1. home and garden
2. appliances
3. stoves

Wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs)
for Remotely Measuring Cookstove Usage
Vodafone Project “100 Million Stoves”
Final Report: May 2015
Ilse Ruiz-Mercado
Jenny Eav
Pablo Venegas
Mayur Vaswani
Tracy Allen
Dana Charron
Kirk R. Smith*
*contact at
Environmental Health Sciences
School of Public Health
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720-7360
[email protected]
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
Research and Field Teams
University of California Berkeley: Jenny Eav, Ajay Pillarisetti, Rene Zazueta, Maria Teresa
Hernandez, Kirk R. Smith.
Grupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural Apropiada (GIRA) and the National Autonomous
University of Mexico (UNAM): Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Victor Berrueta, Omar Masera, Pablo
Venegas, Alejandro Tavera, Gilberto Silva, Carmen Patricio, Felix Patricio, Evaristo Herrera.
At INCLEN Trust: Mahendra Yadav, Manikanta Reddy, Lalit Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Mayur
Vaswani
At EME Systems: Tracy Allen, Mike McDonald.
At BioLite: Jonathan Cedar.
Business Canvas:
Berkeley Air Monitoring Group: Dana Charron, Michael Johnson
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the collegial guidance of Kalpana Balakrishnan of Sri Ramachandra University in
the early stages of the project. We thank the study homes in Michoacan, Mexico and in Haryana,
India for their patience and hospitality and for opening their homes to our research study. We
thank the Zazueta family in Berkeley for hosting and helping us build the Patsari stoves. Most of
all, we thank the Vodafone Americas Foundation for its patience and support.
Preface
This is the final report of the 100 Million Stoves Project, which was supported through receiving the firstplace prize of the 2010 Vodafone Americas Foundation Wireless Innovation Project. The Innovation
Project selects three wireless projects each year with the potential to save lives and solve critical global
challenges. The three winners in 2010 were chosen from a pool of nearly 100 qualified applicants from
universities and nongovernmental organizations from throughout the United States. More information
about the Vodafone Americas Foundation Wireless Innovation Project, including prize-winning projects
each year, is available online at: http://vodafone-us.com/wireless-innovation-project/
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 5
1.
PROJECT OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................... 6
1.1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Project goals and social needs addressed by the wSUMs ................................................ 6
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT............................................................................. 6
2.1.
Partnerships ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.
Test sites and target stove types ....................................................................................... 7
2.3.
Timeline ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.
Changes in direction from the original plan ................................................................... 10
FINAL PROTOTYPE SPECIFICATION ............................................................................. 11
3.1.
Device operation mode: ................................................................................................. 12
3.2.
Hardware specs: ............................................................................................................. 14
3.3.
Data packet: .................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.
1st and 2nd wSUMs generations ...................................................................................... 15
TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS ............................................................................................ 17
4.1.
Differential temperature measurements to determine stove usage................................. 17
4.2.
Smart & flex on-board algorithms to quantify stove usage ........................................... 17
4.3.
Real-time visualization of stove usage ........................................................................... 18
4.4.
Power scheme ................................................................................................................. 19
PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND TESTING RESULTS ........................................................... 19
5.1.
Specifications of the prototypes built ............................................................................. 19
5.2.
Features tested ................................................................................................................ 20
5.3.
Device performance results ............................................................................................ 21
5.3.1.
Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module............................................................. 21
5.3.2.
Range ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.3.3.
Battery Life ............................................................................................................. 26
5.3.4.
Use of external thermocouple cables to monitor usage .......................................... 27
5.3.5.
Measuring portable stoves (Philips woodstoves).................................................... 30
5.3.6.
Wireless collection of usage data ............................................................................ 31
IMPACT OF THE WIRELESS SUMs INNOVATION ....................................................... 34
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6.1.
Expansion of the system to monitor usage of other household technologies................. 34
6.2.
Local expertise and impact in the selected geographic areas ......................................... 35
7.
OUTLOOK FOR OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE .......... 37
•
Lower power communication protocol to enable use of the TEG module .................... 38
•
Direct cellular or WiFi ................................................................................................... 38
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 38
ANNEX 1: BUSINESS CANVAS ............................................................................................... 40
1.
Background ............................................................................................................................ 40
2.
Market Size and Segmentation .............................................................................................. 41
3.
Competitive Environment for Cookstove Usage Monitoring................................................ 42
3.1. Non-Wireless iButton SUMS Attributes ............................................................................... 43
3.2. SWEETSense and WiCS Attributes ...................................................................................... 43
3.3. wSUMS Attributes ................................................................................................................ 44
3.4. Product Comparison .............................................................................................................. 44
4.
Value Proposition .................................................................................................................. 46
5.
Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 46
ANNEX 2: KEY PROJECT OUTPUTS ...................................................................................... 48
ANNEX 3: DETAILED REPORTING OF STOVE USAGE DATA .......................................... 50
ANNEX 4: PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ..................... 60
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The objective of this project was to build a wireless sensor platform to verify stove use and
enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects. The main expected market was investors
and disseminators planning to tap funding in what was, at the time, a rapidly emerging carbon
market in the past ten years. Expanding on previous implementations of non-wireless Stove Use
Monitors (SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless version that could be
deployed in a carefully selected subsample across millions of households to verify use in a
statistically valid manner and provide information valuable to dissemination programs, donors,
and investors.
Before the SUMs, the methods available for determining adoption dynamics and use rates were
limited to standard survey methods that relied on user’s recall or observations that are often
intrusive, imprecise and expensive to carry out as they require frequent visits to the households.
The standard type of SUMs are small metal buttons attached to stoves to datalog temperature
changes over several months. Their data had to be downloaded to a computer by physical contact
(e.g. data cable) and later the data files managed and analyzed. These non-wireless SUMs
provide objective, quantitative and unobtrusive measures of stove use that have themselves
revolutionized understanding of stove adoption and usage. They do, however, require significant
resources to analyze the data and cannot be scaled to millions because they still require
household visits.
Our project evolved to develop wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) in which summary
statistics of usage are transmitted to a handheld reader via a short-range wireless technique. The
reader is carried by someone in the village making a monthly walk through. The summary usage
instantaneously displayed does not require further analysis and can be uploaded to a central data
repository. Extensive testing and modification through several versions occurred by an
interactive process involving lab and simulated testing in Berkeley and several villages in
Mexico and India. A number of technical obstacles, including those related to battery life, radio
range, and efficient data algorithms were addressed. A thermal electric option (i.e.
thermoelectric generator) was deployed for providing power for the wSUMs at the stove, but this
proved to be inadequate and was abandoned.
After a working technology was in hand, a business canvas was conducted to evaluate the
potential for a sustainable business model for the wSUMS. Unfortunately, in the years
immediately after the project started, the combination of the global economic downturn and the
near collapse of the official carbon market, greatly reduced what had seemed to be a potential
large demand for hands-off stove monitoring at large scale for stove carbon projects. In addition,
two other wireless sensing technologies came onto the scene, each, however, focused on use of
cell phones for real time monitoring from any distance, a route that we did not take and thus are
not direct competitors. As we complete this report, however, there is perhaps an entirely new
business opportunity through the growing recognition in the international clean stove community
that interventions are most effective if pursued at the community (village) level, in combination
with several national programs being promulgated. Our “walk-through” system would seem
ideally suited for such an application.
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1. PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1. Project goals and social needs addressed by the wSUMs
The objective of the project was to build a wireless sensor platform to verify stove use and
enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects. Expanding on previous implementations of
non-wireless Stove Use Monitors (SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless
version that could be deployed in a carefully selected subsample across millions of households to
verify use in a statistically valid manner and provide information valuable to dissemination
programs and funders. As reliable access to electricity in remote rural homes seemed a severe
limitation to power wireless applications, we tested powering the sensor platform using the
energy from the stove itself.
Before the SUMs, the methods available for determining adoption dynamics and use rates were
limited to standard survey methods that relied on user’s recall or observations that are often
intrusive, imprecise and expensive to carry out as they require frequent visits to the households.
The SUMs that we had implemented when the project began were attached to stoves to datalog
temperature changes over several months. Their data had to be downloaded to a computer by
physical contact and later the data files managed and analyzed. These non-wireless SUMs
provided objective, quantitative and unobtrusive measures of stove use that has revolutionized
understanding of stove adoption and usage. Unfortunately, however, this mode requires
significant resources to analyze the data and cannot be scaled to millions because they still
require household visits.
As described below, our project evolved to develop wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) in
which summary statistics of usage are transmitted to a handheld reader via a short-range wireless
technique. The reader is carried by someone in the village making a monthly walk through. The
summary usage instantaneously displayed does not require further analysis and can be uploaded
to a central data repository.
Our project addressed the need for reliable verification of stove usage, informing the
effectiveness of methods to promote the sustained use of the stoves, therefore enabling ongoing
evaluation of potential long-lasting benefits for the users. Bringing down the barrier of routinely
performing strict verification of use can also help stove programs to tap international carbon as
well as health financing to cover the upfront costs of purchasing the stove that households
otherwise could not afford or securing funds for monitoring their projects. As noted in the
Business Canvas section ending this report, there are also emerging potential uses for
community-level intervention strategies.
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT
2.1. Partnerships
The partnerships established at the beginning of the project worked successfully.
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UC Berkeley directed and oversaw the project, carried out the field testing and analyzed the
results, providing expertise in air pollution, rural energy, biostatistics, smart algorithms, behavior
modeling and stove use monitoring.
EME Systems designed and fabricated all the wSUMs prototype generations, developed the
wireless communication platform, integrated it with the Thermo Electric Generator (TEG)
energy harvester and implemented the on-board algorithms.
BioLite performed the CAD and fluid dynamics simulations to develop the TEG module and
fabricated the initial TEG mounts and heat exchangers.
GIRA, our Mexican partner NGO, deployed the prototype units in rural households, providing
local expertise and logistics, infrastructure and personnel for the field and controlled tests.
UNAM, the National University of Mexico, provided research support for data analysis.
INCLEN, our Indian partner, provided local expertise and research support in the field, helping
to identify, hire, and supervise field staff who conducted household visits and database
management.
2.2. Test sites and target stove types
The project targeted the development of wSUMs for two stove types: fixed-platform chimney
stoves and portable stoves without chimney. The first one is the most widely used in Latin
America, and the second is a prototype commonly found in Asia and Africa. The Patsari® stove
design disseminated in Mexico was the chimney stoves used to test the prototypes. The BioliteStoveTec® portable stove was the fan-assisted design initially used for testing. Later, the Philips
Woodstove HD 4012, a portable fan-assisted stove, was used for the field testing in India.
A
B
C
Image1. (A) Patsari brick and cement chimney-stove, (B) StoveTec rocket stove, (C) Philips
semi-gasifier stove.
Berkeley. Initial lab and controlled testing was done in Berkeley. For the portable stove, we
initially used the StoveTec rocket stove design, since it was similar to the fan-assisted stove
selected for dissemination in India and it allowed for integration of the TEG-powered fan with
the wSUMs logging and transmitting module (yellow box in the pictures below).
