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EPHEMERA
http://ephemerajournal.com/
ISSN: 1298-0595
Vol.27; No.4 (2015)
Study of the prevalence of depression among students
Rodríguez Ríosc1, Martín Gaviriab*2
1
2
Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid,
Spain
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Mood disorders including mental disorders are a large group of pathological
emotional states. (Creating higher and lower than normal), vegetable actions
associated with them and other mental disorders are the main clinical picture
movement. In between types of depression, mood disorders, especially major
depression, a large group of which may be a single episode or recurrent
episodes are pretenders. Patients who are depressed mood By reducing energy
and interest, difficulty concentrating, loss of appetite Feelings of worthlessness
or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide encountered it causes the destruction
of much of the intellectual force and energy efficient society. Students examine
the importance of basic and applied it to the attention of many psychologists,
counselors and religious education and mental health professionals and others
who have been involved in some way with students. Since the psychological
Students in their academic status is important to the ultimate results of this
research can address many of the problems associated with education, training
centers are located.
KEY WORDS: prevalence, depression, religious education
Introduction
Depression is a syndrome consisting of signs that a specific cause cannot be
found for the symptoms of this condition include: depressed mood most of the
day, reducing the apparent Interested in any activity in life, Weight loss,
insomnia, fatigue and loss of energy, Feelings of worthlessness and guilt and
Concentration and decision-making and thinking Death and suicide without
having a plan for it. Anxiety is the most common mental illness after
considering the high prevalence of HIV among youth such as trauma and
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EPHEMERA
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ISSN: 1298-0595
Vol.27; No.4 (2015)
massive extra depressed patients and the community, the deactivation efficiency
and reduces the bulk of the active force and the negative impact on others and
the social and economic losses, the need for research on this issue is crucial.
Another factor is the importance of this research can be We know that the
majority of Statistics and Information The incidence of depression
from Information and research in other communities in Western societies,
especially given that the factors affecting depression in each community is
different, so we need to Information about this disease in our society are both
factors And its causes in our community know and we will fix it .Research on
the prevalence of depression among high school students intelligent analysts of
community needs For these students, the future of our society and the solemn
responsibility of the students are expected more. So you have any comments,
whether mental or physical, are high that the future can be good for the country
Authorities and society should try to reduce and eliminate the disease in their
students. Lack of administrators, teachers and parents of personality and
psychological status of students, especially students who have special abilities.
The lack of Providing opportunities to flourish in their capabilities and the
absence of special assistance in this regard are all factors that inhibit expression
of these features will be.
Certainly, many of the victims of this lack of understanding of the process that
brought them other physical and mental disorders will follow. Thus, any society
that considers itself to be gifted to survive and thrive in the spotlight.
Above the need of accurate and detailed studies of individual needs
characteristics Character and reveal their mental illness. With regard to the
outcome of the investigation, to pay more attention to the suggestions they
offer.
Most of what we know today about the problems created by the Romans and
ancient Greeks has been described. 450 BC Plato's first term to describe
depression and mania Lee Koo new public works. Jules in 1954 by French
Special Forces madness of form (folic double form) in which the patient is
suffering from deep depression to define perplexed. Around 100 BC, Cornelius
De Medicine in black bile introduced the term depression induced by other
doctors such as Aristotle (120 to 180 AD) and Galen (129 to 199 AD) and
Alexander Thralls also used in the eighth century.
