lon
gCo
s
t
aR
i
c
a
’
s(
s
amet
rendbu
td
i
f
fe
ren
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
)
.
Pe
ru
,1913
-1938
,a
s
sum
edtoe
vo
l
v
ea
lon
gBo
l
i
v
i
a
’
s
.
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r
toR
i
co
,1870
-1890
,a
s
sumed
i
te
vo
l
v
e
sa
lon
gCo
s
t
aR
i
c
a
;1890
,R
i
l
e
y(
2005b
)
;
1900
-1938
,UN(1993
)
.
J
am
a
i
c
a
,1880
-1938
,R
i
l
e
y(2005
a
:198
)
;1870
-1880
,a
s
sumed
i
te
vo
l
v
e
sa
lon
gCo
s
t
a
R
i
c
a
.
T
r
in
id
ad
Tob
a
go
,1860
-1900
,a
s
sumedtoe
vo
l
v
ea
lon
gJ
am
a
i
c
a
’
s
.
Intheab
s
en
c
eo
f
l
i
f
ee
xp
e
c
t
an
c
ye
s
t
im
a
te
sfo
re
a
r
l
yy
e
a
r
sp
ro
j
e
c
t
in
gthea
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a
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l
ab
l
e
f
i
gu
re
sw
i
th
in
f
an
tsu
r
v
i
v
a
lr
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t
e
s(
th
a
t
i
s
,400–
a
sthe m
a
x
imum
in
f
an
tmo
r
t
a
l
i
t
yr
a
te
pe
rthou
s
and
l
e
s
sthecoun
t
r
y
’
s
in
f
an
t mo
r
t
a
l
i
t
yr
a
te
)h
a
sde
r
i
v
edth
emfo
rP
an
am
a
,
1900
-1929andGu
y
an
a
,1950
-1960
.Su
chap
ro
c
edu
rew
a
sa
l
sou
s
edtod
i
s
t
r
ibu
tethe
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
l
i
fee
xpe
c
t
an
c
ye
s
t
im
a
t
efo
rA
r
g
en
t
in
a
,1869
-1894
.
L
i
t
e
ra
c
y
MO
x
LADd
a
t
ab
a
s
e(A
s
to
r
g
ae
ta
l
.2003
)(p
lu
sthewo
r
k
in
gshee
t
sp
r
ep
a
r
edb
y
Sh
aneandB
a
rb
a
r
aHun
tandk
ind
l
yp
ro
v
id
edb
yP
ab
loA
s
to
r
g
a
)andNew
l
and(1991
)
p
ro
v
idemo
s
to
fthed
a
t
a
.O
the
rw
i
s
e
,th
esou
r
c
e
sa
re
:
Ch
i
l
e
,1870
,B
r
aune
ta
l
.(
2000
)
,1870
-1890
,New
l
and(1991
)
Cuba
N
i
c
a
r
a
gu
a
,1900
,Núñ
e
z(2005
)
42
L
i
te
r
a
c
yr
a
te
sh
a
v
ebeenb
a
c
kw
a
rd
sp
ro
j
e
c
tedw
i
thth
a
teo
fp
r
im
a
r
yen
ro
lmen
tfo
r
er
Bo
l
i
v
i
a
,1870
-1890
,andPue
r
toR
i
co
,1870
-1890
.
L
i
te
r
a
c
yr
a
te
sh
a
v
ebeenb
a
c
kw
a
rd
sp
ro
j
e
c
tedw
i
thy
e
a
r
so
fp
r
im
a
r
yedu
c
a
t
ionfo
rthe
popu
l
a
t
ionabo
v
e15y
e
a
r
s(Mo
r
r
i
s
sonand Mu
r
t
in(2009
)fo
rDom
in
i
c
anR
epub
l
i
c
,
1870
-1900
;E
lS
a
l
v
ado
r
,1870
-1890
;U
ru
gu
a
y
,1870
-1890
,andV
ene
zue
l
a
,1870
-1880
.
En
ro
lm
en
t
Mo
s
td
a
t
acomef
rom MO
x
LADd
a
t
ab
a
s
e(A
s
to
r
g
ae
ta
l
.2003
)
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l
emen
ted
i
t
w
i
ththewo
r
k
in
gshe
e
t
sp
rep
a
redb
ySh
aneandB
a
rb
a
r
aHun
t
.O
th
e
rw
i
s
e
,thesou
r
c
e
s
a
re
:
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r
toR
i
co
,1870
-1880
,New
l
and(1991
)
Vene
zue
l
a
,1870
-1890
,N
ew
l
and(1991
)
A
l
len
ro
lmen
tde
r
i
v
edw
i
thp
r
im
a
r
yen
ro
lmen
t
inB
en
a
vo
tandR
idd
l
e(1988
)
,
ad
ju
s
t
edw
i
thth
er
a
t
ioo
ftho
s
ea
g
ed5
-14y
e
a
r
stotho
s
ea
g
ed5
-24y
e
a
r
s
,fo
r
Dom
in
i
c
anR
ep
.
,1870
-1913
;E
cu
ado
r
,1870
-1880
.
A
l
len
ro
lmen
tr
a
te
sh
a
v
ebeenb
a
c
kw
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rd
sp
ro
j
e
c
t
edw
i
thy
e
a
r
so
fp
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im
a
r
y
edu
c
a
t
ionfo
rthepopu
l
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t
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r
s(Mo
r
r
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s
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)
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l
l
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gther
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.
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r
a
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l
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ld
sm
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th
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)
43
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(2006
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,
Is
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r
tedf
romB
rund
en
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Z
imb
a
l
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’
s(1989
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s
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t
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a
ld1998
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in1980
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son(1995
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s
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x
i
co
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-1900
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t
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:41
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-1950
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EG
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Pe
ru
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-1950
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em
in
a
r
io(2011
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ru
gu
a
y
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-1938
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é
r
to
l
a(1998
)
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zue
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a
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ap
t
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s
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a(1997
)
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,
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.2003
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.
44
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ren
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-2007
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add
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son(2006
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fe
ren
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)
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add
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son(2010
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)
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-2007
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add
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son(2010
)
Popu
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A
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son(2010
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2003
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.2003
)
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L(2009
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,1950
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the
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w
e
reu
s
ed
.
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Re
fe
ren
ce
s
Ar
r
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.E
.(1968
)
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In
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g
a
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a
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i
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a
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x
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e
s
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,
en
tu
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y
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Po
v
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t
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x
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lu
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conom
i
cH
i
s
to
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yo
fLa
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inAm
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i
ca
inth
e20th C
sh
in
g
ton
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i
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anDe
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lopm
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E
conom
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rme
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rend
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In
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Do
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conom
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