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A
C
May 2015
B
D
Image 2. (A-B) StoveTec rocket stove with the integrated TEG-powered fan and wSUMs module
(yellow box). (C-D) Controlled tests to assess power available from the StoveTec.
For the massive chimney stove, we built in our test space an exact replica of the Patsari chimney
stove disseminated in Mexico. This helped guide the design, fabrication, integration and
performance testing of the wSUMs under controlled conditions.
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Image 3. Patsari chimney stove built at the Berkeley test site (top) and testing of the TEGwSUMs 1st Gen attached to the chimney (bottom).
The field testing focused on Mexico and India, where 20% and 70% of the population,
respectively, still rely on biomass, and where important initiatives to introduce cookstoves have
been launched and require systematic and cost-efficient verification.
Mexico. Testing of our wSUMs prototypes occurred in the central state of Michoacán, a region
where fuelwood represents 90% of total energy consumption for residential use. The patterns of
stove usage in the region have been previously documented (Ruiz-Mercado, 2011). Three study
communities (Santa Ana, Taretan and Tzurumutaro) collaborated with us to test the devices. The
communities were also part of an ongoing health and stove adoption study conducted by our
Mexican partners and by Mexico’s National Institute of Public Health, who already had field
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logistics in place. The traditional fires configurations include U-shapes made with mud, three
stones or two parallel bricks to lift the cooking pots off the fire. The majority of the woodstoves
being introduced by the National Stove Program in Mexico have fixed-platforms and chimneys.
Testing the wSUMs on chimney stoves was therefore a high priority at this site.
India. Our pilot study was located at the INCLEN SOMAARTH demographic, development and
environmental surveillance site in Palwal District, Haryana. Villages at this study site use mainly
wood and cow dung for cooking and have daily access to electricity. The traditional stove
configurations include two primary types, a stationary hearth, or chulha, made of bricks that are
covered on three sides with mud plaster, and a portable chulha that can be moved indoors or
under cover during poor weather conditions. Two secondary stove types were also used. The
angithi is a top-loading hearth made entirely of mud. The haaro is a top-loading fixed, mud and
brick hearth. Both the angithi and the haaro were used for simmering items over long periods of
time. The SOMAARTH site was chosen because it was also the location of the ongoing
Newborn Stove (NBS) program. The NBS program was a feasibility study that provided
pregnant women going to public pre-natal clinics with an improved fan-assisted portable stove
and assessed their usage patterns (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2012; Pillarisetti et al. 2014). Testing
wSUMs prototypes on both the improved portable stoves and the traditional hearths without
chimney was the focus at this site.
2.3. Timeline
We executed the project in the following timeline:
Year 1: Design, fabrication and module integration to create wSUMs 1st generation for chimney
and fan-assisted stoves. Lab and controlled tests in the US (Berkeley, California) to optimize
design.
Year 2: Lab and in-field supervised testing of wSUMs 1st generation chimney and fan-assisted
version in Mexico (Santa Ana, Michoacan). Troubleshooting and optimization of chimney
version to build wSUMs 2nd generation. Controlled tests and deployment of chimney units for
long-term pilot (Taretan, Michoacan).
Year 3: Continuation of the long-term pilot (Taretan, Michoacan). Redesign to fabricate wSUMs
3rd generation with external cables for any type of stove. Field testing in Mexico (Tzurumutaro,
Michoacan) and India (Palwal District, Haryana), final assessment of results and report writing.
2.4. Changes in direction from the original plan
We initially planned a parallel development of two communication modes from the wSUMs
Stove Units to outside the homes: direct-wireless transmission and the short-range wSUMs
modules. The former would stream the summary usage statistics directly from the stove to a
cellphone tower. The latter would send the usage data to a reader unit as fieldworkers walked by
the stove. We decided early in the project to focus first on achieving a proof of concept of the
short-range wSUMs and on validating its algorithms, both of which are natural building blocks
for the direct-transmission module. Finalizing the short-range wireless devices required more
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time than initially projected. Our sequential approach, initially motivated by technical reasons,
was later encouraged by an analysis of the current needs for stove use monitoring. We are
finding that very few research or community applications need real-time data and that
understanding stove use and taking action to improve usage levels require household visits. We
therefore focused on strengthening the smart on-board algorithms, which is one of the key
innovations of our wSUMs.
We initially proposed to power the wSUMs units from the excess heat of the stove using Thermo
Electric Generator (TEG) modules. In the case of the chimney stoves, the heat from the pipe was
not enough to make TEG operation feasible to maintain the logging and transmission power
requirements. For the StoveTec fan-assisted stoves, the heating episodes did not seem to last
long enough to fully charge a battery for one day of wSUMs operation. The mount for proper
TEG operation requires an expensive heat exchanger and limits the potential to deploy wSUMs
on different stove types. We did not pursue using the TEG modules any further.
3. FINAL PROTOTYPE SPECIFICATION
The final prototype (3rd generation) included a Stove Unit and a Handheld Reader shown in the
figures below. The Stove Unit can work on different stove configurations: traditional fixed and
portable, with and without chimney, and fan-assisted portable designs.
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B
A
Image 4. (A) Stove Unit: a small polycarbonate enclosure with watertight ports for the
thermocouple cables that measure ambient and stove temperatures to determine usage. The
enclosure has an opening for access to the USB port, micro SD card, reset button, small
rechargeable battery and an LED indicator. The flexibility to choose different lengths of the
cables enables monitoring of any stove type and configuration including gas stoves. (B)
Handheld Reader: a larger polycarbonate enclosure with LCD screen to display two lines of
stove summary statistics and two buttons to navigate the device menu. The box encloses a fullsized SD card, four AA alkaline batteries and a USB port for data/firmware updates.
3.1. Device operation mode:
One thermocouple cable is placed on the stove surface (chimney or body) and a second cable is
placed away from the stove to record ambient temperature. The difference in temperatures is
used by the Stove Unit to quantify stove usage.
On power-up, the Stove Unit takes temperature measurements from both cables, performs onboard calculations of usage, updates the data packet by adding the new usage statistic to the
current day and week intervals, and wirelessly transmits a one-line summary data packet to the
Reader Unit. The data packet contains metadata, total usage for the full deployment and usage by
week. The duration of a “week” and the frequencies for sampling and transmission are
programmed by the user prior to deployment. These user-defined parameters should match the
expected length of a deployment and the desired resolution of the dataset.
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When a person powers-up the Handheld Reader, the reader listens for incoming data packets
from the stove units. When a packet from a Stove Unit within range is received, its stove ID
number and signal strength are identified. The transmitted one-line data packet with the summary
usage is stored as a text file on the full-sized SD card in the Reader. The stove ID number is used
as its filename. The display interface of the Handheld Reader allows the operator to see which
stove ID numbers have been received, select an individual stove, glance over the total percent of
days in use and total hours of use in the full monitoring period, and navigate through its daily
data fields for instant feedback on usage and stove performance. At the central office, the
summary usage statistics retrieved from the SD card on the Handheld Reader are uploaded to a
central database. Apart from the one-line summary wirelessly streamed to the Reader, the highresolution data employed for computing usage are logged for research purposes on the micro SD
card in the Stove Unit for later retrieval.
A
B
Image 5. (A) Placement of the wSUMs unit in a house: the Stove Unit is fixed to the roof to allow
one thermocouple cable to be attached to the chimney and the second cable to be placed outside
the home to measure ambient temperature. (B) After placement and before leaving the study
home, a fieldworker tested signal communication with the Handheld Reader.
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B
Image 6. Wireless collection of stove use data: (A) At the front door of a house (the working
chimney can be seen on the roof). The Handheld Reader display shows that a packet from Stove
Unit ID=2 has been successfully received. (B) On an empty lot neighboring the study house. The
Handheld Reader display shows that the stove monitored by Stove Unit ID=12 has been in use
for 1 day with a total usage time equal to 8% of the total deployment time.
3.2. Hardware specs:
Stove Unit.
• XBEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver.
• P8X32 microcontroller with wSUMS firmware version stove_0.35.spin
• 8-channel 16 bit analog-digital converter configured with reference temperature sensor
for type T or type K thermocouples, resolution 7 µV, ~0.2°C.
• Micro SD card.
• USB port for data, setting parameter, updating firmware and battery charging
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•
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0.5Ah Li-Poly battery with energy harvesting charger set for 4.1V charge and 3.2V
dropout.
2"x3"x1.5" polycarbonate enclosure, with watertight port for thermocouples, and for
access to USB, SD card, reset button and indictor.
Handheld Reader.
• XBEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver
• P8X32 microcontroller running wSUMS firmware version reader_0v32.spin
• Full-size SD card
• USB port for data/firmware updates
• LCD screen, 2 lines x 20 characters, and two interface pushbuttons
• Power from 4xAA alkaline batteries
• Polycarbonate enclosure
3.3. Data packet:
The data packet from the wSUM Stove Unit is recorded in the Handheld Reader as line of text
(*.txt) that looks this:
2012/08/0316:19:02,ABCD,0.33,4.4,25.0,04,11,4.3,5.0,37.5,24.0,13,27.5,6,379.14,9.5,1,148.14,
35.5,6,453.96,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.0
0,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00,0.0,0,0.00
The packet contains metadata, current Stove Unit battery voltage and temperature for quick
assessment, as well as usage for the duration of the deployment and by week:
3.4. 1st and 2nd wSUMs generations
The hardware for the 1st and 2nd generation, exclusively designed for chimney stoves, featured
the same Handheld Reader and a larger Chimney Unit depicted below. They operate in a fashion
similar to their predecessor but have options to be powered from alkaline batteries or from a
Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module.
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A
B
C
Image 7. (A) Four TEG-wSUMs Stove Units ready for deployment (metallic cases) with spare
circuit boxes (black) and a Handheld Reader. (B) TEG-wSUMs attached to a chimney. The
orange thermocouple cables measure hot-side temperature at closest contact point with the
chimney and the cold-side temperature at the outer side of the case. (C) Front view of the
wSUMs module.
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4. TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS
4.1. Differential temperature measurements to determine stove usage
The wSUMs algorithms to determine stove usage are based on differential temperature.
Subtracting the ambient from the stove temperature signals leaves behind only the temperature
changes due to heating or cooling of the stove. The figure below shows the temperature traces
collected with the two wSUMs thermocouple cables: one placed on the stove and one placed to
record ambient temperature. The black line is the hi-resolution differential temperature recorded
on the Stove Unit. By directly measuring the differential temperature, the wSUMs greatly
simplify signal analysis and processing to perform on-board instant calculations of stove usage.
Image 8. The differential temperature (stove minus ambient) shown in black enables on-board
calculation of stove usage.
4.2. Smart & flex on-board algorithms to quantify stove usage
The wSUMs scheme for on-board analysis of stove usage centers around time intervals termed
"giraWeek" and "giraDay". The flexible scheme allows the length of a "week" and also that of a
"day" to be defined by the user to match the desired resolution of the data set. This allows
relatively quick testing of the algorithms, and more importantly, enables a novel dual-capability
of using the wSUMs in short lab experiments and in long-term field deployments.