In 1854, Jules Filth described periodic insanity. Such patients frequently
experience Aalst mood and depression therapy. In 1882, German psychiatrist
Karl Kalb is using the term “cycle Time” Manny depression and describes the
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EPHEMERA
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ISSN: 1298-0595
Vol.27; No.4 (2015)
different stages of a disease. Emil in 1899, the concept of manic - depressive
diagnostic criteria and are described, including the majority of psychiatrists they
are used for the diagnosis of
also depression Regression (Evolutional
melancholia) explained that in postmenopausal women, and late Adult men and
starts since then, the equation is considered late-onset mood disorders. Creation
of man may be normal, high or low Depression, creating a continuous fall
down with energy and passion, guilt, difficulty concentrating, loss of appetite
and suicidal thoughts appear and not limited to a specific time and place and
reaction to stress. The identification and treatment of mood disorders in children
and adolescents are more. Kopek depressed children often develop in older age
is a less common sign. These symptoms include auditory hallucinations in tune
with your mood, somatic complaints, and retiring sad appearance and selfesteem Low esteem. There are signs that regardless of the age and
developmental status in patients appear to be identical and include suicidal
thoughts, depression or irritability, insomnia, and decreased ability to
concentrate. However, growth issues will affect the appearance of all
symptoms. For example, teens sad that frequently develop suicidal thoughts,
suicide or become generally able to plan for their minds to be true. People,
especially young people from several factors. Chronic social stress such as
family conflict, abuse and neglect and academic failures vulnerable. The
majority of adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder has
been the victim of abuse or neglect. Young people with depressive disorders
may reduce stress in toxic environments or out of the environment symptoms
improve. When you lose a loved teen, bereavement, even in the absence of
depression is often the focus of psychiatric treatment Takes.
Mood disorders
There is a mood disorder characterized by abnormalities in the regulation of
mood, behavior and emotion. As stated mood disorders can be divided into:
1. Depressive Disorders
2. Bipolar Disorder
3. Depression with medical illness or abuse alcohol or other substances.
Mania or hypomania episodes of depressive disorders with loss of
differentiation of bipolar disorder find.
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Depression (Depression)
Depression in depressed mood on a daily basis for at least two weeks described
(Table A) are characterized by an episode of sadness (sadness) indifference or
apathy (Patty), or nervousness (irritability), usually with a change in a number
of neural functions... Vegetable is the sleep patterns, appetite, weight gain, slow
motion or agitation, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and making decisions, or I
feel guilt and thoughts of death or dying. Patients with endogenous depression
in the deep feelings of joy are all enjoyable activities, Are an early riser, quality
feel sad mood with a different motivation and boredom often notice changes in
their creations are daily (morning worse). It features a strong yet paradoxically
predicted better response to treatment with antidepressants. Almost 15% of the
population when an episode of major depression in their lifetime experience,
And 8% -6% of all outpatient clinics, diagnostic criteria for this disorder are
common. However, often not diagnosed and treated appropriately be even more.
If your doctor suspects there are episodes of depression, His first task is to
determine which depression unipolar or bipolar is, or as 15% -10% of cases of
secondary General medical condition or substance abuse is. Physicians also
should assess the risk of suicide with a direct question, because if you do not
have the patients are reluctant to talk about these thoughts. Different cultures,
different studies have shown that depression protests outside, but the symptoms
are similar. Depression with aging increases. Regardless of age, the prevalence
in women is almost twice that of men. It was previously believed that the
difference between the two sexes Reflection of socio-cultural factors. But recent
longitudinal studies of twins show It is an adult female vulnerability to major
depression is largely hereditary origin and effect of environmental factors on the
incidence of temporary and does not affect lifelong relationship between
pressure Psychological, negative life events and the onset of depression is
unknown attacks. Sure, negative life events can precipitate depression and
contribute to its development but depression can experience the high pressure
source (stressful) is.
Unipolar depressive disorder usually begins in early adulthood and risk of
recurrence in their lifetime. The best predictor of future risk of disease, number
of previous episodes, but not reliable forecasts after a single attack, 60% -50%
of patients with the first Attacks has at least one or two will be the next attack.
