CPE New therapeutic agents marketed in 2014: Part 3 Daniel A. Hussar Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Abstract Objective: To provide information about the most important properties of new therapeutic agents marketed in 2014. Data sources: Product labeling supplemented selectively with published studies and drug information reference sources. Data synthesis: This third part of a four-part series considers 11 new therapeutic agents marketed in the United States in 2014: dulaglutide, olodaterol hydrochloride, peginterferon beta-1a, netupitant/palonosetron hydrochloride, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir sodium monohydrate, peramivir, ceftolozane sulfate/tazobactam sodium, luliconazole, efinaconazole, and tavaborole. Indications and information on dosage and administration for these agents are reviewed, as are the most important pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions and other precautions, and practical considerations. When possible, the properties of the new drugs are compared with those of older agents marketed for the same indications. Conclusion: Dulaglutide is the fourth glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes. Olodaterol is a long-acting beta-2-adrenergic agonist. Peginterferon beta-1a treats relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and is administered less frequently than formulations of interferon beta-1a. Netupitant/palonosetron treats nausea and vomiting with initial and repeat courses of cancer chemotherapy. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is the first regimen for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection that does not require use with either interferon or ribavirin and that can be used for only 8 weeks in some patients. Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with dasabuvir, an all-oral regimen, treats chronic HCV infection. Peramivir, the third neuraminidase inhibitor for influenza, is administered as a single dose by I.V. Ceftolozane/tazobactam treats complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections by I.V. Ceftolozane is a cephalosporin antibiotic, and tazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Luliconazole, a topically applied imidazole antifungal agent, targets tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. Efinaconazole and tavaborole are topically applied antifungal agents for onychomycosis of the toenails. Pharm Today. 2015;21(4);76–87 Accreditation information Provider: American Pharmacists Association Target audience: Pharmacists Release date: April 1, 2015 Expiration date: April 1, 2018 Learning level: 1 ACPE number: 0202-0000-15-141-H01-P CPE credit: 2 hours (0.2 CEUs) Fee: There is no fee associated with this activity for members of the American Pharmacists Association. There is a $25 fee for nonmembers. The American Pharmacists Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education (CPE). The ACPE Universal Activity Number assigned to this activity by the accredited provider is 0202-0000-15-141-H01-P. Disclosures: Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, and APhA’s editorial staff declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this activity, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, and honoraria. For complete staff disclosures, please see the APhA Accreditation Information section at www.pharmacist.com/education. Development: This home-study CPE activity was developed by the American Pharmacists Association. 76 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 Correspondence: Daniel A. Hussar, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; [email protected] Disclosure: The author declares no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this article. Learning objectives At the conclusion of this knowledgebased activity, the pharmacist will be able to ■■ Identify the new therapeutic agents and explain their appropriate use. ■■ Identify the indications, most important adverse events, and other risks of each of the new therapeutic agents. ■■ S tate the route of administration for each new drug and the important considerations regarding dosage and administration. ■■ Demonstrate appropriate counseling about use of the new medications and precautions to observe. www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 Preassessment questions Before participating in this activity, test your knowledge by answering the following questions. These questions will also be part of the CPE assessment. 1. Which of the following agents is administered subcutaneously? a.Dulaglutide b.Peramivir c.Ceftolozane d.Netupitant 2. With the use of which of the following agents do approximately one-half of patients experience influenza-like symptoms as adverse events? a.Ombitasvir b.Netupitant c. Peginterferon beta-1a d.Dulaglutide 3. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ledipasvir/sofosbuvir? a. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of all genotypes of chronic HCV infection. b. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective in a 4-week course of treatment for some patients with chronic HCV infection. c. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of HCV infection that does not require administration with either interferon or ribavirin. d. In patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection, treatment should be continued for at least 24 weeks. Objectives This third part of a four-part series considers 11 new therapeutic agents marketed in the United States in 2014: dulaglutide, olodaterol hydrochloride, peginterferon beta-1a, netupitant/palonosetron hydrochloride, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir sodium monohydrate, peramivir, ceftolozane sulfate/tazobactam sodium, luliconazole, efinaconazole, and tavaborole (Table 1). Indications and information on dosage and administration for these agents are reviewed, as are the most important pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, and other precautions. Practical considerations for use of these new agents are also discussed. When possible, the properties of the new drugs are compared with those of older agents marketed for the same indications. Antidiabetic agent Dulaglutide (Trulicity—Eli Lilly) is the fourth glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved in the United States, joining exenatide (Byetta), extended-release exenatide (Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), and albiglutide (Tanzeum). These agents augment glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, and slow gastric emptying, resulting in lower fasting glucose and reduced postprandial glucose excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a fusion protein that consists of two identical, disulfide-linked chains, each containing an N-terminal www.pharmacist.com CPE GLP-1 analog sequence covalently linked to the Fc portion of a modified human immunoglobulin G4 heavy chain. The GLP-1 analog portion of dulaglutide is 90% homologous to endogenous human GLP-1. Structural modifications have been made to the GLP-1 part of the molecule to confer resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4)–mediated proteolysis. GLP-1 agonists are administered subcutaneously. Like extended-release exenatide and albiglutide, dulaglutide is administered once a week. Liraglutide is administered once a day, and the Byetta formulation of exenatide is administered twice a day. The specific indication for dulaglutide is the same as for the other agents in this class: it is used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Effectiveness of dulaglutide was demonstrated in six clinical trials that included more than 3,300 patients with type 2 diabetes. It has been studied as a stand-alone therapy as well as in combination with other antidiabetic agents, including metformin, a sulfonylurea (e.g., glimepiride), a thiazolidinedione (e.g., pioglitazone), and prandial (mealtime) insulin (e.g., insulin lispro), but not in combination with basal insulin. Use of dulaglutide resulted in a lowering of glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) concentrations and improvement in blood glucose control. In studies in which dulaglutide was compared with sitagliptin (Januvia) and twice-a-day exenatide, the new drug provided greater reductions in A1C and fasting plasma glucose concentrations than the latter agents. As with the other GLP-1 agonists, dulaglutide is not recommended as first-line therapy for patients whose diabetes is inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Metformin is the usual initial treatment of choice in patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have risk factors that would preclude use of this agent. Many patients with diabetes, however, do not experience adequate glycemic control with use of metformin alone, and a GLP-1 agonist is among the options available for addition to the regimen. The limitations of use, warnings, and other risks associated with dulaglutide are generally similar to those for the other GLP-1 agonists. It is not indicated for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes or patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Dulaglutide has not been studied in patients with severe gastrointestinal disease, including severe gastroparesis, and its use is not recommended in patients with preexisting severe problems of this type. Acute pancreatitis has been infrequently experienced with use of the GLP-1 agonists, including dulaglutide, and treatment should be promptly discontinued if pancreatitis is suspected. Dulaglutide