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The wireless data packet holds up to 20 giraWeeks worth of data. These could be actual weeks of
seven days (about 3 months of data), or for example, with a giraWeek of 24 days, and a giraDay
of 1 hour, the system could store data for 20 real days, and within each of those giraWeeks count
the number of 1 hour periods that the stove was in use. Instant access to and display of the
summary usage results removes the significant burden of data managing, processing and
interpretation, enabling real-time feedback during field monitoring or laboratory studies.
For on-board computation of stove usage, the data stored for each giraWeek consists of the
percent total number of samples and the accumulated degree-hours that the stove was used
during that period, and the total number of giraDays during the giraWeek that it was used. The
classification of "used" vs "not used" and the threshold for accumulations are based on our
previously published algorithms (Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2012; Ruiz-Mercado et al. 2013) and are
preset when the device are launched for deployment, enabling real-time computation of stove
usage.
4.3. Real-time visualization of stove usage
A key component of the wSUMs Handheld Reader is the menu interface available for the LCD
and the two pushbuttons. The interface allows the operator to check which stove ID numbers
have been received, select an individual stove to see the total percent of days in use and total
hours of use during the full monitoring period, as well as navigate through its day-by-day data
fields for instant feedback on usage and stove performance.
A
B
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D
Image 9. Real-time display of stove usage information collected on the first day of the
deployment for stove ID=05, which has been used for a total of 10.68 hours or 44.5% of the first
day. The Handheld Reader instantly displays for every stove ID found within range: (A) battery
voltage and firmware version of the Stove Unit, (B) start date and time of the deployment, and
number of current day and week being recorded, (C) percent of hours used and days in use
during the full deployment (“0 dy” is displayed since the first day is not finished and counted
yet) , and (D) usage during the first day (the same as the total for this example).
4.4. Power scheme
A critical development of the project was to provide enough power for the sampling, logging and
transmitting needs of the wSUMs. This required minimizing power consumption by four means:
enabling selection of the sampling and transmission frequencies to match the least energyintensive ones with the desired length of deployment; putting the device to sleep at micro-power
levels in between samples; restricting the times of the day when fast transmission of data packets
occurred to match the times when the person with the Handheld Reader is expected to walk-by
and; and by limiting the size of the data packet transmitted.
5. PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND TESTING RESULTS
The specifications of the final prototype were the result of a continuous process of innovation,
lab and field testing. This section details the most relevant features tested through this process.
5.1. Specifications of the prototypes built
The table below details the key feature of each wSUMs prototype:
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Gen
TEG
1st
st
1


nd
2
POWER
AA
Recharge
batteries



3rd
STOVE
Portable
Chimney
w/fan
May 2015
READER
STOVE UNIT
Compact
size
Open
fires
Receives from
multip. stoves
Measures 2
stoves simult.











5.2. Features tested
Field testing in each community was carried out with the purpose of testing the following
prototype features:
wSUMs Community
Berkeley
USA
1st Gen
Santa Ana
MEXICO
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3rd Gen
Taretan
MEXICO
Palwal
District
Haryana
INDIA
Tzurumutaro
Aspects tested
• Chimney and fan-assisted stoves:
excess heat is enough to achieve
required power levels
• Signals are sent and received
• Withstands conditions in real homes
• Signal range in homes is sufficient
• Fan-assisted stove: excess heat in real
conditions is enough to power TEG
of fan
• Operates unattended
• Quantified usage is accurate
• Reliable long-term logging and
transmission
• Complete data packet retrieval of
weeks-long monitoring periods
• Lifetime of alkaline-battery pack
• Stability of user-set configuration
parameters
• External cable setup works in fixed
and portable non-chimney stoves
• Stove units withstand outdoor
placement
• Signal range in non-chimney
configurations closer to the ground
• Complete data packet retrieval
• External cable setup works in
Population
1 chimney stove (Patsari)
1 portable-fan assisted stove
(StoveTec)
5 chimney-stoves (Patsari)
1 portable fan-assisted stove
(StoveTec)
Fieldworker’s families
and neighbors, long-term
users of Patsari stoves and
one family volunteering to
test the StoveTec design.
5 chimney-stoves (Patsari)
Participants in a health
study receiving new Patsaris
4 traditional chullahs
3 haaros
4 Philips woodstove
Participants in a newborn
stove study receiving new
Philips
3 chimney stoves
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MEXICO
May 2015
chimney stoves and traditional fires
• Signal range in non-chimney
configurations closer to the ground
• Complete data packet retrieval
3 traditional fires
1 gas stove
Women full time users of
chimney stoves for selling
hand-made tortillas.
5.3. Device performance results
5.3.1. Thermo Electric Generator (TEG) Module
The TEG thermoelectric generator was sandwiched in between an aluminum block and a finned
heat sink, and the aluminum block was strapped tightly to the Patsari chimney. The assembly
was designed by Biolite after fluid dynamic simulations to determine the optimum geometry.
The TEG was instrumented to record hot and cold side temperatures and TEG output voltage and
current.
A
B
Image 10. (A) Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis to design (B) the TEG module casing
(metallic case) of the wSUMs for the chimney stoves to generate the maximum temperature
difference between the chimney surface and the cold side of the junction. The black box contains
the electronics.
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We conducted experiments to test the power generated by the excess heat of the stoves. With the
Patsari in full operation, the temperature difference was rarely more than 20°C across the TEG,
and the resulting power available was in the range of 15 mW to 25 mW (Figure 11).
Image 11. Power output of the TEG-wSUMs attached to the testing Patsari chimney stove.
The power was generated at a low voltage, in the range of 20mV to 100mV, so it was necessary
to step up the voltage to the 3.3V level necessary to operate the transmitter or the 4.2V level
necessary to charge a Li-Poly battery. Accordingly EME designed a step-up energy booster
based on newly available integrated circuits, the LTC3108 energy harvester and the LMC4071
micropower battery charge regulator. While the circuit could start operation at inputs as low as
20mV, the efficiency was poor, and the maximum power outputs on the Patsari were on the order
of 5mW. The power outputs were insufficient compared with the operation of the wSUMS with
the radio transmitting at 15 second intervals, an average requirement of 15 to 20mW.
The Patsari could not even keep up with that when at its highest operating temperature, much
less supply enough to carry the system through cool periods. The data logger alone, recording to
SD card, could operate on an average power of 0.4mW, which was more feasible. Operation
from supplemental battery power, however, was necessary for transmitting the data from the
Patsari. It may have been possible to supplement the battery with another source of harvested
energy, such as a small solar panel on the roof above the chimney, but we did not pursue that
path.
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The rocket stove was quite a different story. The temperature difference to the TEG on the rocket
stove with its forced ventilation easily passed 100 °C in full operation, and generated power over
1W. Provided that the stove is used regularly, it could supply sufficient power to operate the
transmitter and to charge a battery for operation during the cool periods. The voltage output was
still low, 2.5V to 3V, and needed a boost to charge the 4.2V Li-poly battery and to operate the
data logger and transmitter.
Image 12. Temperature difference between the cold and the hot side of the junction of the TEG
module in the rocket stove (left axis) and the generated voltage (right).
Performance during regular use conditions could not be tested in Mexico since this stove type is
not compatible with the local cooking practices. The test home used it only sporadically and as a
complement to the traditional fire. When they tried to use it for more energy-intensive tasks like
boiling water for bathing, the case of the first TEG module on the portable stoves melted due to
overheating as shown in the pictures below.
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A
May 2015
B
Image 13. (A) StoveTec stove with yellow TEG module being used as a complimentary stove in
the study site in Michoacan. (B) Further use for more energy intensive tasks such as boiling
water for bathing resulted in melting of the TEG casing.
In these types of fan-assisted stoves, long cool-down periods supply lower grade of energy that
could be captured. This situation requires a dual technology, one to kick in at high energy levels
to capture the full power when available, and another to kick in to harvest the low grade energy
over longer periods. The two technologies use different parts and techniques. This is dependent
of the tight integration of the TEG with the stove, per Biolite technology, and would not be well
suited for ad-hoc addition to existing stoves of either high or low tech.
Use of the TEG for stove monitoring will depend on either lower power demand from the
logger/transmitter, or an unreasonable improvement of TEG output. The need to transmit data
several times a minute was the big power hog in this project that made TEG operation
unfeasible.
5.3.2. Range
The range of the wireless transceivers used in the Stove Unit and Handheld Reader (standard
XBee 802.15.4 modules) is stated to be 90 meters outdoor line of sight and 30 meters
indoor/urban. The transmit power is 1mW (0dBm) and the receiver sensitivity is stated to be
92dB. The presence of walls and other obstructions, particularly metal, screen or moist objects,
make a tremendous difference, as does the mounting position of the unit and the position of the
Reader receiver. Generally placement high above the floor or ground is best. Weather conditions
also make a difference.
We conducted experiments to assess the range of the units. On a Patsari stove inside a wooden
test home, a wSUMs was placed on the chimney at one meter above the base. The home -regularly used for stove testing-- has the standard dimensions and configuration of a local
kitchen (3x3 meters). The front side of the home has clear line of sight and the back borders a
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wall
fence
concrete wall with chicken wire fence. The concrete wall extends to the right eight meters from
the right side of the house. Few meters to the left there is a small one-floor office. The signal
strength walking around the house is shown in the figure below.
office
Test house
Image 14. Signal strength of a wSUMs radially decreasing (red to grey) with distance. The Stove
Unit was placed on a stove inside a wooden test-house and data packets were collected with a
Handheld Reader in a 20m radius. The wSUMs signal could still be read from inside an office 5
to 10 meters from the stove but, as expected, did not go through the metallic fence on the right or
through thick concrete walls.
On a cloudy day the range of the units was 35 meters outdoor line of sight. Signal was lost by the
fence but successfully received inside the small office. These results suggested that it is best to
place the wSUMs unit in elevated locations like chimneys or roofs to minimize obstacles. This
can be done using large amounts of thermocouple wires to extend the distance between the point
of temperature measurement and the location of the wSUMs Stove Unit. In actual homes, even
following these guidelines, the results were quite different and range had to be assessed on a try
it and see basis with each house configuration. In the end, successful signal reception was
possible only when there was one wall between the Stove Unit and the Handheld Reader, the
wall had no metal, and the distance between the transceivers was less than 5 meters.
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Image 15. Range testing of the wSUMs at 15 meters in front of and behind a metal fence.
5.3.3. Battery Life
Average battery current to operate the data logger with XBee transmissions at 20 second
intervals is calculated to be on the order of 4 milliamps (mA). The capacity of a set of 4 AA
batteries is 2800 mAh, and a set of 4 AAA batteries is 1200 mAh. The calculated life of a set of
4 would accordingly amount to 2800/4 = 700 hours = 29 days for AA batteries, or 1200/4 = 300
hours = 12 days for AAA batteries. It was best to use a set of four alkaline batteries or a set of
three LiSO4 batteries. A 0.5Ah single Li-poly cell should last 4 days before reaching the 3.2V
cutoff from full charge. An operation cycle that cuts down the XBee transmission window to a 6
hour active period each day should roughly triple the service life to 12 days.
