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European Drag Reduction and Flow Control Meeting – EDRFCM 2015
March 23–26, 2015, Cambridge, UK
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TEXTURE ON DRAG REDUCTION OF
SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES
C. T. Fairhall, R. Garcia-Mayoral
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, Cambridge, UK
No-slip
INTRODUCTION
Free-shear
Liquid
Superhydrophobicity is caused by a surface roughness that
can entrap pockets of gas between the roughness elements. For
submerged surfaces, the liquid flowing above only ‘sees’ the noslip surface at the roughness crests, with nearly free-shear over
the gas pockets, as shown schematically in Figure 1. As the
liquid is free to slip over the gas pockets, this greatly increases
the slip length of the surface, which in turn can lead to a reduction in skin friction drag. This drag reduction behaviour
has been observed both experimentally and numerically for
laminar and turbulent flows [9]. The present work focuses on
the slip effect of superhydrophobic surfaces. While much research has been conducted investigating flows with alternating
no-slip/free-slip boundary conditions [8, 4, 3, 11], no clear arrangement to maximise the achievable slip length has yet been
proposed.
Under turbulent conditions, and so long as the texture size
is small, drag reduction effects for superhydrophobic surfaces
are essentially limited to modifications of the flow within the
viscous sublayer. The logarithmic layer is shifted away from
the wall, but remains otherwise unmodified [2]. Under these
conditions, the effect of superhydrophobic surfaces can be
studied by considering the flow within the viscous sublayer
only. In this region, the advective terms are negligible compared to the the viscous terms, and the governing equations
can be simplified to the Stokes equations [5, 4], greatly decreasing the computational cost.
The work here provides an initial analysis to determine how
the slip length of the surface varies with the surface pattern
and gas fraction, in the limit of vanishing spacing. Several
surface post arrangements have been investigated to determine
which maximise the slip length. Further to this, the influence
of the surface pattern on the deformation of the gas pocket
has been considered as this is thought to be a key factor in
the loss of the drag reduction effect [10].
w
d
L
Gas
Solid
Figure 1: Schematic of a superhydrophobic surface showing
the regions of no-slip and free-shear. w is the roughness width,
d is the roughness spacing and L is the total size of the texture
pattern.
imply that the surface can be modelled as a series of discrete
free-shear/no-slip boundary conditions, as is often done in the
literature [6, 7].
The parameters investigated in this study are the texture
shape (ridges and posts), the influence of the gas fraction, post
shapes, and the surface arrangement.
To calculate the slip lengths a fractional step method has
been used, with an implicit time advancement scheme. The
domain height is 2.5L in the wall-normal direction, where L is
the texture spacing. A staggered grid has been used with 256
x 64 x 256 grid points, stretched in the wall-normal direction,
to give ∆x/L = ∆z/L ' 0.004, and ∆ymin /L ' 0.003 at the
surface.
RESULTS
The first set of results presented here show how the slip
length is modified for different surface textures. The deformation of the gas pockets for these textures is then considered.
Figure 2 shows the influence of the gas fraction on the slip
length for square, diamond and circular posts in a collocated
arrangement, and for streamwise ridges. This figure shows
that posts perform better at higher gas fractions than ridges,
and vice versa for lower gas fractions, which is in agreement
with [11]. The post shape has a minimal influence in the
achieved slip length, with square and diamond posts having
the same slip lengths, and with circular posts having only
slightly higher slips. This is not however surprising, considering the flow is purely viscous. In this limit the drag of a free
flow on an object does not depend on the objects orientation
[1]. Though not shown here, we observe that that the post
arrangement does not influence the slip length.
These results show that the particular texture arrangement,
beyond the choice of ridges or posts, has only a small influence on the slip length. The arrangement can however have
a significant impact on other important factors, such as the
deformability of the gas pockets, which can eventually lead
to their depletion. For post textures, the flow accelerates
NUMERICAL MODEL
For a vanishingly small surface texture, the pattern size
is small compared to the turbulent structures in the above
flow. The surface texture therefore does not see a variation
in the flow conditions across many unit spacings. This allows
the flow above the surface to be modelled as responding to
an applied uniform shear (S). Since the surface pattern is
periodic in both the streamwise and spanwise directions, a
periodic simulation domain including a single pattern unit can
be considered.