Some patients experienced several attacks that over time become more intense
and more frequent during a Untreated attacks vary greatly, ranging from a few
months to at least one year. A pattern of recurrence and Clinical progression is
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ISSN: 1298-0595
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variable created in one attack. In a small number of patients, the severity of the
symptoms of psychotic episodes of depression may develop. The seasonal
pattern of depression, called SAD (seasonal affective disorder) is called, May
the onset and remission of attacks occur at predictable during the disorder is
more common in women and symptoms include lack of energy, fatigue, Weight
gain and oversleeping. The prevalence increases with distance from the equator
of the earth and exposed Chronobiology change the mood improves. Diagnosis
of major depressive disorder in adolescents and Youth with severe protests and
without previous psychiatric symptoms is easy But in many cases the onset is
gradual and occurs in childhood years hyperactivity problems, separation
anxiety disorder or depressive symptoms were intermittent Is. According to
DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, at least 5 symbols in
a two-week period there was a change in the previous function to create.
Major depression in children before puberty may be physical complaints,
psychomotor stimulation and illusions created to coordinate with the protesters.
Lack of pleasure is common, but Lack of pleasure, hopelessness, psychomotor
retardation and delirium in adolescents and adults with major depressive
episodes is more common than small children with. Appetite and sleep
problems in children and young adults are more likely than depressed. Behavior
in adolescents may be hidden or openly conservative Antisocial and alcohol or
drug trafficking is seen as an additional diagnosis confrontational defiant
disorder, conduct disorder and substance abuse or dependence justify.
Feelings of restlessness, irritability, aggression, reluctance to cooperate in
family proceedings, Withdraw from social activities and tend to leave home,
they are common in depressed adolescents. Academic problems may also occur.
Adolescents may be attributed to their appearance without attention and
stimulate their appetite has increased, particularly in relation to the rejection of
love and kindness sensitive. Early onset of mood disorder in childhood and
adolescence may be the most severe form of mood disorder and is often seen in
families in which the incidence of mood disorders and alcohol abuse is high.
These children may have secondary effects, such as conduct disorder, alcohol
and other substance abuse and antisocial behavior are. Dysfunction related to
depression Children virtually all psycho - social child expands Academic
performance and behavior, relationships with peers and All affect family
relationships are only children and They are very intelligent and studious teen
depression than Average is less able to spend more time and energy to
compensate for their difficulties in learning In other cases, without exception,
by the combination of academic performance, trouble concentrating, slowed
thinking, lack of interest and motivation, fatigue, sleepiness, depression and
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rumination damaged preoccupations. Depression in children and adolescents
may be mistakenly diagnosed with a learning disorder. Learning difficulties
secondary to depression, even if they are long-lasting improvement of
depression then quickly disappears. Adolescents and young adults with major
depressive disorder may experience hallucinations and delusions. In most cases,
the symptoms of psychotic subject area are coordinated with depressed mood,
depression can occur during the period, (usually at the worst time) and
containing certain types of for schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, voices that
talk to each other or to refer a patient, they are not. A hallucination, depression,
usually in the form of voice that speaks to the patient and the tone is offensive
or suicide. Delusions about issues of guilt, depression, physical illness, death,
nihilism, justified punishment, personal inadequacy and sometimes harm’s way
are these delusions are rare before puberty at an early age, probably due to
cognitive immaturity, but in Half of adolescents with psychotic depression are
observed. If an adolescent with mood disorders to self-medicate with alcohol or
other illegal substances is a mood disorder can be very difficult. A recent study
was done in 17% of adolescents with mood disorder first Substance abuse were
considered as medical And only after a period of detoxification symptoms of
psychological assessment and diagnosis of the right mood disorder was
possible.
Epidemiology of Depression
The prevalence of depression is difficult and one of the reasons for the
definition of different diagnostic that various researchers have used mood
disorders, particularly depression, unipolar common mental disorders in adults,
the risk of depression, unipolar lifetime is around 15%, perhaps in the ratio of
women to 25 per cent is estimated that only 50% of those who meet criteria for
a diagnosis of major depression are being treated. Bipolar I disorder is less than
major depressive disorder. (With a prevalence of about 1% Lifetime).