We analyzed the lifetime of the device batteries by looking at the battery voltages recorded in the
high-resolution data on the Stove Unit. Careful scheduling of the walk-by times during testing of
the 2nd generation enabled us to set the active window to 2 hours from 10am to noon. With
transmission at 30 seconds intervals, the 4xAA alkaline batteries in this wSUMs version lasted
for 45 days (black line). For the 3rd generation of wSUMs (red line) the compact rechargeable Lipoly cell lasted 15 days with transmission at 5 minutes intervals and an active window of 8 hours
from 8am to 4pm. Transmission intervals longer than 5 minutes often caused significant time
losses for the fieldworkers, especially when wSUMs monitoring was the only activity being
carried out and several packages needed to be sent for successful reception when the line of sight
was not optimum.
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Image 16. Battery life of the 2nd Gen wSUMs (AA alkaline batteries) and the 3rd Gen (Li-poly
battery).
The desire to cut down the size of the Stove Unit for the 3rd wSUMs generation was
unwarranted. A slightly larger Stove Unit package would have allowed room for a better set of
batteries, an easier and more accessible layout, and the combination of a full size SD card and
USB port. Most of the problems with data loss were due to battery power loss. The short battery
life required more frequent visits and in the last deployment of the 3rd generation, a bug in the
wSUMs firmware reset the data string when power was lost, causing missed data packages when
the house visit occurred after battery depletion.
5.3.4. Use of external thermocouple cables to monitor usage
The 3rd Gen wSUMs has external thermocouple cables to monitor different stove configurations
with and without chimneys. The circuit board in the Stove Units has a port enabled for a third
thermocouple wire that can be placed on a second stove and obtain a second differential
temperature.
In Mexico, the hot-side thermocouple cables were attached to the either the chimney with a
metallic O-ring, to the side of a gas stove with metallic tape or to traditional fires using a metallic
plate as a conductive holder. Monitoring of a single stove was successful when standardized
placement protocols were followed. We tested the dual-stove capability of the 3rd Gen Stove
Units using two thermocouple cables as hot-side temperatures and a third one to measure
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ambient temperature. Monitoring two stoves simultaneously with a single Stove Unit was only
feasible when the kitchen area met the following criteria: (1) the two stoves are no more than
eight meters apart, and (2) both stoves are located in the same kitchen space (indoors or
outdoors). In addition, the Stove Unit had to be placed on a wall with nearly direct line of sight
to the entrance of the home for the Handheld Reader to be able to receive data packets without
entering the home.
cable
wSUMs
cable
Image 17. Stove usage monitoring with the wSUMs in a house that combines use of a gas stove
and a Patsari chimney stove. The wSUMs stove unit is placed in the roof and the thermocouple
cables run along the walls to reach each stove.
In India, most primary cooking spaces were separated from the main house. They were generally
located in a courtyard outside. Courtyards were typically open spaces bound by mud-brick walls,
storage areas and living quarters. When courtyards were not available, primary cooking spaces
could be found on the roof.
Courtyard setups varied from household to household and Stove Units wiring had to be adapted
to fit different scenarios. In situations where hearths were built near a tree or wall, Stove Units
were hidden in wall crevices where available to minimize obtrusiveness, or hung on a nearby tree
or wall to prevent easy access by young children. In large courtyards where hearths were four
meters or more apart and the ground was made of dirt, wires ran underground. In courtyards
where light excavation was not possible, i.e. the ground is concrete, wires were secured to the
ground with hooks to prevent tripping. This would be problematic if wires need to run longer
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distances. Image 18 below provides two examples of wiring setups. In all situations, the Stove
Units were placed in air-tight containers to protect them from rain.
A
wSUMs
B
wSUMs
cables
Image 18: (A) Stove Unit secured to a tree with wires running down to the stove. (B) Two stoves
connected to one Stove Unit; wires run underground to prevent people and animals from
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tripping enter/exiting doorway. In both (A) and (B), the Stove Units were place in air-tight
containers to protect them from rain.
Hand-made hearths presented additional unique challenges for monitoring usage with external
thermocouple cables. The soldered wire ends were plastered to the side of the hearths with the
same mud material used to build them to hold them in place. Ideally, when Stove Units need
replacement, pre-wired stove units would be used. Removal of the wires from the stoves would
require the field team break or crack the sides of participant’s stoves, which could be viewed as
disrespectful and culturally insensitive, potentially leading to an unwillingness to continue
participating. Instead, wires were removed from the thermocouple sensors held inside the
devices. The current thermocouple connections design makes changing the wires on-site very
challenging and time-consuming, and can lead to damage to the devices or wiring mistakes.
While adjustments could be made to adapt the Stove Units to some situations, important
considerations, such as the rebuilding of stationary hearths and the use of mobile traditional
hearths, need to be addressed. Participants occasionally breakdown their traditional hearths and
rebuild them. Their new stoves may or may not be rebuilt in the exact same location. Issues
related to re-wiring the cook area may arise. For this pilot study, participants were asked not to
breakdown their stoves.
Lastly, during inclement weather, such as monsoon season, many households transition to
portable hearths that could be moved indoors or under cover. To ensure that wires are not tugged
and pulled out of the Stove Unit sockets during transport, the devices would need to be attached
directly to the mobile hearths. Like the stationary hearths, this could be accomplished with mud.
However, it is important to note that hearths were often re-plastered with new mud after each
cooking event. Layers of mud covering the Stove Unit may damage the device, decrease
transmission range, and hinder access to the Stove Units for data retrieval. Monitoring portable
hearths was not explored in this study.
5.3.5. Measuring portable stoves (Philips woodstoves)
In India, we tested attaching the Stove Units to the Philips portable woodstove. To ensure that
wires were not tugged and pulled out of the Stove Unit sockets, the devices needed to be attached
directly to the Philips stoves. To protect the Stove Units from spillage and potential damage, they
were placed inside air-tight containers with a sheet of metal attached to bottom. The metal sheet
was used to hang off the metal band encasing the Philips woodstove. This also created space
between Stove Units and the Philips cookstoves to prevent heat damage to the devices. Wires
extended from the Stove Units and were secured under the metal band. Image 19 below shows an
example of a Philips woodstove wired with a Stove Unit.
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Image 19: A Stove Unit enclosed within an air-tight container hangs off the side of a Philips
woodstove using a metal sheet.
5.3.6. Wireless collection of usage data
At each visit, the Handheld Reader wirelessly collected stove usage data. The data packet
streamed by the Stove Units contained the summary usage since the last visit and the hours of
stove usage in every “week” of the deployment. The graph below shows both summary and
weekly usage data collected in a house with the 2nd Gen wSUMs during the first three visits in
Taretan Mexico (August to October 2012).
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Image 20. Usage data of a Patsari chimney stove collected with 2nd Gen wSUMs in the pilot
study in Taretan, Mexico. The vertical lines indicate the dates and total usage times collected
with the Handheld Reader. The intermediate points are the usage data by week. This monitored
house used the Patsari stove an average of 6.2 hours every day.
The numbers of data packets sent by the Stove Unit and successfully received by the Handheld
Reader at the end of each field campaign are shown in the tables below. For the lab and in-field
supervised testing of 1st Gen wSUMs in Mexico, 90% of the data packets were successfully
recorded by the Reader in the two visits. On each visit, the packet contained the summary usage
for a two-week period and detailed usage by week. The nine data packets successfully received
contained usage data for 154 stoves and days (stove-days).
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Santa Ana (July to August 2012)
1st Gen wSUMs
Number of visits
Total days monitored
Stoves monitored
wSUMs
Data Packets collected (%)
Total stove-days monitored
Stove-day packets recorded (%)
May 2015
2
35
5
5
9 of 10 (90%)
154
154 (100%)
Success rate with the 1st and 2nd Gen wSUMs in the long-term pilot in Mexico reached 74%.
During this period four visits were done. The majority of the data losses were due to failure of
two devices during the last monitoring period that lasted 3 months.
Taretan (August 2012 to May 2013)
2nd Gen wSUMs
Number of visits
Total days monitored
Stoves monitored
wSUMs
Data Packets collected (%)
Total stove-days monitored
Stove-day packets recorded (%)
4
136
5
5
14 of 19 (74%)
669
431 (64%)
The percent of data packages successfully received with 3rd Gen wSUMs decreased to 40%
during testing in Mexico and to 56% in India. The large majority of these losses were due to a
bug in the Stove Units firmware that prevented the power scheme from working correctly. This
caused early depletion of the Li-poly batteries and the unexpected reset of the data string when
power was lost. When the fieldworkers walked by with the Handheld Reader, the Stove Units
had lost power without retaining the data packet with stove usage for the deployment.
Tzurumutaro (December 2013 to March 2014)
3nd Gen wSUMs
Number of visits
Total days monitored
Stoves monitored
wSUMs
Data packets collected (%)
Total stove-days monitored
1 channel
Stove-day packets recorded (%)
1 channel
12
135
8
5
22 of 55 (40%)
620
218 (35%)
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Palwal District, Haryana (July 2013 to October 2013)
3nd Gen wSUMs
Number of visits
Total days monitored
Stoves monitored
wSUMs
Data packets collected (%)
Total stove-days monitored (%)
1 channel
Stove-days packets recorded (%)
1 channel
May 2015
10
75
8
5
38 of 68 (56%)
487
330 (68%)
6. IMPACT OF THE WIRELESS SUMs INNOVATION
6.1. Expansion of the system to monitor usage of other household technologies
At the Eco-technology Unit of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the 3rd
generation of wSUMs can be used to monitor the performance of the Zunix® solar water preheater (http://www.zunix.com.mx/especificaciones.html). The Zunix is a solar collector that preheats the water for bathing before it is sent to a water boiler, providing an alternative to save on
fuel. Wireless SUM is a unique research tool that can provide closer thermocouple contact to
specific parts of the solar collector, allowing for accurate input and output water, and ambient
temperature readings to evaluate Zunix performance.
wSUMs
Image 21. 3rd Gen wSUMs used to monitor usage of a Zunix® solar water pre-heater.
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6.2. Local expertise and impact in the selected geographic areas
In Mexico, we built local capacities through the project. Technicians: two field technicians
learned to fully manage the wSUMs units, strengthening their quantitative and programming
skills as well as getting experience with the field logistics required for stove use monitoring
projects. Fieldworkers: the four fieldworkers that participated in the project became familiar with
the field protocols for monitoring usage with SUMs. Masters student: one student participated in
the project and gained experience with data collection. Partner NGO: the project allowed GIRA
to further revise their methodologies for monitoring stove usage and stove performance. UNAM,
the National University of Mexico, has expanded the use of wSUMs units to monitor usage of
other ecotechnologies. The families that helped us test the 3rd Gen wSUMs had their chimney
stove repaired or their open fire replaced with a Patsari chimney stove.
Image 22. Berkeley, GIRA and UNAM teams during prototype testing in Mexico, 2011.
In India, the INCLEN field team learned to fully manage the wSUM platform. The two
fieldworkers who participated in the project became familiar with the wSUMs electronic
components and field protocols. They developed basic electronic circuit skills that allowed them
to rewire replacement wSUMs in the field as well as rudimentary programming skills that
allowed them to utilize the associated wSUMs software. In addition to these skills, the field team
supervisor gained experience with managing and maintaining a database of wSUMs data.
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Manikanta Reddy, a recent Masters of Public Health from Sri Ramachandra University (SRU)
participated in the project and gained first-hand experience with field work and data collection.