was not studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis, and other antidiabetic agents should be considered for use in patients with such a history. Two risks associated with dulaglutide therapy are included in a boxed warning. There have been reports of thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in studies of GLP-1 agonists in rodents. Although it is APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 77 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 Table 1. New therapeutic agents marketed in the United States in 2014: Part 3a Generic name Ceftolozane sulfate/tazobactam sodium Dulaglutide Efinaconazole Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir Luliconazole Netupitant/palonosetron hydrochloride Trade name Manufacturer Therapeutic classification Route of administration FDA classificationb Zerbaxa Trulicity Jublia Harvoni Luzu Cubist Eli Lilly Valeant Gilead Sciences Valeant Antibacterial Antidiabetic Antifungal Antiviral Antifungal I.V. Subcutaneous Topical Oral Topical 1,4-P 1-S 1-S 1,4-P 1-S Akynzeo Antiemetic Oral 1,4-S Olodaterol hydrochloride Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ ritonavir; dasabuvir sodium monohydrate Striverdi Respimat Eisai Boehringer Ingelheim Bronchodilator Oral inhalation 1-S Viekira Pak AbbVie Oral 1,4-P Peginterferon beta-1a Peramivir Tavaborole Plegridy Rapivab Kerydin Biogen Idec BioCryst PharmaDerm Antiviral Multiple sclerosis agent Antiviral Antifungal Subcutaneous I.V. Topical 1-S 1-S 1-S a Additional agents marketed during 2014 are considered in part 1 (see pages 68–79 in the October 2014 Pharmacy Today), part 2 (see pages 69–80 in the November 2014 Pharmacy Today), and a subsequent part of this series. b FDA classification of new drugs: 1 = new molecular entity; 4 = combination product; P = priority review; S = standard review. not known whether dulaglutide causes these tumors in humans, its use is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of MTC or in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2. Adverse events most often reported (and their incidence with doses of 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg once a week, respectively) in clinical studies of dulaglutide include nausea (12%; 21%), diarrhea (9%; 13%), vomiting (6%; 13%), abdominal pain (7%; 9%), and decreased appetite (5%; 9%). Severe hypersensitivity reactions have been infrequently experienced; treatment should be discontinued if such a reaction occurs. Many patients with diabetes are overweight. Some antidiabetic agents, such as insulin and the sulfonylureas, have been associated with weight gain during treatment. Conversely, many patients treated with a GLP-1 agonist experience weight loss. Although dulaglutide and albiglutide have not been directly compared in clinical studies, the data from studies in which the two drugs were evaluated on an individual basis suggest that use of dulaglutide is associated with a greater loss of weight. Dulaglutide is classified in Pregnancy Category C and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. Because it is not known whether the drug is excreted in human milk, a decision should be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or not use the drug. Effectiveness and safety of dulaglutide in patients younger than 18 years have not been established. Dulaglutide and the other GLP-1 agonists are not likely to cause hypoglycemia. However, there is an increased risk of this response if it is used in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue (e.g., a sulfonylurea), and a reduction in the dosage of the latter agents may be necessary. 78 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 Because dulaglutide slows gastric emptying, a potential exists for alteration of the absorption and activity of concomitantly administered oral medications. Although clinically important changes of this type were not identified in several studies, caution should be exercised when oral medications are used concurrently, particularly if their absorption is incomplete and/or not highly predictable when they are used alone. Following subcutaneous administration, the mean absolute bioavailability of dulaglutide is 65% and 47% with single doses of 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg, respectively. The time to maximum plasma concentration at steady state ranges from 24 to 72 hours. The drug is thought to be metabolized into its component amino acids by general protein catabolic pathways. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. However, the frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration) may be associated with a decline in renal function, and caution should be exercised when initiating treatment or increasing the dosage of dulaglutide in patients with renal impairment. Dulaglutide is administered by subcutaneous injection in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. The recommended initial dosage is 0.75 mg once a week; the dosage may be increased to 1.5 mg once a week for additional glycemic control. The maximum recommended dosage is 1.5 mg once a week. If a dose is missed, the patient should administer it as soon as possible if there are at least 3 days (72 h) until the next scheduled dose. If fewer than 3 days remain before the next scheduled dose, the missed dose should be skipped and the next dose administered on the regularly scheduled day. Dulaglutide injection is supplied in 0.75-mg and 1.5-mg www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 doses in single-dose pens and single-dose prefilled syringes. The formulations should be stored in a refrigerator, although a syringe or pen can be kept at room temperature for a period that should not exceed 14 days. The formulations of dulaglutide and liraglutide, as well as the twice-daily formulations of exenatide, are premixed and ready for administration, whereas albiglutide and extended-release formulations of exenatide require reconstitution before administration. Bronchodilator Olodaterol hydrochloride (Striverdi Respimat—Boehringer Ingelheim) is a long-acting beta-2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) that is administered by oral inhalation to provide a bronchodilating action. Its properties are most similar to those of the other LABAs, salmeterol (Serevent), formoterol (Foradil; Perforomist), arformoterol (Brovana), indacaterol (Arcapta), and vilanterol (available in the combination formulations Breo Ellipta and Anoro Ellipta with fluticasone and umeclidinium, respectively). Olodaterol is indicated for long-term, once-daily maintenance bronchodilator treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in studies of more than 3,000 patients with a diagnosis of COPD. Patients treated with olodaterol showed improved lung function (e.g., improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]), compared with those receiving placebo. In addition, patients treated with olodaterol used less rescue albuterol compared with patients receiving placebo. Although the LABAs provide a long duration of clinical benefit that permits once-daily administration of olodaterol, indacaterol, and vilanterol, they have a slow onset of action compared with the inhaled short-acting beta-2-adrenergic agonists such as albuterol. Treatment with olodaterol should not be initiated in patients with acutely deteriorating COPD, and it should not be used for the relief of acute symptoms (i.e., as rescue therapy for the treatment of acute episodes of bronchospasm), for which an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist should be used. LABAs have been reported to increase the risk of asthmarelated death, and as with other LABAs, the olodaterol labeling includes a boxed warning. The new drug is not indicated for the treatment of asthma. Although salmeterol and formoterol both have a labeled indication for treatment of asthma and prevention of bronchospasm, they should be used as additional therapy only for patients with asthma that is not adequately treated with other asthma-controller medications (e.g., an inhaled corticosteroid) or whose disease severity warrants treatment with two maintenance therapies. All LABAs are contraindicated in patients with asthma without the use of a long-term asthma control medication. Salmeterol and formoterol are also indicated for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm. However, this is not a labeled indication for olodaterol, indacaterol, or vilanterol. Adverse events most commonly experienced in the www.pharmacist.com CPE clinical studies of olodaterol include nasopharyngitis (11%), upper respiratory tract infection (8%), bronchitis (5%), and cough (4%). Like other beta-2 agonists, olodaterol may cause clinically relevant cardiovascular effects, including increases in pulse rate and blood pressure and prolongation of the QT interval. Therefore, it must be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders, especially coronary insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. Because beta2 agonists may also increase the possibility of exacerbations of conditions such as seizure disorders, diabetes, and thyrotoxicosis, olodaterol must be used with caution in patients with these disorders. The beta-2 agonists may also cause hypokalemia, although the reduction in serum potassium concentrations is usually transient and supplementation is not required. Like the other beta-2 agonists, olodaterol may cause paradoxical bronchospasm that may be life-threatening, and some patients have experienced immediate hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema. If