Gender
Unipolar depression in women than men, although causes 2 Research has
clearly shown that this disorder is not known It can be associated diagnostic
procedures fanatical This difference may be different causes of stress,
childbirth, Learned helplessness (Learned helplessness) and hormonal
effects Lie opposite major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder outbreaks in
men and women is approximately equal.
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Marital status
Generally, unipolar depression in people who have no close relationship
between the individual or his wife divorced or separated are more likely to be
seen.
Social and cultural considerations
The relationship between social class and unipolar depression has not been
established. Although some research suggests a relationship between social
class and depression previously thought Many- depressive disorder is a disease
of the upper middle class And the community. But recent research has not found
this association. The prevalence of depression is more common in
illiterate. The prevalence of mood disorders varies from race to race but
apparently professionals tend to mood disorders in people who have different
cultural and ethnic backgrounds are less common diagnosis.
Physical diseases
Some physical illness started with depression and depression is some of the
resonator. The prevalence of depression in patients with chronic respiratory
disease and knows more than the other patients in the course of the disease and
the treatment is effective
Cause of Depression
In any etiology of bipolar disorders have genetic factors, biological,
environmental stress and life events, psychological factors and social factors in
the calculation of the dynamics involved.
Genetic factors:
Approximately 50% of patients with bipolar mood disorder at least one of their
parents, often suffering from bipolar depression have one. If one of the parents
with bipolar disorder have a 27% chance of developing each child if both
parents are likely to affect 75-50% increase.
Biological factors:
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Norepinephrine and serotonin, the neurotransmitter that reduces their Overall
the physiopathology of mood disorders is discussed Found that serotonin levels
in people who have committed suicide Increased dopamine activity in reducing
depression Finds some researchers have reported that the concentration of 5 HT
(5- hydroxyl trip taming) in the lower brain stem, but the amount of cortisol in
depressed patients Depressed patients increases.
Psychosocial factors:
A) Psychological factors dynamics: Studies have shown that people with any
diagnostic pattern under appropriate conditions may be depressed.
B) Cognitive theory: This theory was proposed in 1967 by Beck and the thought
disorder as the main cause of depression is noted.
Dependent personalities, obsessive, compulsive and hysterical are at greater risk
for depressed people believe that the environment cannot do anything.
C) Life events and environmental stress: The stress of life events, physical
illness, can trigger depression in many ways the physical conditions can cause
depression, cancer and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome,
Addison's disease, and diabetes, infections, brain tumors, SLE, uremia and
cardiovascular disease.
Signs and symptoms
Almost all depressed patients (97%) of energy which leads to difficulty in
completing assignments, academic and professional dysfunction and reduce the
incentive for new projects about 80% of these patients will complain of sleep
disorders, especially getting up early Frequent nocturnal awakening from sleep
while thinking about the issues themselves suffer some patients with anorexia
and weight loss, and a few also increased appetite, weight gain, and are
oversleeping. Mental disorders as depression, delirium and hallucinations may
occur in severe cases of psychotic depression called...
Course and prognosis of depression:
Necessarily a disorder of personality, Babble major depression in patients half
of the patients were not depressed before the first attack 40. If you do not
experience a period of depression Treatment takes about 6 to 13 months, while
the treatment It takes about 3 months with time duration greater, Less is more
distance between them and the severity of the patient may Over 20 years of
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experience, about 6.5 to 10.5% of patients I have found that in the first year
after diagnosis of major depressive disorder. 6 to 10 years of experience mania
which after a period of 2 to 4 Depressions occurs Depression Sire is a benign
disease but a chronic and recurrent disease is considered.
Depression:
Important factors in the success of treatment depend on the diagnosis, duration
of illness, and treatment of the disease, the diagnosis is more important. First
and foremost, the physician, necessary or There is no need for hospitalization
risk Suicide and suicide, the marked reduction in the ability In the care of
different aspects, diagnostic tests, patients need to stay weak support system
specifies.
Treatment methods include:
1. Psychosocial treatments: The most effective way to treat the disease with
medication therapy is appropriate.