As a result of the collaboration between the INCLEN field team and the Berkeley team, a
comprehensive field guide and protocol was written as a reference for wSUMs deployment in
India and for troubleshooting.
Image 23. UC Berkeley and INCLEN field team during testing in India, 2013.
At Berkeley, California, a PhD dissertation (Ilse Ruiz-Mercado) and a MSc thesis (Jenny Eav)
were associated with the project.
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Image 24. Ilse Ruiz-Mercado (left) and Jenny Eav (right).
7. OUTLOOK FOR OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE
The following tasks need to be completed for the current devices to be fully functional (hardware
and firmware left dangling):
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reset or power loss should not reset the data string
Modify the main data packet to include the data from the second and other data channels
Revise calculations of degree-hours, COV and slope
Reinstate and verify remote reset and change of parameters via the radio link (provided
adequate power)
Get a higher capacity battery charger, implement faster charging via USB.
Other operational details
The 3rd generation of wSUMs are unique tools that, with careful placement and transmission
frequency configuration, deliver instant readings of stove usage without entering the household.
Large-scale application of the devices will need the following enhancements to represent an
alternative with lower cost to the current iButton technology:
1. Enhanced battery life to extend the length of the monitoring periods.
Using a slightly larger battery package would allow for higher capacity batteries when
the form factor of the Stove Unit does not need to be small.
2. Key hardware upgrades to facilitate field deployment including:
a. A mechanism for battery replacement using bigger connectors that do not require
soldering, which is challenging to do inside people’s kitchens.
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b. Easier access to the thermocouple cable connections inside the Stove Unit with a
latch or similar mechanism that does not need tools to unscrew small parts in the
field. A different type of thermocouple cable connectors to the circuit is also
needed. The current design makes it extremely challenging to replace or verify the
connection of the thermocouples when the Stove Units are placed behind the
stove to minimize obtrusiveness or in elevated locations to improve signal
strength.
c. Waterproof casing is needed to safely monitor stoves placed outdoors.
For research purposes and pilot testing of other thermal ecotechnologies (solar water heaters,
stoves or dehydrators) the current thermocouple logger is very useful even without radio
transmission. Operating at very low power, in a small package and at a low cost, it can provide
much greater data refinement than the usual SUMs (iButton), and closer contact of the
thermocouples to different heat sources.
If direct transmission to cellphone or internet and/or power from a TEG module is required, the
following features are worth further investigation:
•
Lower power communication protocol to enable use of the TEG module
The need to transmit data several times a minute was the big power drain in this project that
made TEG operation unfeasible. The same applies to an alternative strategy where the Stove
Unit would listen for the Reader to walk by. Both transmission and reception take equal power,
although the reception option might have to be ON less time for each cycle. One alternative
would be to add a second wireless channel, a so-called wakeup receiver. These devices operate
with a loopstick antenna at a very low frequency (~125kHz) and at microwatts of power. Their
only function is to listen for a coded pulse, and that wakes up the main processor and data
transceiver. Both the Stove Unit and the Handheld Reader unit would require a wakeup device,
which adds complexity and increased costs. Also, the loopstick antennas are quite orientation
sensitive, so the deployment protocol would have to take that into consideration.
•
Direct cellular or WiFi
Cellular or WiFi are still options that could be explored. Cellular modems demand much greater
instantaneous power than the XBees, and they are subject to many vagaries of coverage which
cannot be brushed aside. On the other hand, they would have to be activated for transmission
rarely and they would save a direct visit to the site. The embedded M2M cellular technology
continues to advance to smaller and more power efficient devices and lower cost.
REFERENCES
Mukhopadhyay R, Sambandam S, Pillarisetti A, Jack D, Mukhopadhyay K, Balakrishnan K,
Vaswani M, Bates MN, Kinney PL, Arora N, and Smith KR. (2012). Cooking practices,
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May 2015
air quality, and the acceptability of advanced cookstoves in Haryana, India: an
exploratory study to inform large-scale interventions. Global Health Action 5.
doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19016
Pillarisetti A, Vaswani M, Jack D, Balakrishnan K, Bates MN, Arora NK, Smith KR (2014).
Patterns of stove use after introduction of an advanced cookstove: the long-term
application of household sensors. Environmental Science & Technology. Doi:
10.1021/es504624c
Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, and Smith KR (2012). Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors
(SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47:459-468.
Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, Walker JL, and Smith KR (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove
adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57:136-148.
Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, and Smith KR (2011). Adoption and sustained use of
improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 39:7557-7566.
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ANNEX 1: BUSINESS CANVAS
Prepared by: Berkeley Air Monitoring Group
The goal of the wireless SUMS (wSUMS) project was to create a device to track cookstove
usage that could be deployed cost-effectively across large programs to provide managers and
funders with a robust and statistically representative measure of adoption. At the time the project
was started, carbon financing was expected to create large programs that would require this type
of instrumentation. A subsequent change in the structure of the carbon markets, however, caused
prices to fall, and fundamentally altered the commercial prospects for the wSUMS. Beyond the
carbon arena, there continues to be a small but growing demand for cookstove usages monitoring
devices for both monitoring and evaluation and research purposes. Based on its experience
commercializing related monitoring products and services for the global cookstove sector,
Berkeley Air Monitoring Group was invited to provide a preliminary business canvass to
characterize the current market opportunity and the competitive environment. The findings
suggest that the market size is approximately $150,000 annually, growing steadily but not
exponentially, and with several devices already competing for market share. While the wSUMS
brings some innovative features to the table, there does not appear to be sufficient support right
now for full commercialization, unless an innovative partnership could be struck with a nationalscale dissemination program that would find it worthwhile to make the investment necessary to
bring wSUMS into production.
1. Background
At the inception of the wireless SUMS (wSUMS) initiative in January 2010, the project team
aimed to build a product that would enable smart monitoring of large-scale stove projects,
especially those expected to scale up using carbon financing. The goal was to create an
instrument that would be more robust and less expensive than the existing usage monitoring
alternatives. Expanding on previous implementations of non-wireless Stove Use Monitors
(SUMs), the aim of this project was to develop a wireless version that could be deployed in a
carefully selected subsample across millions of households to verify use in a statistically valid
manner and provide information valuable to dissemination programs and funders. Although the
Vodafone grant funding was targeted at overcoming technical obstacles and creating a proof of
concept, it was also hoped that at the end of the funding period, wSUMS would be a suitable
target for investment funding leading to the development of a commercial product.
No formal business development activities were undertaken as part of the Vodafone project.
However, Berkeley Air Monitoring Group was invited to partner with the team to provide
general business development guidance based on its experience commercializing related
monitoring products and services for the global cookstove sector. As a result, this analysis relies
solely on publically available data combined with the authors’ informal observations of
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May 2015
consumer preferences and behavior. It should be viewed as a pilot analysis of the position and
potential business model for the wSUMS and a starting point for more rigorous investigation.
2. Market Size and Segmentation
The traditional cookstove sector is highly fragmented and active across Africa, Asia, Central and
South America. It includes approximately 500-700 million households with a total of about 3
billion people, who rely on solid fuels to meet their daily cooking needs. The Global Alliance
for Clean Cookstoves has identified at least 87 countries with 25% or more of the population
reporting substantial solid-fuel use. 1 These Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) consumers depend
primarily on biomass fuels – wood, charcoal, and various agricultural residues – for energy, but
the traditional sector also includes other solid fuels, most importantly coal. The sector’s scope is
sometimes defined by what it does not encompass: mainly household using liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) or connected to central utilities (natural gas, electric grid) and stoves for first-world
recreational use are excluded.
The vast majority of these BOP consumers meet their energy needs either without any
commercial products or with technologies and fuels that are produced in small quantities by
artisans using locally sourced materials and sold through informal distribution channels. Less
than 5% of the market belongs to more sophisticated higher performing products, with industrial
or semi-industrial design and/or manufacturing. This advanced biomass cookstove segment,
however, is poised for significant growth over the next 5-7 years. For example, in November
2014, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves raised USD $413 million aimed at converting
approximately 20% of the global market to clean and efficient solutions by 2020.
The extensive global dependence on solid fuels is the source of several critical global human
problems. The health burden from solid fuel burning is currently estimated to be 4 million
premature deaths per year. The climate impacts are also important, with approximately 20% of
black carbon emissions attributed to household solid fuel use, for example. The magnitude of
these impacts has created the need for ongoing scientific research, with health, climate, and
social scientists all seeking to quantify and characterize both the nature of the risks from solid
fuel combustion as well as the potential impacts of alternative technologies, fuels, and mitigation
approaches. For all of these researchers, regardless of the nature of the final impacts of interest
to them, it is critical to understand how households use the various types of stoves and fuels
available to them. The wSUMS is, therefore, a potentially attractive product to this customer
segment.
The advanced biomass cookstove industry has the potential to mitigate some of the harm
resulting from the widespread dependence on biomass fuels. As a result, the sector has attracted
support from a network of financial and third-sector enabling partners, including public and
1
http://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources_files/market-enabling-roadmap-phase-2-extended.pdf
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Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
private granting agencies, lending and investment institutions, and global charities with a range
of missions and programs. This heightened third-party interest in the cookstove markets has
created a secondary market for monitoring and evaluation products and services, such as the
wSUMS, that can provide data on the effectiveness of these investments.
While no formal data exists on the size of the market for cookstove usage monitoring devices, a
back-of-the envelope estimate suggests approximately $150,000 was spent on these products in
2014 and an even larger amount spent by funding agencies to develop them. The market has
been growing steadily but its total value is currently still small and cannot support much product
development or differentiation. The excitement generated three to five years ago by cookstove
carbon offset projects has largely died down due to the economic slowdown late last decade and
then expiration of the Kyoto protocol and the consequent drop in international carbon prices.
Current cookstove carbon projects operate almost entirely outside of the regulatory environment,
where the monitoring requirements do not include usage measurements. However, other resultsbased financing initiatives focused on the health and biodiversity impacts of cookstoves are
under development and could, if successful, significantly boost the demand for stove use
monitoring products.
Though small, the market for cookstove usage monitoring is divided between a monitoring and
evaluation (M&E) and a research segment. Our informal observations suggest that they share
certain characteristics while differing in some important ways. The M&E segment is the larger
of the two, including grant-making entities, investors, lenders, and a broad spectrum of
international charities. M&E customers demand products and services that measure predetermined indicators of effectiveness and deliver reliable, cost-effective results. Researchers,
on the other hand, often seek a wider range of detailed data, reflecting their focus on exploration
of causal relationships. The M&E customers are often less accustomed to purchasing
instruments to meet their M&E needs and many are also dependent on public funding, resulting
in heightened price-sensitivity among these consumers. In contrast, while researchers are often
dependent on grants and other public funding to launch a particular project, once funded, they
tend to prioritize technical performance over cost.