a patient experiences such a response, treatment should be immediately discontinued. Olodaterol is classified in Pregnancy Category C and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. Its effectiveness and safety in pediatric patients have not been established. Olodaterol should not be used concurrently with another LABA, as an overdose may result, and it must be used with caution in patients who are being treated with another adrenergic agent (by any route of administration) because the sympathomimetic effects of the agents may be potentiated. Conversely, the concomitant use of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (e.g., metoprolol) may reduce the effects of both drugs. Because beta blockers may cause bronchospasm, their use should generally be avoided in patients with COPD. Extreme caution must be observed if olodaterol is used concurrently with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant, or another drug that prolongs the QT interval because of the risk of a potentiated action on the cardiovascular system. Xanthine derivatives, steroids, diuretics, or nonpotassium–sparing diuretics may potentiate hypokalemia or electrocardiographic changes, and caution must be exercised when they are used concomitantly with olodaterol. Following oral inhalation, peak serum concentrations of olodaterol are generally attained within 10 to 20 minutes, and its absolute bioavailability is approximately 30%. Systemic availability of the drug is determined mainly by lung absorption. Olodaterol is extensively metabolized by direct glucuronidation and by O-demethylation at the methoxy moiety followed by conjugation. However, none of the metabolites appears to contribute to the pharmacologic action of the drug. Approximately 38% of the drug is recovered in the urine and 53% in the feces. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, although the action of the drug has not been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Concurrent use of ketoconazole increases the concentration and exposure to olodaterol, but APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 79 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 an adjustment in dosage is not considered necessary. Olodaterol hydrochloride is supplied as an aqueous solution in an aluminum cylinder (cartridge) for use with the Striverdi Respimat inhaler as an oral inhalation spray. Each actuation from the mouthpiece contains 2.7 mcg of olodaterol hydrochloride, which is equivalent to 2.5 mcg of olodaterol. The recommended dosage is 5 mcg (two actuations) once a day at the same time of day. When the unit for inhalation is used for the first time, the cartridge containing the medication is inserted into the inhaler and the unit is primed. Patients should actuate the unit toward the ground until an aerosol cloud is visible and repeat the process three times. The unit is then primed and ready for use. If the unit is not used for more than 3 days, patients should actuate the inhaler once to prepare it for use. If it is not used for more than 21 days, patients should actuate the inhaler until an aerosol cloud is visible and repeat the process three times. Salmeterol and formoterol are also available in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid in formulations (i.e., salmeterol/fluticasone propionate [Advair], formoterol/ budesonide [Symbicort]) for oral inhalation that are administered twice a day. Vilanterol is available in combination with fluticasone propionate (Breo Ellipta) and the muscarinic antagonist umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta) in formulations for oral inhalation that are administered once a day. However, olodaterol is not available in combination formulations at the present time. Multiple sclerosis agent For many years, the options available for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis were limited to interferon beta1b (e.g., Betaseron), interferon beta-1a (Avonex; Rebif), and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). With the exception of Avonex, which is administered intramuscularly, these products are administered by subcutaneous injection. Within the last 5 years, the number of therapeutic agents approved for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis has more than doubled. Fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio), and dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) have an important advantage over their predecessors because they are effective following oral administration. Several other agents are administered intravenously in the treatment of selected patients with multiple sclerosis, including natalizumab (Tysabri), mitoxantrone (Novantrone), and alemtuzumab (Lemtrada). The amino acid sequence of the recombinant interferon beta-1a is identical to that of the human interferon beta counterpart and the same as that of Avonex and Rebif. Peginterferon beta-1a (Plegridy—Biogen Idec) is formed by the attachment of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain that increases the mass of the agent and reduces its clearance, thereby increasing its duration of action and permitting administration just every 14 days. Peginterferon beta-1a, administered subcutaneously, is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Its labeled indication is more limited 80 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 than the indications for comparable products that also include decreasing the frequency of clinical exacerbations and delaying the accumulation of physical disability. Effectiveness of peginterferon beta-1a was demonstrated in a placebo-controlled study in which the primary outcome was the annualized relapse rate over 1 year. The annualized relapse rate in patients treated with the new drug was 0.26, compared with 0.4 of those receiving placebo, representing a relative reduction of 36%. Brain magnetic resonance imaging evaluations also demonstrated a reduction in new or newly enlarging lesions. The new drug has not been directly compared with other agents in clinical studies. Most patients treated with an interferon product experience adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events in the clinical trials of peginterferon beta-1a include injection site erythema (62%), injection site pain (15%), injection site pruritus (13%), influenza-like illness (47%), pyrexia (45%), headache (44%), myalgia (19%), chills (17%), asthenia (13%), and arthralgia (11%). Serious allergic reactions including anaphylaxis have occurred rarely as a complication of treatment with an interferon, and peginterferon beta-1a is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to interferon beta, peginterferon, or any other component of the formulation. Other risks associated with use of peginterferon beta-1a include hepatic adverse events (liver function tests should be monitored), depression and suicide (any symptom of depression or suicidal ideation should be immediately reported), seizures, congestive heart failure, and autoimmune disorders (if a patient develops a new autoimmune disorder, discontinuation of treatment should be considered). Reductions of peripheral blood counts have occurred, and complete blood cell counts, differential white blood cell counts, and platelet counts should be monitored during treatment. Peginterferon beta-1a is classified in Pregnancy Category C and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. It is not known if the drug is excreted in human milk, so caution should be exercised if it is administered to a woman who is breastfeeding. Effectiveness and safety of peginterferon beta-1a in pediatric patients have not been established. The longer duration of action and less frequent administration (every 14 days) of peginterferon beta-1a provide advantages over other formulations containing interferon beta1a. The Avonex formulation is administered intramuscularly once a week, and the Rebif formulation is administered subcutaneously three times a week. Peginterferon beta-1a is administered subcutaneously every 14 days in the abdomen, back of the upper arm, or thigh, with the sites rotated. Prophylactic and concurrent use of an analgesic and/or antipyretic may prevent or ameliorate influenza-like symptoms. An initial dose of 63 mcg is administered on day 1, a dose of 94 mcg on day 15 (14 days later), and the full dose of 125 mcg on day 29. A dose of 125 mcg is administered every 14 days thereafter. Peginterferon beta-1a is supplied in single-dose prefilled www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 pens and syringes containing 125 mcg of the drug in 0.5 mL. Starter packs are also supplied with pens and syringes containing 63 mcg and 94 mcg. The products should be stored in a refrigerator. Antiemetic agent Many of the antineoplastic agents included in cancer chemotherapy regimens are associated with the occurrence of nausea and vomiting, and antinauseant/antiemetic agents are used to prevent and reduce the likelihood of these events. The serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists ondansetron (e.g., Zofran), granisetron (e.g., Kytril), dolasetron (Anzemet), and palonosetron (Aloxi), as well as the substance P/neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist aprepitant (Emend), have often been included in antiemetic regimens. The serotonin-3 receptor antagonists prevent nausea and vomiting during the acute phase after cancer chemotherapy, and the substance P/ NK1 receptor antagonist prevents nausea and vomiting during both the acute and delayed phases. Netupitant/palonosetron