2. Cognitive therapy versus medication do some work this way. Benefits
include: the absence of adverse drug reactions and facilitate long-term followup of patients
3. Interpersonal therapy: (Interpersonal Therapy) Ambulatory and nonpsychotic depression and severe depression in combination with other methods
used.
4. Behavior therapy is used to treat mild depression and short term.
5. Analytic Psychotherapy: in this way we aim to make a change in the
character of a person is depressed non tick.
6. Family Therapy: when a depressed person's life is put in danger or when the
patient's
family
He
is
a
good
way
to
put
at
risk.
7. Drug therapy: the best drug for each patient response to the drug in history or
the patient's family if it was not primarily based on treatment protocols and
clinical depression, medication side effects and choose.
Pharmacotherapy of first symptoms begin to recover Sleep and appetite
disturbances, and symptoms in later recover include lack of energy, restlessness,
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anxiety, despair and then to symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, fatigue
and loss of libido can be recovered. It is the latest sign that heals depression.
Classical tricyclic antidepressants, including polycyclic Fore and Forex (TCAS)
amine oxidase inhibitors and non-classic menu including selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, , alprazolam and imitator of Spam tick is like
amphetamines. Today, mental health is the most important health issues. With
the advancement of medical science Remarkable success in maintaining overall
health, lowering mortality rates and life expectancy has been raising much.
However, ignorance of mental health, mental health issues has caused the rise
and the number of cases of mental disorders increased significantly In France
and other countries in Europe and America Valuable studies on youth Is,
unfortunately, in countries Development of desirably about teenagers and youth
studies There have been many scientific and since the onset of disease. Mental
health in childhood and adolescence is of particular interest to this group Is
important because the costs are not too high The desired effect is achieved in
the shortest time. Disability and disability that mental disorders are looking very
hard, persistent and annoying are. Also, mood disorders, especially depression,
in case of successful treatment of short and long-term complications develop.
Which include suicide, substance abuse as self-emergence of behavioral
disturbances, interruption or delay in the development of mental models -?
Social, lack of adequate progress in school and ... well, the list of diseases that
are caused by the inability of the ten major disease, four patients for mental
disorders. These diseases include depression, bipolar affective disorder,
schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive states, that is to say that depression is a
disease of the top ten lists. Study of adolescents and youth mental states could
help in early diagnosis Prevention of disease and the potential consequences
of It is responsible for planning and basic infrastructure to create a more
favorable environment for the growth of talent and capital, will help resolve the
conflict and to a healthy society.
Prevalence of depression in the community may depend on several factors. A
range of factors can be named. (1), such as age, sex, occupation, income, social
status, educational status, marital status, family size, housing, geography and
physical and...... Epidemiologic studies support the various factors and their
impact on the assessment of the disease and ways to prevent the disease, and
they applied.
Reference
1- Antony’s faucet- et al- Harrison s- principles of Internal Medicine- 4 the
end- VOL 1. MC Grew Hill U.S.A 1998, 1125- 1300
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2- Baker. A: Depression and suicidal ideation among academically gifted
adolescents- Gifted child quarterly- 1995- pp.: 218-223
3- Brandt, David and Kaiser , Charles: predictors of loneliness in the gifted
adolescent- Gifted child quarterly - 1985- pp:74.77
4- Gallagher’s : the public and professional perception of the emotional status
of gifted children- Journal for the education of the Gifted – 1990 –pp.:
202.211
5- J Games H. , psychiatry (NMS) 3 rd. Edition Williams and wakens
Diagnosis and Treatment (83-95).
6- 16. Harness KL. MD. Monroe MD. The journal
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7- Kaplan Harold IMD , shaddock Benjamin
Williams and Wilkins 1998 , 134- 212.
1996
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IMD , synopsis of psychiatry ,
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of psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins 1998: 345-450
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psychology- 1986 – pp.: 123 – 130
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