3. Competitive Environment for Cookstove Usage Monitoring
Data on cooking patterns, including the frequency and duration of cooking as well the
configuration of technologies used, is of primary interest to both market segments. These
parameters can be assessed in several ways. Families can be asked to record their cooking
activities. Similarly, surveyors can visit homes and ask families to recall their cooking patterns or
they can observe cooking activities in real time. In the past several years, sensors have been
introduced that can measure the changes in temperature on each cooking technology present in a
home. The resulting temperature data can be converted into usage estimates. Based on Berkeley
Air’s experience in the market, customers from both the M&E and research segments perceive
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May 2015
usage data collected from sensors to be superior to that derived solely from self-reported logs,
surveys, and observations (although a combination of sensor data and qualitative methods is
often considered superior to either method alone.) Among the options for sensor-based
measurement, customers groups may consider approximately the same product attributes
(presented in Table 1), but tend to prioritize them differently.
Table 1 Cookstove Usage Monitoring Device Attributes by Customer Group
Attribute
How much does the instrumentation cost?
How much human capacity is needed to
collect and analyze the data?
How quickly are the end results available?
How reliable is the instrument/method
How long is the measurement period?
How accurate is the data?
Illustrative priority
for M&E group
1
2
Illustrative priority
for research group
5
6
3
4
5
6
4
3
2
1
The following section summarizes, from a consumer perspective, the attributes of the wSUMS
with two other systems currently on the market.
3.1. Non-Wireless iButton SUMS Attributes
Based on its original development at UCB, for the past three years, Berkeley Air has been selling
a non-wireless SUMS based on a commercially available iButton temperature sensor. These
sensors, which were not originally designed to be used with combustion devices, are sold with
fit-for-purpose software and advice and tools for successful placement. Loss rates are
nonetheless significant because the sensors will burn out if they are placed too close to the fire.
Particularly with traditional mud or 3-stone stoves, placement is often tricky and time
consuming. After 2-8 weeks (depending on the frequency of the measurements), the sensors
must be manually downloaded by a trained fieldworker, and the resulting data are processed offsite using separate software. The analysis process is relatively difficult and time-consuming
(although improvements are in the pipeline), but the resulting home energy use information is
accurate and easily understood. As the sensor’s battery cannot be changed, its overall lifetime is
limited to about 2 years, depending on usage.
3.2. SWEETSense and WiCS Attributes
The SWEETSense TM Stove (Portland State University) and Wireless Cookstove Sensors (WiCS)
(Nexleaf Analytics) monitoring systems offer wireless stove use monitoring by transmitting
temperature data from individual household sensors over cell phone networks to a server. The
server can process the incoming data and display summary household energy usage information
in real time. These systems have had limited testing, and it is not clear whether they can be
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May 2015
successfully deployed cost-effectively in rural areas, particularly those without strong cell
networks.
3.3. wSUMS Attributes
Early on, the product development team decided to focus the R&D effort on creating a sensor
that had a dedicated hand-held reader with sophisticated on-board algorithms. The robust fit-forpurpose sensors placed on the house walls and stoves provide a very accurate temperature record
over 4-6 weeks, which is converted immediately by the reader into an easily understood record
of the home’s energy use. Data collection is done by any individual carrying the reader either
directly in front of, or in some case, into the home where stoves are being monitored. Summary
statistics can be viewed and downloaded from the reader, while detailed data (suitable for
research) can be recovered manually from the sensors.
3.4. Product Comparison
Table 2 summarizes the relative costs and features of the primary cookstove usage monitors
currently on the market. Note that all of these devices except the iButton-based SUMS are
relatively new or still in a Beta development phase, suggesting that features and costs will
change over time as the devices’ field capabilities are fully documented. Further, all of the
devices require tested signal-processing algorithms that may be customized based on stove type
and operation; it is not known the degree to which tested algorithms are available for various
scenarios.
An advantage of all three wireless products over the iButton-based SUMS is the potential ability
to instrument an entire household using just one device. This efficiency is achieved by attaching
multiple thermocouples to one logging device, which allows both a traditional fire or mud stove
to be instrumented alongside the new stove, assuming both are located in the same area of the
home and never moved. Our informal review suggests that the use of a single logger is apt to be
more effective in households with a built-in traditional stove, where year-round cooking is
already established in one location. In other environments where three-stone fires or portable
charcoal stoves are routinely moved depending on weather and cooking needs, more devices will
be needed to instrument a single household. The wireless SUMS devices also all measure the
ambient temperature, removing the need for a separate sensor for that purpose.
One potential disadvantage of the wireless usage monitors relative to the iButton-based SUMS is
their size. The iButton SUMS are approximately 1.75 cm in diameter and can usually be
discretely affixed to the stove body with a piece of tape or other simple support. In contrast,
other systems have housings for loggers and data transmissions several centimeters in width and
height, making placement less discrete and impractical for some stove types.
Among the three wireless usage monitors -- SWEETSense TM Stove, WiCS, and wSUMS – the
primary differentiators are whether the data are sent over cell phone or internet networks to a
central server with processing capabilities or analyzed to some degree at the point of collection,
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May 2015
as with the wSUMS. The on-site processing of summary statistics allows for smaller packets of
data, which can be easily downloaded for immediate results, whereas the other systems require
access to cell or internet networks to conduct the analysis. On the other hand, in locations where
cell networks are reliably and cost-effectively available, the SWEETSense TM Stove and WiCS
devices can potentially provide real-time data without the regular involvement of field
personnel. The wSUMS summary data are collected through a hand-held reader carried through
the village by a fieldworker, and the full data set is accessed by manually removing and
downloading the SD card from the logger or can be uploaded to a cell phone or wifi system
Table 2 Summary Comparison of Usage Monitors
Instrumentation
capital cost (for 10
households)
SUMS (not
wireless)
SWEETSense TM
Stove
WiCS
wSUMS
3000b
6250c
Cell connection and
automated analysis
costs additional
$1400e
Cell phone &
automated analysis
costs additional
$4000f
Time
demands
postinstallation
High
Data
processing
speed
Usability
Maximum
time
between
visitsg
2-8 weeks
Device Life
Low
Moderate
Low
Highd
Low
1 to 6+
months
Indefinitely
reusable
Low
Highd
Low
N/A
Indefinitely
reusable
Moderate
Highd
High
4-6 weeks
Indefinitely
reusable
a
2 years max
Notes:
a
Defined as the degree to which this device can be successfully deployed across a range of developing country
situations.
b
Assumes 3 sensors per household for traditional stove, new stove, and ambient, peripherals, 1 software license,
plus 25% loss margin.
c
Assumes one third of the households need 2 units due to distance between new and traditional stove, 1 back-up
unit and 10 1-year data plans.
d
Assumes that processing algorithms have been developed. Additional human capacity may be required to
develop and validate automated analytical data processing.
e
Assumes one third of the households need 2 units due to distance between new and traditional stove, 1 back-up
unit. No data or software costs included.
f
Per developer estimate.
g
All devices will likely require some checks for functionality, with the frequency depending on the stove type,
location, physical environment, and development state of the instrumentation.
1
Assumes that processing algorithms have been developed. Additional human capacity may be required to
develop and validate automated analytical data processing.
1
Per developer estimate.
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Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
4. Value Proposition
The wSUMS currently faces a challenging value proposition. Demand for cookstove usage
monitors is still quite modest, and there are at least three other competing products in the
marketplace. SWEETSense TM Stove and WiCS, offer entirely wireless options (when cell
networks are available), and promise to provide real-time data without requiring a lot of staff
time or engagement. If they can deliver on these promises, especially at a slightly lower price
point, they could have the edge with the monitoring and evaluation customer segment. If they
cannot deliver, then the regular SUMS will likely continue to be the measurement product of
choice, especially if the processing speed can be improved. It is difficult to see how the wSUMS
can provide a high-value option to the M&E consumers at this time.
One external development that could disrupt the current situation and provide opportunities for
the wSUMS would be the initiation of large-scale national programs that emphasize communitylevel support for adoption of advanced cookstoves. Such a program might find it cost-effective
to send program personnel into communities regularly to check and potentially reward on-going
usage. In addition, humanitarian operations may require a large group of people to transition to
an unfamiliar stove technology and/or fuel source safely, requiring repeat training and support
visits to achieve uptake. The availability of summary statistics on a hand-held device could
provide an opportunity for behavior-change training and support via real-time feedback.
Further, the ability to collect usage data without actually entering homes can also be a plus in the
formative research or evaluation stages of large health-based programs, where all data collection
inside households must be reviewed by institutional review boards and comply strictly with
protocols protecting human subjects. Collecting usage data from the exterior of the home,
therefore, allows for greater flexibility. Finally, it is possible to imagine that a large national
program, might be able to fund the further commercialization of the wSUMS and provide critical
mass for the production of the sensors and readers.
5. Recommendations
Although the wSUMS still has some technical hurdles to overcome, there are some steps that
could be taken to progress the commercialization of the instrument. The actions could be taken
as part of a continuing partnership with Berkeley Air Monitoring Group or other entity or with
the assistance of business consultants.
Market Research
There is a need to conduct a systematic assessment of the size and nature of the market for stove
use monitoring. This assessment should primarily investigate the monitoring and evaluation
customers and their needs, as this segment is larger and potentially more diverse than the
research group, but the preferences of the latter should be examined as well.
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Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
Technology Transfer
Another commercialization strategy worth evaluating would focus on transferring invocative
components of the wSUMS design rather than the full instrument. The smart on-board
algorithms could potentially be licensed to one of the competing products to create an enhanced
device with more the full range of data processing options.
Partnership Investigation
A targeted outreach campaign could be undertaken to present the wSUMS and its capabilities to
the leaders of national-scale programs and explore the possibility of commercializing the
wSUMS as a part of these programs. A program with a particular emphasis on village-level
behavior change and support networks would be a potentially good match. For example, in
Nepal, the semi-autonomous government institution AECP is currently implementing the
integrated five-year National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP). The
government of Nepal has added the aligned goal of providing ‘Clean Cooking Solutions for All
by 2017 (CCS4All 2017)’ and thereby producing ‘IAP-free Nepal.’ The Nepalese programs will
rely heavily on a community approach, where dissemination, training, and monitoring will be
organized at the village level. Thus the magnitude of the NRREP together with the related
interest in health outcomes creates the type of opportunity that might be able to support the final
development and commercialization of the wSUMS. Funders with interests not only in
cookstoves but also in community health and well-being could be recruited to support such a
partnership.
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Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
ANNEX 2: KEY PROJECT OUTPUTS
Scientific Conferences
2011
•
Stove use monitors (SUMs): Energy use verification devices for biomass stoves.
Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Eduardo Canuz,
Joan L. Walker, Kirk R. Smith, USA.
•
Monitores de uso de estufas (SUMs) para contabilizar el proceso de adopción. VIII
Reunión Nacional de la Red Mexicana de Bioenergía, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Eduardo
Canuz, Joan L. Walker, Kirk R. Smith, México
•
Energy use behavior and cooking practices: The adoption and sustained use of biomass
stoves, Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Omar
Masera, Kirk R. Smith, USA.
2012
•
•
Understanding the patterns of cookstove adoption and sustained use and their impact in
exposure reduction: Results from Guatemala and MExico. ISSN: 1044-3983, ISEE 24th
Annual Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, Omar Masera, Kirk
Smith, USA
Behavioral dimensions in the adoption and impacts of cookstoves disseminated in rural
households, Behavior, Energy and Climate Change Conference, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado,
Omar Masera, Kirk R. Smith, USA.