hydrochloride (Akynzeo—Eisai) is a fixed combination of the new substance P/NK1 receptor antagonist netupitant with palonosetron, an agent initially marketed in 2003. The new product is indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of cancer chemotherapy, including, but not limited to, highly emetogenic chemotherapy (including cisplatin-based chemotherapy). Effectiveness of a netupitant/palonosetron plus dexamethasone regimen was evaluated in two clinical studies comparing the agent with palonosetron plus dexamethasone. Results of the first study showed that 99%, 90%, and 90% of the patients treated with netupitant/palonosetron plus dexamethasone regimen did not experience any vomiting or require rescue medication for nausea during the acute, delayed, and overall phases, respectively. For patients receiving palonosetron plus dexamethasone, the corresponding results were 90%, 80%, and 77%, respectively. Results of the second clinical study were generally similar. Adverse events experienced most often in the clinical studies of netupitant/palonosetron included headache (8%), asthenia (8%), dyspepsia (4%), fatigue (4%), constipation (3%), and erythema (3%). Hypersensitivity reactions and serotonin syndrome have occurred infrequently with use of palonosetron and other serotonin-3 receptor antagonists, with a higher risk of serotonin syndrome in patients also being treated with serotonergic agents (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Netupitant/palonosetron is classified in Pregnancy Category C and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. Because it is not known whether the drugs are present in human milk, a decision should be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or not use the drug. Effectiveness and safety of netupitant/palonosetron in patients younger than 18 years of age have not been established. Netupitant is metabolized primarily via the CYP3A4 www.pharmacist.com CPE pathway, and concurrent use with a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inducer (e.g., rifampin) may reduce its concentration and action and should be avoided. Netupitant is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may increase the action of a CYP3A4 substrate (e.g., dexamethasone, midazolam, alprazolam) that is administered concurrently. The CYP3A4 inhibitory effect can last for multiple days, and a twofold increase in the systemic exposure of dexamethasone was observed 4 days after a single dose of netupitant. Accordingly, a reduced dosage of dexamethasone is recommended in patients receiving netupitant/palonosetron. Although netupitant/palonosetron may be used without dosage adjustment in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment or mild to moderate renal impairment, experience is very limited in patients with severe hepatic impairment and in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease, and use in these patients should be avoided. Each capsule contains netupitant 300 mg and palonosetron 0.5 mg and may be administered with or without food. In patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy, including cisplatin-based chemotherapy, one capsule (300 mg/0.5 mg) should be administered approximately 1 hour before the start of chemotherapy, with dexamethasone 12 mg administered orally 30 minutes before chemotherapy on day 1 and 8 mg orally once daily on days 2 and 4. For patients receiving anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy and chemotherapy that is not considered highly emetogenic, the same regimen is recommended, but administration of dexamethasone on days 2 and 4 is not necessary. Antiviral agents An estimated 3.2 million Americans have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although many of these individuals are asymptomatic and unlikely to experience serious consequences, many others experience complications such as cirrhosis of the liver or even hepatic cancer and a need for transplantation. Until 2011, the standard treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection was a regimen of peginterferon alfa (administered by injection) and ribavirin for a period of 48 weeks. However, most patients experienced adverse events with these medications, and the success rate in achieving a cure (sustained virologic response [SVR], virus no longer detected in the blood at least 12 weeks after finishing treatment) was less than 50%. In 2011, boceprevir (Victrelis) and telaprevir (Incivek) were marketed as the first direct-acting antiviral agents that inhibit a protease enzyme essential for replication of HCV. Each of these HCV protease inhibitors was used with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in regimens that provided significantly higher cure rates in a shorter treatment period when compared with previous regimens. However, many patients experienced adverse events and/or drug interactions, and the new agents had a short duration of action that required administration several times a day. APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 81 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 In late 2013, simeprevir (Olysio) and sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) were marketed. They have important advantages over their predecessors. The combination regimens in which they were included are more effective and can be used for shorter treatment periods; in addition, both agents are well tolerated and can be administered once a day. Simeprevir is an HCV protease inhibitor, whereas sofosbuvir has a unique mechanism of action as a nucleotide analog inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase, which is essential for viral replication. Sofosbuvir was the first agent that permitted, for some patients, the use of regimens that did not include interferon. It was a gamechanger. The benefits of the regimens that include it have been so impressive that use of boceprevir and telaprevir has been rendered obsolete, and their marketing is being discontinued. Important advances in the treatment of patients with chronic HCV infection continued in 2014 with the approval and marketing of two new combination regimens of antiviral agents. These products are considered individually in the following sections. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (Harvoni—Gilead Sciences) is a fixeddose formulation combining the new agent ledipasvir, an inhibitor of the HCV NS5A protein required for viral replication, with sofosbuvir. Indicated for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in adults, the product is the first regimen for this infection that does not require administration with either interferon or ribavirin. Effectiveness of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir was demonstrated in three studies involving more than 1,500 patients, with SVR a primary endpoint. Participants were treated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin. In treatment-naive patients, 94% of those who received the combination for 8 weeks and 96% of those who received it for 12 weeks achieved an SVR. In treatment-experienced patients with and without cirrhosis, 94% of those treated for 12 weeks and 99% of those treated for 24 weeks achieved an SVR. The inclusion of ribavirin in the regimen had little effect on SVR rates. The ledipasvir/sofosbuvir regimen is the first demonstrated to be effective in a treatment period as short as 8 weeks. An 8-week course of treatment can be considered for use in treatment-naive patients without cirrhosis who have pretreatment HCV RNA of fewer than 6 million IU/mL. Adverse events most commonly experienced in the clinical studies (and their incidence with a 12-week course of treatment) include headache (14%), fatigue (13%), and nausea (7%). Concurrent use of other products containing sofosbuvir (i.e., Sovaldi) is not recommended because of the increased possibility of adverse events. Use with simeprevir is also not recommended because the concentrations and activity of both simeprevir and ledipasvir may be increased. The ledipasvir/sofosbuvir combination is classified in Pregnancy Category B and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. Effectiveness and safety of the regimen have not been evalu82 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 ated in pediatric patients. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir may be administered without regard to food. However, the solubility of ledipasvir decreases as pH increases, and drugs that increase gastric pH are likely to decrease the concentration of the new drug. Accordingly, administration of antacids should be separated from administration of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir by a 4-hour period. An H2-receptor antagonist (e.g., famotidine) may be administered simultaneously with or 12 hours apart from ledipasvir/ sofosbuvir at a dose that does not exceed doses comparable to famotidine 40 mg twice a day. A proton pump inhibitor in a dose comparable to omeprazole 20 mg or lower can be administered simultaneously with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir under fasted conditions. Ledipasvir is metabolized to only a very limited extent, and biliary excretion of unchanged drug is the major route of elimination, with most of a dose recovered in the feces. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment or in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. The ledipasvir/sofosbuvir combination has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. Exposure of the predominant metabolite of sofosbuvir is markedly increased in patients with severe renal impairment, but a specific dosage reduction is not provided. Both ledipasvir and sofosbuvir are substrates of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp inducers such as rifampin and St. John’s wort may reduce the plasma concentrations and action of both drugs, and concurrent use is not recommended. Concentrations of ledipasivr and sofosbuvir are also reduced by antiepileptic drugs (e.g., carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin), the antimycobacterial agents rifabutin and rifapentine, and the antiretroviral agents tipranivir and ritonavir. Concurrent use of these agents with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is not recommended. Use of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in patients with HIV infection treated with antiretroviral regimens that include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has been associated with increased concentrations of tenofovir. Alternative treatment regimens should be considered, or patients should be closely monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events. Ledipasvir, an inhibitor of P-gp, may increase the concentration of digoxin; concurrent use should be closely monitored. Use of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in patients treated with rosuvastatin (Crestor) may significantly increase the concentration of the latter agent, and concurrent use is not recommended. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir film-coated tablets contain 90 mg and 400 mg of the drugs, respectively. The recommended dosage is one tablet once a day for 12 weeks for treatmentnaive patients with or without cirrhosis. Treatment for a period of 8 weeks can be considered in treatment-naive patients without cirrhosis who have pretreatment HCV RNA of fewer than 6 million IU/mL. The ledipasvir/sofosbuvir regimen has also been effective in treatment-experienced patients for whom treatment has failed with either peginterferon alfa www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 plus ribavirin or an HCV protease inhibitor plus peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin. Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is administered in a dosage of one tablet once a day for 12 weeks in treatmentexperienced patients without cirrhosis, and for 24 weeks in treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis. Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir sodium monohydrate Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir sodium monohydrate (Viekira Pak—AbbVie) is the second all-oral regimen with new antiviral agents approved for the treatment of patients with chronic HCV infection in 2014. The regimen includes three new antiviral agents: ombitasvir, an HCV NS5A inhibitor with activity most similar to that of ledipasvir; paritaprevir, an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor with activity most similar to that of simeprevir; and dasabuvir, an HCV nonnucleoside NS5B palm polymerase inhibitor with activity most similar to that of sofosbuvir. Dasabuvir is supplied as an individual agent in tablets that are administered twice a day, whereas ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are supplied in a combination formulation that is administered once a day. Ritonavir has been used for many years as a component of regimens for the treatment of patients with HIV infection. Although it inhibits HIV protease, it is included in certain HIV antiretroviral regimens primarily because it is a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A metabolic pathway and inhibits the metabolism and prolongs the action of numerous other HIV antiretroviral agents. Ritonavir is not active against HCV but is included in Viekira Pak to inhibit the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of paritaprevir. Viekira Pak is indicated for the treatment of patients with genotype 1 chronic HCV infection, including those with compensated cirrhosis. Ribavirin should be used with Viekira Pak in patients with HCV genotype 1a infection and in patients with HCV genotype 1b infection with cirrhosis. It is not recommended for use in patients with decompensated liver disease. Effectiveness of the Viekira Pak regimen was evaluated in six studies that included more than 2,300 patients with chronic HCV infection with and without cirrhosis. In the studies, patients were randomly assigned to receive Viekira Pak or placebo, Viekira Pak with or without ribavirin, or Viekira Pak with ribavirin for 12 or 24 weeks. The primary endpoint of the studies was an SVR at least 12 weeks after finishing treatment. An SVR was achieved by 91% to 100% of the participants who received Viekira Pak at the recommended dosage. Although the two regimens have not been directly compared, effectiveness of the Viekira Pak regimen appears to be similar to that of combination ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. In the clinical studies, elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to greater than five times the upper limit of normal (ULN) occurred in approximately 1% of the patients. Use of Viekira Pak is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment because of the risk of potential toxicity, www.pharmacist.com CPE and its use is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Hepatic laboratory testing should be performed during the first 4 weeks of starting treatment and as clinically indicated thereafter. If ALT concentrations remain persistently greater than 10 times the ULN, discontinuation of treatment should be considered. ALT elevations were significantly more frequent in women who were using ethinyl estradiol–containing medications such as contraceptive formulations. Use of these products must be discontinued before starting therapy with Viekira Pak, and alternative methods of contraception (e.g., nonhormonal methods) are recommended during treatment. Ethinyl estradiol–containing medications can be resumed approximately 2 weeks following completion of treatment with Viekira Pak. In patients treated with Viekira Pak without ribavirin in the clinical studies, the most frequently experienced adverse events included nausea (8%), pruritus (7%), and insomnia (5%). The incidence of these adverse events was approximately doubled in patients treated with Viekira Pak plus ribavirin, and asthenia was reported by 9% of patients. In these patients, it is important to observe the warnings and precautions for ribavirin, particularly the pregnancy avoidance warning. Viekira Pak is classified in Pregnancy Category B. However, if administered with ribavirin, the combination regimen is contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in men whose female partners are pregnant. Effectiveness and safety of Viekira Pak in patients younger than 18 years of age have not been established. Bioavailability of the Viekira Pak components is increased when they are administered with a meal of moderate to high fat content; therefore, the drugs should be administered with a meal without regard to fat or calorie content. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir are metabolized predominantly by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8, respectively, and ombitasvir is metabolized predominantly by amide hydrolysis followed by oxidative metabolism. A large percentage of the doses of all four agents (including ritonavir) is recovered in the feces. Clinically relevant changes in exposure to the drugs are not likely to be experienced in patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. Dosage adjustment is not required in patients with mild hepatic impairment. However, use of Viekira Pak is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment and is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Although ritonavir is included in the Viekira Pak regimen for the specific purpose of inhibiting the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of paritaprevir and increasing its plasma concentration, ritonavir increases the risk of potentially serious interactions with numerous medications. Use of Viekira Pak is contraindicated in patients who are being treated with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance (i.e., triazolam, orally administered midazolam, lovastatin, simvastatin, pimozide, alfuzosin, and ergot derivatives), with which increased concentrations are associated with serious APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 83 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 events. It is also contraindicated with use of strong inhibitors of CYP2C8 (e.g., gemfibrozil) that markedly increase the exposure of dasabuvir and may increase the risk of QT prolongation. In addition, concurrent use of Viekira Pak with drugs that are strong inducers of CYP3A and/or CYP2C8 (i.e., rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, St. John’s wort) is contraindicated because of the likelihood of decreased efficacy of the Viekira Pak regimen. Other drugs contraindicated with use of Viekira Pak include ethinyl estradiol−containing medications, efavirenz, and sildenafil (Revatio) when used in the dosage recommended for treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Viekira Pak may also interact with numerous other medications; therefore, the product labeling should be consulted for specific recommendations. Concurrent use of Viekira Pak with darunavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, rilpivirine, or salmeterol is not recommended. The labeling for Viekira Pak includes recommendations