The model here assumes that the surface is flat, with no
meniscus of the gas pocket, and does not deform. These simplifications are suitable for the case of vanishing spacing, and
1
0.05
1.2
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ση/L
bslip/L
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0.02
0.4
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0
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0.8
0.85
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0
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1
φg
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0.95
1
φg
Figure 2: Influence of gas fraction on slip length for streamwise
ridges ( × ), square posts ( ), diamond posts ( )
and circular posts ( ◦ ) for a collocated arrangement.
Figure 4: Influence of gas fraction on maximum gas pocket displacement for square posts ( ), diamond posts ( )
and circular posts ( ◦ ) for a staggered arrangement with
the collocated square post arrangement ( ) for reference.
0.05
REFERENCES
0.04
[1] G. K. Batchelor. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, 14th edition, 2000.
ση/L
0.03
[2] F. H. Clauser. The turbulent boundary layer. Adv. Appl.
Mech., 4:1–51, 1956.
0.02
[3] K. Fukagata, N. Kasagi, and P. Koumoutsakos. A theoretical prediction of friction drag reduction in turbulent flow by superhydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Fluids,
18:051703, 2006.
0.01
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0.9
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φg
[4] E. Lauga and H. A. Stone. Effective slip in pressuredriven stokes flow. J. Fluid Mech., 489:55–77, 2003.
Figure 3: Influence of gas fraction on maximum gas pocket displacement for square posts ( ), diamond posts ( )
and circular posts ( ◦ ) for a collocated arrangement.
[5] P. Luchini, F. Manzo, and A. Pozzi. Resistance of a
grooved surface to parallel flow and cross-flow. J. Fluid
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and decelerates between posts, causing a non-uniform pressure distribution over the gas layer [10]. While the model here
assumes that the gas/liquid interface remains flat, and ignores
pressure fluctuations from the overlying flow, the resulting
pressure distributions can be used to estimate the interface
deformations for different textures. These distributions can
therefore provide a measure for the sensitivity of each texture
layout to pressure effects. This is achieved by solving a YoungLaplace equation for the pressure distribution at the interface,
∇2 η ≈ ∆P
, where η is the interface displacement, ∆P is the
σ
interface pressure difference and σ is the surface tension.
The resulting maximum gas pocket deformation, as a function of gas fraction, are shown in Figures 3 and 4 for the
collocated and staggered arrangements respectively. The displacement depends on both the post shape and the surface
pressure distribution. For the collocated arrangement at low
gas fraction the post shape has the largest influence, as the
pressure variation remains relatively small. The diamond post
suffers the highest deformation due to having the largest distance between post edges. However, as the gas fraction is
increased the pressure distribution plays a key role, so that the
circular and square posts perform the worst. As very large gas
fractions are approached, influence of the post shape on the
deformation is greatly reduced. For the staggered arrangement, the maximum deformation is higher, due to adjacent
streamwise posts being further apart, which allows higher gas
pocket deformation.
[6] M. B. Martell, J. B. Perot, and J. P. Rothstein. Direct
numerical simulations of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 620:31–41, 2009.
[7] H. Park, H. Park, and J. Kim. A numerical study of the
effects of superhydrophobic surface on skin-friction drag
in turbulent channel flow. Phys. Fluids, 25:110815, 2013.
[8] J. R. Philip. Flows satisfying mixed no-slip and no-shear
conditions. Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 23:353–372, 1972.
[9] J. P. Rothstein. Slip on superhydrophobic surfaces.
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[10] J. Seo, R. Garcia-Mayoral, and A. Mani. Pressure fluctuations in turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces.
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2013, pages 217–229, 2013.
[11] C. Ybert, C. Barentin, and C. Cottin-Bizonne. Achieving
large slip with superhydrophobic surfaces: Scaling laws
for generic geometries. Phys. Fluids, 19:123601, 2007.
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