Published articles in journals and magazines
Mukhopadhyay R, Sambandam S, Pillarisetti A, Jack D, Mukhopadhyay K, Balakrishnan K,
Vaswani M, Bates MN, Kinney PL, Arora N, and Smith KR. (2012). Cooking practices, air
quality, and the acceptability of advanced cookstoves in Haryana, India: an exploratory study to
inform large-scale interventions. Global Health Action 5. doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.19016
Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, Walker JL, and Smith KR (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove
adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57:136-148.
Ruiz-Mercado I, Canuz E, and Smith KR (2012). Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors
(SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47:459-468.
Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, and Smith KR (2011). Adoption and sustained use of
improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 39:7557-7566.
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Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
UC Berkeley graduate theses
Ruiz-Mercado I (2012). The Stove Adoption Process: Quantification Using Stove Use Monitors
(SUMs) in Households Cooking with Fuelwood Thesis. University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley.
Eav, Jenny (2014). Field Testing of Wireless Use Monitors in Haryana, India. University of
California Berkeley, Berkeley.
Press coverage
Date Published
December, 2010
September 28, 2010
April 01, 2010
April 21, 2010
Publication/URL
Connected World Magazine.
http://www.connectedworldmag.com/
10_2_magazinearticle.aspx?id=MAZ
0101129085315790
Daily Californian.
http://www.dailycal.org/article/11052
3/device_monitors_families_stove_u
Sage
Partnership for Clean Indoor Air,
Extranjero, Medios impresos,
http://www.wecf.eu/download/2010/04
/PCIA-Bulletin-Issue-23.pdf
Bridges.
http://coeh.berkeley.edu/bridges/spri
ng2010/vodaphone_award.html
April 21, 2010
Household Energy Network.
http://www.hedon.info/article1957
April 18, 2013
Reportaje
Creadores universitarios, Foro TV.
Televisa, Nacional, Television.
Title
Tech meets social needs
Device monitors families
Stove usage
How many Stoves are being
used? Stove use monitoring
systems (SUMS).
Stove sensor project takes
top prize in Vodafone
competition for wireless
innovation
100 Millions stoves a
wireless
stove use monitoring system:
winner of wireless innovation
project
“Ecotecnologias en la
UNAM”.
Page 49 of 66
Visita 2
# Estufas
Inicio
Final
03-ago-12 17-ago-12 Tipo de estufa
iButton
35
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
Visita 1
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
13-jul-12 03-ago-12 Tipo de estufa
iButton
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
PTH=15
Gas
PTH=15
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
GNT=7
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
32.0%
ARCELIA
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
31.5%
Fogon
CTH=3.5
Fogon
CTH=3.5
Ambiente
DNT=1440
Ambiente
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Ambiente
DNT=1440
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
34%
GNT=7
PTH=15
PTH=15
Gas
-
Ambiente
-
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
Ambiente
DNT=1440
Ambiente
DNT=1440
FELIX PATSARI
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4v
si
23%
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
14.5%
GNT=7
PTH=15
Gas
PTH=15
Santa Ana
GUADALUPE
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
24%
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
16
14 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
48.0%
GNT=7
PTH=15
Gas
PTH=15
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
FELIX PATSARI TORTILLERA
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
16
14 (0.31)
4.5 v
si
38.5%
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
PTH=15
GNT=7
MARICELA
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
4.4 v
no
12.5%
Pendiente no estaba
PTH=15
GNT=7
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
9.5%
-
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
Ambiente
-
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
ANNEX 3: DETAILED REPORTING OF STOVE USAGE DATA
Page 50 of 66
Visita 4
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
27-feb-13 03-may-13 Tipo de estufa
iButton
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
Visita 3
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
18-sep-12 30-oct-12 Tipo de estufa
iButton
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
Visita 2
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
31-ago-12 18-sep-12 Tipo de estufa
iButton
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
Visita 1
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
20-ago-12 31-ago-12 Tipo de estufa
iButton
wSUM
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
PTH=15
GNT=7
Ma. De la Luz
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
4.8 v
no
0.0%
PTH=15
Gas
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
PTH=15
GNT=7
Ma. De la Luz
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
4.7 v
no
0.0%
Lectura incorrecta
PTH=15
GNT=7
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
3.8 v
no
0.0%
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Ma. De la Luz
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
5 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
4.0%
DNT=160
DNT=160
Ambiente
-
DNT=160
Ambiente
-
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4v
si
13.0%
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4.7 v
no
0.0%
PTH=15
GNT=7
Adriana Dimas
PTH=15
Gas
-
PTH=15
Gas
-
PTH=15
GNT=7
Adriana Dimas
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
3.5%
Adriana Dimas
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
6 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
4.5%
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Carmen Dimas
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
4.4 v
si
19%
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
4.8 v
no
0.0%
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
3.4 v
si
15.5%
PTH=15
GNT=7
Carmen Dimas
PTH=15
Gas
-
PTH=15
Gas
-
PTH=15
GNT=7
Carmen Dimas
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
11 (0.31)
4.2 v
si
13.5%
TARETAN
DNT=160
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
CTH=3.5
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Verónica
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
0.0%
Datos corruptos
PTH=15
GNT=7
Herminia Silva
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
4.2 v
si
0.0%
Los datos están al revés
PTH=15
GNT=7
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
3.9 v
si
9.0%
Los datos están al revés
PTH=15
GNT=7
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
12 (0.31)
2.7 v
si
0.5%
Datos corruptos
PTH=15
GNT=7
Herminia Silva
DNT=160
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
Chimenea
PTH=15
GNT=7
Martina Carbajal
Gas
Chimenea
1
10
14 (0.31)
4.3 v
si
8.0%
Gas
-
Ambiente
-
DNT=1440
Ambiente
-
CTH=3.5
PTH=15
GNT=7
Martina Carbajal
DNT=1440
CTH=3.5
PTH=15
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
10
14 (0.31)
4v
si
35.0%
Empezó a grabar 11 días después
CTH=3.5
PTH=15
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
10
14 (0.31)
4.2 v
si
5.5%
-
Fogon
-
CTH=3.5
Fogon
-
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
Page 51 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
TZURUMUTARO
Casa 003
Gas
Chimenea
1
1
20
16
0950
EA89
225 (0.36) 225 (0.36)
0
0
no
no
-
Visita 2
Fogon
Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
12-dic-13
19-dic-13 Tipo de estufa
07
50
iButton
AEEB/AC87
626C
wSUM
221 (0.36)
Batería restante
0
Lectura inalámbrica
no
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Visita 3
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
20-dic-13 02-ene-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
AEEB/AC87
0950
EA89
626C
wSUM
220 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36)
Batería restante
0
0
0
Lectura inalámbrica
no
no
no
Uso en porcentaje
Están mal pegados los cables del wSUM 220
Observaciones
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Visita 4
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
04-ene-14 14-ene-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
AEEB/AC87
0950
EA89
626C
wSUM
226 (0.36) 224 (0.36) 224 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.7 v
Lectura inalámbrica
si
si
si
Uso en porcentaje
0%
78.5%
Se despegaron los cables del wSUM 226
Observaciones
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Visita 5
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
15-ene-14 28-ene-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
AEEB/AC87
0950
EA89
626C
wSUM
214 (0.36) 220 (0.36) 220 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.7 v
3.4 v
3.4 v
Lectura inalámbrica
si
si
si
Uso en porcentaje
43.5%
76%
Observaciones
CTH=3.5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
Visita 6
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
29-ene-14 19-feb-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
0BF2
B2A8
wSUM
226 (0.36) 221 (0.36) 221 (0.36)
Batería restante
0
0
0
Lectura inalámbrica
no
no
no
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
CTH=3.5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
Casa 004
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
05
16
50
no
09C6
E0D7
224 (0.36)
226 (0.36)
0
0
no
no
El botón del fogón desapareció
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
05
16
50
no
09C6
E0D7
218 (0.35)
208 (0.36)
0
3.6 v
no
si
96.5%
Problemas en el wSUM 218
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
09C6
E0D7
225 (0.36)
221 (0.36)
3.7 v
3.7 v
si
si
35%
97.5%
Está despegado el cable del wSUM 225
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
9986
737B
no
225 (0.36)
208 (0.36)
0
3.6 v
no
si
99%
Se quemó el boton del fogón
CTH=3.5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
227 (0.35)
230 (0.36)
0
3.6 v
no
no
CTH=3.5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
Casa 007
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
AE5E
0A06
E7E9
227 (0.35)
227 (0.35)
0
0
no
no
El botón del fogón tiene problemas de lectura
CTH=3.5
PTH=1
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
AE5E
0A06
E7E9
214 (0.36)
214 (0.36)
0
0
no
no
CTH=3.5
Fogon
1
02
AE5E
227 (0.35)
3.7 v
si
-
PTH=1
Gas
0
-
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
0A06
227 (0.35)
3.7 v
si
82.5%
DNT=1440
Ambiente
CTH=3.5
Fogon
1
02
B218
205 (0.36)
3.6 v
si
-
PTH=1
Gas
0
-
GNT=7
Chimenea
1
10
E7C6
205 (0.36)
3.6 v
si
80.5%
DNT=1440
Ambiente
CTH=3.5
Fogon
1
02
B218
224 (0.36)
0
no
-
PTH=24
Gas
0
-
GNT=24
Chimenea
1
10
E7C6
224 (0.36)
0
no
-
DNT=60
Ambiente
CTH=3.5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
50
E7E9
-
50
B0F2
-
50
B0F2
-
Page 52 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
Visita 7
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
20-feb-14 05-mar-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
0BF2
B2A8
wSUM
220 (0.36) 214 (0.36) 214 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.5 v
3.6 v
3.6 v
Lectura inalámbrica
si
si
si
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
El lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidos
CTH=5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=10
Visita 8
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
05-mar-14 07-mar-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
0BF2
B2A8
wSUM
229 (0.37) 224 (0.36) 224 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.9 v
0
0
Lectura inalámbrica
si
no
no
Uso en porcentaje
62%
Observaciones
Problemas en las baterías de los wSUMs
CTH=5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=10
Visita 9
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
16
50
07-mar-14 12-mar-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
0BF2
B2A8
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
wSUM
208 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.8 v
0
0
no
Lectura inalámbrica
si
no
64.5%
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
CTH=5
PTH=24
DNT=60
GNT=24
CTH=10
Visita 10
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
2
1
1
# Estufas
12-mar-14 27-mar-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
0BF2
B2A8
wSUM
229 (0.37) 226 (0.36) 226 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.6 v
3.6 v
Lectura inalámbrica
no
si
si
Uso en porcentaje
20.5%
Observaciones
Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs
CTH=5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=10
Visita 11
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
12-mar-14 28-mar-14 Tipo de estufa
07
20
16
50
iButton
083A/9957
0BD8
0BF2
B2A8
wSUM
229 (0.37) 226 (0.36) 226 (0.36)
Batería restante
3.6 v
3.6 v
3.6 v
Lectura inalámbrica
no
si
si
Uso en porcentaje
19.5%
Observaciones
No se recibió lectura del wSUM 229
CTH=5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=10
Visita 12
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
Inicio
Final
# Estufas
2
1
1
07
20
28-mar-14 17-abr-14 Tipo de estufa
16
50
iButton
AEA6/0AC9
B1DA
AD51
08B1
wSUM
208 (0.36) 205 (0.36) 205 (0.36)