for specific dosage adjustments and restrictions for the following agents when they are used concurrently: ketoconazole, atazanavir, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and omeprazole. Caution must also be observed when Viekira Pak is used concurrently with an antiarrhythmic agent because of the risk of an increased action of the latter agent. Because ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, it can select for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance–associated substitutions. Therefore, any HCV and HIV-1 coinfected patients treated with Viekira Pak should also be on a suppressive antiretroviral drug regimen to reduce the risk of HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug resistance. Viekira Pak comprises fixed-dose combination tablets that each contain ombitasvir 12.5 mg, paritaprevir 75 mg, and ritonavir 50 mg and tablets containing dasabuvir sodium monohydrate in a quantity equivalent to dasabuvir 250 mg. The drugs should be administered with a meal. The recommended dosage is two of the fixed-dose combination tablets once a day in the morning and one dasabuvir tablet twice a day in the morning and evening. This regimen should be administered for 12 weeks in patients with HCV genotype 1b infection, without cirrhosis. Ribavirin should be included in this regimen and be administered for 12 weeks in patients with HCV genotype 1a infection, without cirrhosis, and in patients with HCV genotype 1b infection, with cirrhosis; and for 24 weeks in patients with HCV genotype 1a infection, with cirrhosis. The usual recommended dosage of ribavirin is 1,000 mg per day for patients weighing 75 kg or less and 1,200 mg per day for patients weighing more than 75 kg, divided and administered twice a day with food. In patients with an unknown genotype 1 subtype, mixed genotype 1 infection, or HCV/HIV-1 coinfection, the dosage recommendations for patients with HCV genotype 1a infection, including the use of ribavirin, should be followed. In patients who have received a liver transplant and who have normal hepatic function and mild fibrosis, Viekira Pak and ribavirin should be used for a period of 24 weeks. 84 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 Peramivir At least 5% of Americans experience influenza infection during a typical influenza season, and more than 200,000 are hospitalized from influenza-related complications each year. Influenza A viruses are the cause of most influenza infections, although some patients experience infection caused by influenza B viruses. Influenza virus neuraminidase is an enzyme that releases viral particles from the plasma membrane of infected cells, and the inhibition of this enzyme is the strategy used to develop antiviral agents that treat this infection. Peramivir (Rapivab—BioCryst) is the third neuraminidase inhibitor approved for the treatment of influenza, joining oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Administered by I.V. infusion, peramivir is indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. Oseltamivir is administered orally and zanamivir by oral inhalation for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection in both adults and children. Effectiveness of peramivir was demonstrated in a placebo-controlled study in which patients treated with a dose of peramivir 600 mg experienced alleviation of their combined influenza symptoms, on average, 21 hours sooner than those receiving placebo. The median time to recovery to normal temperature was approximately 12 hours sooner compared with placebo. Almost all (99%) of the patients in the study were infected with influenza A virus; an insufficient number of patients were infected with influenza B virus to determine the effectiveness of the drug in this influenza type. In a study of patients with serious influenza requiring hospitalization, peramivir plus standard of care did not improve the median time to clinical resolution compared with standard of care alone. Therefore, efficacy has not been established in the most seriously ill patients for whom I.V. therapy might ordinarily be considered. Diarrhea was the adverse event reported most often in the clinical studies, having been experienced by 8% of patients. There were rare reports of serious skin and hypersensitivity reactions, including erythema multiforme, and StevensJohnson syndrome has been reported in the postmarketing experience. Some patients with influenza have experienced neuropsychiatric events, including delirium, hallucinations, and abnormal behavior, and patients should be monitored for such responses. Peramivir is classified in Pregnancy Category C and should be used during pregnancy only if the anticipated benefit justifies the risk to fetus. The drug’s effectiveness and safety in patients younger than 18 years of age have not been established. Because peramivir is metabolized to only a very limited extent and renal clearance of unchanged drug accounts for approximately 90% of total clearance, dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function. Inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered at any time relative to the use of peramivir. However, because antiwww.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 viral drugs may inhibit viral replication, peramivir may reduce the efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) intranasal. Because of the potential for interference, use of LAIV intranasal should be avoided within 2 weeks before or 48 hours after administration of peramivir. The recommended dosage of peramivir is a single 600mg dose administered by I.V. infusion over 15 to 30 minutes. In patients with a creatinine clearance of 30–49 mL/minute, the recommended dose is 200 mg; in patients with a creatinine clearance of 10–29 mL/minute, the recommended dose is 100 mg. In patients with chronic renal impairment who are maintained on hemodialysis, peramivir should be administered after dialysis at a dose adjusted on the basis of renal function. Peramivir is supplied in single-use vials containing 200 mg per 20 mL. The appropriate dose of the drug should be diluted to a maximum of 100 mL in 0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride injection, 5% dextrose injection, or lactated ringer’s injection. The diluted solution should be administered immediately or stored under refrigerated conditions for up to 24 hours. If the diluted solution is refrigerated, it should be allowed to reach room temperature before administration. Antibacterial agent Ceftolozane sulfate/tazobactam sodium (Zerbaxa—Cubist) is a combination of a new cephalosporin antibacterial agent with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Ceftolozane is primarily active against Gram-negative bacteria; like the other cephalosporins, ceftolozane inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits a bactericidal action. Its properties and spectrum of action are most similar to those of ceftazidime (e.g., Fortaz). Tazobactam is an irreversible inhibitor of some beta-lactamase enzymes that is also included in some combination formulations with piperacillin (e.g., Zosyn). By inhibiting betalactamase enzymes, tazobactam protects ceftolozane against inactivation that results from the action of these enzymes. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is administered by I.V. infusion and has been approved for the treatment of two types of serious infections. It is indicated in a regimen that also includes metronidazole for the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections (cIAI) caused by Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus salivarius. It is also indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including pyelonephritis, caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa. In microbiologically evaluable patients with cIAI, ceftolozane/tazobactam plus metronidazole was noninferior to meropenem (e.g., Merrem) with regard to clinical cure rates (94%). Ceftolozane/tazobactam was compared with levofloxacin (administered intravenously once a day) in patients with cUTI; in patients infected with a levofloxacin-susceptible organism at baseline, the clinical cure rate was 83% and similar to that with levofloxacin. As with the other cephalosporins, as well as the other www.pharmacist.com CPE classes of beta-lactam antibacterial agents (i.e., penicillins, carbapenems), ceftolozane is associated with a risk of hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. The new drug is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to ceftolozane/tazobactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, or another beta-lactam antibacterial agent. Because of the potential for cross-sensitivity with other beta-lactam antibacterial agents, caution must be exercised if ceftolozane is considered for use in any patient known to be allergic to any of the betalactam agents. Almost all systemic antibacterial agents, including ceftolozane, have been reported to cause Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) that ranges in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. CDAD should be considered in all patients who experience diarrhea following use of an antibacterial agent, including the period of time following completion of treatment, because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents. Other adverse events reported in the clinical studies of ceftolozane/tazobactam (and the incidence in patients with cIAI and cUTI, respectively) include nausea (8%; 3%), diarrhea (6%; 2%), headache (3%; 6%), and pyrexia (6%; 2%). Treatment was discontinued because of adverse events in 2% of the patients treated with ceftolozane/tazobactam as well as in 2% of the patients treated with comparator antibacterial agents. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is classified in Pregnancy Category B. Its effectiveness and safety in pediatric patients have not been established. Ceftolozane is metabolized to only a very limited extent and is eliminated in the urine as unchanged drug. The metabolite of tazobactam is also eliminated via the kidneys. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with mild renal impairment but is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment. The activity of ceftolozane is not likely to be significantly affected by hepatic impairment. Ceftolozane sulfate/tazobactam sodium is supplied in single-use vials in quantities equivalent to ceftolozane 1 g and tazobactam 500 mg. The vials should be stored in a refrigerator. The recommended dosage is 1 g/500 mg every 8 hours by I.V. infusion over 1 hour. Duration of therapy should be guided by the severity and site of the infection and the patient’s clinical and bacteriological progress. In the treatment of cIAI, ceftolozane/tazobactam was continued for 4 to 14 days (in conjunction with metronidazole 500 mg intravenously every 8 h); in the treatment of cUTI, it was used for a period of 7 days. The dosage should be reduced to 500 mg/250 mg of ceftolozane/tazobactam every 8 hours in patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance between 30 and 50 mL/min), 250 mg/125 mg every 8 hours in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance between 15 and 29 mL/min), and an initial loading dose of 500 mg/250 mg followed by maintenance doses of 100 mg/50 mg every 8 hours in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialyAPRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 85 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 sis. On hemodialysis days, the dose should be administered at the earliest possible time following completion of dialysis. When preparing ceftolozane/tazobactam for administration, the contents of a vial should be constituted with 10 mL of sterile water for injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The appropriate dose/volume should be withdrawn from the vial and added to an infusion bag containing 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection. The diluted solution is stable for 24 hours when stored at room temperature or 7 days when stored under refrigeration. Antifungal agents Three new topically applied antifungal agents marketed in 2014 for the treatment of dermatologic fungal infections are considered individually in the following discussions. Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea corporis are the most common dermatologic fungal infections. More than a dozen topically applied antifungal agents are available for the treatment of these infections, including the imidazole (azole) derivatives clotrimazole (e.g., Lotrimin AF), econazole (e.g., Spectazole), ketoconazole, miconazole (e.g., Micatin), oxiconazole (Oxistat), sertaconazole (Ertaczo), and sulconazole (Exelderm); the amines butenafine (e.g., Lotrimin Ultra), terbinafine (Lamisil AT), and naftifine (Naftin); as well as ciclopirox (Loprox), tolnaftate (e.g., Tinactin), and undecylenic acid and derivatives (e.g., Desenex). Although many of these agents appear to be similar in their effectiveness, the recommended duration of treatment varies among the drugs, and some are available without a prescription. Of the agents above, clotrimazole, miconazole, butenafine, terbinafine, tolnaftate, and undecylenic acid are available without a prescription. Luliconazole Luliconazole (Luzu—Valeant) is an imidazole antifungal agent indicated for the topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum in patients 18 years of age and older. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in vehiclecontrolled studies. In a study in patients with interdigital pedis, efficacy results at 4 weeks posttreatment were complete clearance in 26% and effective treatment in 48% of the patients treated with the new drug, compared with 2% and 10%, respectively, in those in whom the vehicle was used. In a study in patients with tinea cruris, efficacy results at 3 weeks posttreatment were complete clearance in 21% and effective treatment in 43% of the patients treated with luliconazole, compared with 4% and 19%, respectively, in those in whom the vehicle was used. The labeled indications for luliconazole do not include tinea pedis on the bottom or sides of the foot. The new drug has not been directly compared with other antifungal agents in clinical studies. As with the other topically applied antifungal agents, luliconazole is well tolerated. The incidence of application site reactions is less than 1%, an incidence similar to that of 86 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 the vehicle. Luliconazole is classified in Pregnancy Category C. Its effectiveness and safety in pediatric patients have not been established. Luliconazole cream contains the drug in a 1% concentration and is available only by prescription. It should be applied to the affected area and approximately 1 inch of the immediate surrounding area. In the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis, it should be applied once a day for 2 weeks; in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis, it should be applied once a day for 1 week. The recommended duration of treatment for luliconazole is shorter than that for the other topically applied imidazole derivatives, most of which are applied twice a day for 4 weeks in the treatment of tinea pedis, and once or twice a day for 2 weeks in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis. However, both butenafine and terbinafine are applied twice a day for just 1 week in the treatment of tinea pedis. In addition, these two agents are available without a prescription and at a considerably lower cost. Onychomycosis—fungal infections of the nails—are most often caused by dermatophytes such as T. rubrum. Oral use of terbinafine (e.g., Lamisil) or itraconazole (e.g., Sporanox) for 12 weeks is the most effective treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails and fingernails. Griseofulvin has also been used orally for these infections. However, relapse rates are high, and patients are at risk of adverse events and drug interactions. Ciclopirox (e.g., Penlac), the first antifungal agent approved for topical treatment (in a nail lacquer formulation) of onychomycosis of the nails, is used for a period of 48 weeks. It is less effective than the orally administered antifungal agents but has little risk of adverse events. Efinaconazole Efinaconazole (Jublia—Valeant) is a topically applied imidazole antifungal agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a constituent of fungal cell membranes. It is indicated for the topical treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails caused by T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in two vehicle-controlled studies in which a significantly larger number of patients (18%; 15%) treated with efinaconazole achieved a complete cure, compared with 3% and 6% of those treated with the vehicle. A mycologic cure was achieved in 55% and 53% of the patients treated with the drug in the two studies, compared with 17% and 17% of those treated with the vehicle. Although efinaconazole has not been directly compared with ciclopirox in clinical studies, the new drug may be more effective and attain a higher cure rate. However, the labeled indication for efinaconazole is only for the treatment of the toenails, whereas ciclopirox nail lacquer is indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails and fingernails. Efinaconazole is well tolerated, and the adverse events reported most often in the clinical studies include ingrown toenail (2%), application site dermatitis (2%), and application site vesicles (2%). The drug is classified in Pregnancy Category C. Effectiveness and safety of efinaconazole in pediatric patients have not been established. www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 Efinaconazole is supplied in a topical solution in a 10% concentration. The product is flammable and should be kept away from flame and heat. The toenails should be clean and dry before application, and patients should wait at least 10 minutes after showering, bathing, or washing before applying the solution. One drop of the solution is applied onto the affected toenail once a day for 48 weeks. For the big toenail, a second drop is also applied to the end of the toenail. The brush applicator supplied with the product is used to spread the solution around the entire toenail, ensuring that the toenail, toenail folds, toenail bed, hyponychium, and undersurface of the toenail plate are completely covered. Tavaborole Tavaborole (Kerydin—PharmaDerm), an oxaborole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal protein synthesis, is indicated for the topical treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails caused by T. rubrum or T. mentagrophytes. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in two vehicle-controlled studies in which a larger number of patients (7%; 9%) treated with tavaborole achieved a complete cure, compared with 0.5% and 2% of those treated with the vehicle. A mycologic cure was achieved in 31% and 36% of the patients treated with the drug in the two studies, compared with 7% and 12% of those treated with the vehicle. www.pharmacist.com CPE Tavaborole has not been directly compared with other antifungal agents in clinical studies. However, results of studies of the individual agents suggest that it may be less effective than efinaconazole. Like efinaconazole, it is indicated for treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails, whereas ciclopirox nail lacquer is indicated for treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails and fingernails. The most commonly reported adverse events in the clinical studies of tavaborole included application site exfoliation (3%), ingrown toenail (3%), and application site erythema (2%). Tavaborole is classified in Pregnancy Category C. Its effectiveness and safety in pediatric patients have not been established. Tavaborole is supplied in a topical solution in a concentration of 5%. The product is flammable and should be kept away from flame and heat. The toenails should be clean and dry before application of the solution. Enough solution should be applied to completely cover the toenail; more than one drop may be needed. The dropper tip should be used to spread the solution over the entire toenail up to the edges and under the entire tip of the toenail. The solution is applied once a day for 48 weeks. If the solution comes in contact with the surrounding skin, a tissue should be used to remove excess solution from the skin. The solution should not be wiped off the toenails. APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 87 CPE NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 CPE assessment Instructions: To view the assessment questions, please see the online version of this article. See “CPE information” sidebar below for further instructions. 1. Which of the following drug : classification pairings is correct? a. Dulaglutide : sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor b. Olodaterol : beta-2-adrenergic receptor antagonist c. Netupitant : serotonin-3 receptor antagonist d. Peramivir : neuraminidase inhibitor 2. Which of the following drug : use pairings is correct? a. Peginterferon beta-1a : chronic hepatitis C virus infection b. Luliconazole : onychomycosis of the toenails c. Olodaterol : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. Ceftolozane : acute bacterial skin infections 3. Which of the following agents is administered subcutaneously? a. Dulaglutide c. Ceftolozane b. Peramivir d. Netupitant 4. Which of the following agents is administered twice a day? a. Efinaconazole c. Ledipasvir b. Dasabuvir d. Ceftolozane 5. With the use of which of the following agents do approximately one-half of patients experience influenzalike symptoms as adverse events? a. Ombitasvir c. Peginterferon beta-1a b. Netupitant d. Dulaglutide 6. The administration of which of the following agents should be separated from the administration of an antacid by a 4-hour period? a. Dasabuvir c. Netupitant b. Ledipasvir d. Ceftolozane 7. Ritonavir is used to inhibit the metabolism and increase the concentration of which of the following agents? a. Ombitasvir c. Dasabuvir b. Ledipasvir d. Paritaprevir 8. Which of the following agents is administered as a single-dose treatment? a. Peramivir c. Peginterferon beta-1a b. Ceftolozane d. Tavaborole 88 PharmacyToday • APRIL 2015 9. Which of the following statements is correct regarding dulaglutide? a. Hypoglycemia is a common adverse event. b. Many patients gain weight during treatment. c. It is administered once a week. d. It is available in a combination formulation with metformin. 10. Which of the following statements is correct regarding olodaterol? a. It is classified as a muscarinic antagonist. b. Its indications include the treatment of acute episodes of bronchospasm. c. It is administered by nasal inhalation. d. It is administered once a day. 11. Which of the following statements is correct regarding peginterferon beta-1a? a. It is administered intramuscularly. b. Most patients experience injection site reactions. c. It is administered every 4 weeks. d. Its use is contraindicated in patients with impaired renal function. 12. Which of the following statements is correct regarding netupitant/palonosetron? a. It is used in a regimen that also includes dexamethasone. b. Its labeled indications include the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. c. It is effective in preventing nausea and vomiting during the acute phase after cancer chemotherapy but not during the delayed phase. d. Its use is contraindicated in patients with impaired renal function. 13. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ledipasvir/sofosbuvir? a. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of all genotypes of chronic HCV infection. b. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective in a 4-week course of treatment for some patients with chronic HCV infection. c. It is the first regimen demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of HCV infection that does not require administration with either interferon or ribavirin. d. In patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection, treatment should be continued for at least 24 weeks. www.pharmacytoday.org NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MARKETED IN 2014: PART 3 14. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ledipasvir/sofosbuvir? a. It should be administered with food. b. Both drugs are extensively metabolized via the CYP3A4 pathway. c. Its concentration and activity may be increased by rifampin, and concurrent use is not recommended. d. It may increase the concentration and activity of rosuvastatin, and concurrent use is not recommended. 15. Which of the following agents has activity that is most similar to that of sofosbuvir? a. Ombitasvir c. Paritaprevir b. Dasabuvir d. Ledipasvir 16. Which of the following statements is correct regarding Viekira Pak? a. It is supplied in a tablet formulation that includes a combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, dasabuvir, and ritonavir. b. Renal adverse events are the most important risk, and renal function determinations should be regularly monitored. c. The concurrent use of an ethinyl estradiol–containing product is contraindicated. d. The concurrent use of gemfibrozil may reduce the action of dasabuvir. 17. Which of the following statements is correct regarding peramivir? a. It is most effective in patients who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. b. Its use should be reserved for the treatment of hospitalized patients with complicated influenza. c. It has been demonstrated to be most effective in patients with infection caused by influenza B virus. d. Most patients experience injection site reactions following administration. CPE 18. Which of the following statements is correct regarding ceftolozane? a. Its properties and spectrum of action are most similar to those of cefazolin. b. Its spectrum of action includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa. c. It has a long duration of action and is administered once a day. d. It is extensively metabolized and dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with impaired renal function. 19. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Tazobactam is used in combination with ceftolozane to provide greater coverage against Gram-positive bacteria. b. Ceftolozane/tazobactam has been demonstrated to be noninferior to levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. c. Ceftolozane/tazobactam has been demonstrated to be more effective than meropenem in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. d. Ceftolozane/tazobactam should be used in a regimen with metronidazole in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. 20. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The labeled indication for efinaconazole is the topical treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails. b. Luliconazole is indicated for the topical treatment of tinea pedis and is available without a prescription. c. Tavaborole is classified as an imidazole antifungal agent. d. The duration of treatment of luliconazole and efinaconazole is 48 weeks. CPE information To obtain 2.0 contact hours of continuing pharmacy education credit (0.2 CEUs) for this activity, you must complete the online assessment and evaluation. A Statement of Credit will be awarded for a passing grade of 70% or better. Pharmacists who successfully complete this activity before April 1, 2018, can receive CPE credit. Your Statement of Credit will be available upon successful completion of the assessment and evaluation and will be stored in your My Training Page and on CPE Monitor for future viewing/printing. CPE instructions: 1. Log in or create an account at pharmacist.com and select LEARN from the top of the page; select Continuing Education, then Home Study CPE to access the Library. 2. Enter the title of this article or the ACPE number to search for the article and click on the title of the article to start the home study. 3. To receive CPE credit, select Enroll Now or Add to Cart from the left navigation and successfully complete the Assessment (with randomized questions), Learning Evaluation, and Activity Evaluation. 4. To get your Statement of Credit, click “Claim” on the right side of the page. You will need to provide your NABP e-profile ID number to obtain and print your Statement of Credit. Live step-by-step assistance is available Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm ET at APhA Member Services at 800-237-APhA (2742) or by e-mailing [email protected]. www.pharmacist.com APRIL 2015 • PharmacyToday 89
© Copyright 2024