Batería restante
Lectura inalámbrica
no
no
no
Uso en porcentaje
Observaciones
Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente
CTH=5
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=10
May 2015
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
225 (0.36)
208 (0.36)
3.7 v
3.7 v
si
si
El lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidos
CTH=15
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
226 (0.36)
230 (0.36)
0
0
no
no
Problemas en las baterías de los wSUMs
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
220 (0.36)
225 (0.36)
0
3.9
no
si
58.5%
CTH=15
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
230 (0.36)
214 (0.36)
3.7 v
3.6 v
si
si
7%
46.0%
Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs
CTH=15
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
07
16
50
no
9986
737B
230 (0.36)
214 (0.36)
3.6 v
si
no
11%
No se volvió a colocar el wSUM al fogón
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
PTH=24
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
1
50
07
16
B213
AE90
4769
220 (0.36)
no
no
Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente
CTH=15
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=25
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
B218
E7C6
B0F2
205 (0.36)
205 (0.36)
3.6 v
3.6 v
si
si
El lector 2 no guardó los datos recibidos
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
B218
E7C6
B0F2
221 (0.36)
221 (0.36)
3.9 v
3.9 v
si
si
34.5%
El wSUM 221 fue el único que se dejó
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Gas
Fogon
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
10
50
02
B218
E7C6
B0F2
221 (0.36)
221 (0.36)
3.8 v
3.8 v
si
si
37.0%
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
B218
E7C6
B0F2
224 (0.36)
224 (0.36)
3.6 v
3.6 v
si
si
28.0%
Sólo se fué a tomar lectura de los wSUMs
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
B218
E7C6
B0F2
224 (0.36)
224 (0.36)
3.5 v
3.5 v
si
si
28.5%
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Fogon
Gas
Chimenea Ambiente
1
0
1
02
10
50
98A3
0A51
5FC5
225 (0.36)
225 (0.36)
no
no
Se colocaron ibuttons únicamente
PTH=24
GNT=24
DNT=60
CTH=15
Page 53 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
M10I
Visit 1
Initial
26-Jul-13
Final
5-Aug-13
Chulha
Haaro Improved
1
1
1
# Stoves
IMP
TRD
HAR
Stove Type
BB221
F2321
iButton
219 (0.35) 219 (0.35) 215 (0.34)
wSUM
3.7 v
Battery remaining
no
yes
no
Wireless reader
yes
yes
yes
SD card data
wSUM 219 reset itself on
7/28/2013
Observations
May 2015
M47N
Haaro
Improved
Chulha
1
1
1
IMP
HAR
TRD
0C721
E1A21
222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 201 (0.34)
4.0 v
3.6 v
3.6 v
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
On wSUM 201 SD card data, error
occurred on 7/30/2013 at 13:00. BV
dropped from 3.6 to 3.3. Lots of
headers between the previous
GNT=6
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Haaro
Improved
Haaro Improved Chulha
Visit 2
Chulha
1
1
1
1
# Stoves
1
1
Initial
IMP
HAR
TRD
TRD
HAR
IMP
5-Aug-13 Stove Type
0C721
F2321
E1A21
iButton
BB221
Final
206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34) 222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 216 (0.34)
10-Aug-13 wSUM
3.7 v
3.8 v
3.6 v
Battery remaining
3.8 v
no
no
no
yes
yes
Wireless reader
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
SD card data
Observations
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
DNT=1440
Chulha
Haaro Improved
Visit 3
1
1
Initial
# Stoves
1
HAR
IMP
10-Aug-13 Stove Type
TRD
Final
iButton
BB221
F2321
206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34)
16-Aug-13 wSUM
3.7 v
3.7 v
Battery remaining
yes
no
Wireless reader
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
wSUM 215 SD card data
stopped 8/13/2013
Observations
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
Mismatch between wSUM ID in
reader data and file name
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
Haaro
Improved
Chulha
1
1
1
HAR
IMP
TRD
0C721
E1A21
222 (0.35) 222 (0.35) 201 (0.34)
3.7 v
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
wSUM 222 was not replaced
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
GNT=6
Page 54 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
M10I
Visit 4
Initial
16-Aug-13
Final
24-Aug-13
Chulha
Haaro Improved
# Stoves
1
1
1
Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
iButton
BB221
F2321
wSUM
206 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 215 (0.34)
Battery remaining
Wireless reader
no
no
no
SD card data
yes
yes
wSUM 215 was not replaced
last week
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
Visit 5
Chulha
Haaro Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
1
1
24-Aug-13 Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
F2321
5-Sep-13 wSUM
217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 206 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.8 v
Wireless reader
no
no
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
May 2015
M47N
Chulha
Haaro
Improved
1
1
1
TRD
HAR
IMP
E1A21
0C721
219 (0.35) 219 (0.35) 201 (0.34)
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=7
DNT=1440
Chulha
Haaro
Improved
1
1
1
TRD
HAR
IMP
E1A21
0C721
204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)
3.6 v
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
wSUM 206 was replaced with a
battery-less unit; iButton
damaged for TRD; reader shows
100% use but 0 days on for
improved
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 6
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
1
1
1
1
1
5-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
B2A21
F2321
E1A21
0C721
9-Sep-13 wSUM
207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 212 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.6 v
3.8 v
3.8 v
Wireless reader
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
wSUM 210 reset itself on 9/6,
9/7, 9/8
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Page 55 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
M10I
Visit 7
Initial
9-Sep-13
Final
14-Sep-13
May 2015
M47N
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
# Stoves
1
1
1
1
1
1
Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
iButton
B2A21
F2321
E1A21
0C721
wSUM
207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 206 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 219 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.9 v
Wireless reader
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
No wireless data received
from wSUM 206
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 8
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
1
1
1
1
1
14-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
B2A21
F2321
E1A21
0C721
20-Sep-13 wSUM
207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 212 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 210 (0.34) 219 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.5 v
3.5 v
3.7 v
3.7 v
Wireless reader
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 9
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
1
1
1
1
1
20-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
HAR
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
BB221
F2321
E1A21
0C721
4-Oct-13 wSUM
207 (0.34) 207 (0.34) 212 (0.34) 211 (0.34) 211 (0.34) 219 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.6 v
3.6 v
Wireless reader
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Page 56 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
M51N
M55N
Visit 1
Initial
26-Jul-13
Final
5-Aug-13
Chulha
Haaro Improved
# Stoves
1
0
1
Stove Type
TRD
IMP
iButton
FBF21
wSUM
217 (0.35)
211 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.7 v
Wireless reader
no
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
Visit 2
Chulha
Haaro Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
5-Aug-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
Final
iButton
FBF21
10-Aug-13 wSUM
207 (0.34)
211 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.8 v
Wireless reader
yes
no
SD card data
yes
no
SD data for wSUM 211
stopped on 8/5/2013 even
though BV was still at 3.7 V.
Chulha
Haaro
Improved
1
1
1
TRD
HAR
IMP
D5621
DA321
204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.7 v
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
Chulha
Haaro
Improved
1
1
1
TRD
HAR
IMP
D5621
DA321
204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)
3.6 v
3.6 v
3.6 v
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 3
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
1
10-Aug-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
FBF21
D5621
DA321
16-Aug-13 wSUM
207 (0.34)
211 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 204 (0.34) 212 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.7 v
Wireless reader
yes
no
no
no
no
SD card data
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
wSUM 211 was not replaced
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
DNT=1440
GNT=6
Page 57 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
M51N
Visit 4
Initial
16-Aug-13
Final
24-Aug-13
Chulha
# Stoves
1
Stove Type
TRD
iButton
FBF21
wSUM
207 (0.34)
Battery remaining
Wireless reader
no
SD card data
yes
Observations
Haaro
0
-
M55N
Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
1
1
1
1
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
D5621
210 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)
3.7 v
3.6 v
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
iButton on haaro malfunctioned
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 5
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
1
24-Aug-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
FBF21
D5621
B8E21
5-Sep-13 wSUM
222 (0.35)
201 (0.34) 216 (0.35) 216 (0.35) 209 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.7 v
3.7 v
3.6 v
3.6 v
Wireless reader
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=7
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 6
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
1
5-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
FBF21
D5621
B8E21
9-Sep-13 wSUM
222 (0.35)
201 (0.34) 216 (0.35) 216 (0.35) 215 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.4 v
3.6 v
Wireless reader
yes
yes
no
no
no
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
wSUM 209 was replaced with a
battery-less unit
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
GNT=7 DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Page 58 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
M51N
Visit 7
Initial
9-Sep-13
Final
14-Sep-13
May 2015
M55N
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
iButton
FBF21
D5621
B8E21
wSUM
222 (0.35)
201 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.8 v
3.8 v
Wireless reader
no
no
yes
yes
SD card data
no
yes
yes
yes
wSUM 222 SD data file looks
like the same file from
9/9/2013
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15 GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=7 DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 8
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
14-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
Final
iButton
FBF21
D5621
B8E21
20-Sep-13 wSUM
216 (0.34)
215 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35)
Battery remaining
3.7
3.7 v
3.7 v
Wireless reader
no
yes
yes
yes
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
For wSUM 215, several resets
everyday. Always around
12:00, 13:00, 14:00. For wSUM
216, hundreds of lines of just
the header occurred everyday
until 3.3 BV.
Observations
Improved
1
IMP
209 (0.34)
3.8 v
yes
yes
GNT=6
Improved
1
IMP
209 (0.34)
3.6 v
yes
yes
CTH=5
PTH=15 GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
GNT=7 DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Visit 9
Chulha
Haaro Improved Chulha
Haaro
Improved
Initial
# Stoves
1
0
1
1
1
1
20-Sep-13 Stove Type
TRD
IMP
TRD
HAR
IMP
Final
iButton
FBF21
D5621
B8E21
4-Oct-13 wSUM
222 (0.35)
215 (0.34) 217 (0.35) 217 (0.35) 209 (0.34)
Battery remaining
3.6 v
Wireless reader
yes
no
no
no
no
SD card data
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Observations
CTH=5
PTH=15 GNT=6
CTH=5
PTH=15
GNT=6
DNT=1440
DNT=1440
Page 59 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
ANNEX 4: PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
1st Gen. Berkeley, USA: Construction of Patsari Stove
Page 60 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
1st Gen. Berkeley, USA: Controlled tests with Patsari (above) and rocket type (below) stoves.
Page 61 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
1st Gen Michoacan, Mexico: First controlled test at GIRA and UNAM Stove Testing Labs
Page 62 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
1st Gen Santa Ana – Michoacan, Mexico: In-field controlled tests.
Page 63 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
1st and 2nd GenTaretan – Michoacan, Mexico: Long-term pilot study.
Page 64 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
3rd Gen Mexico: Field deployment in chimney stoves, gas stoves and traditional fires.
Page 65 of 66
Vodafone Project: Wireless Stove Use Monitors
May 2015
3rd Gen India: Field deployment in Philips portable woodstoves and traditional stoves.
Page 66 of 66