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Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Part I: Remapping Shanghai, Remapping Hongkou
4
Chapter I. Reconfiguration of the urban space in modern Shanghai
4
1.1 “Tri-cities’’ in Shanghai: urban space in transformation
4
1.2 A divided city, a hybrid society
8
Chapter II. How special was Hongkou district in Shanghai?
10
2.1 Where was "Hongkou"?
10
2.2 American Settlement: “the Cinderella among the settlements"
12
2.2.1 From waterways to waterfronts
14
2.2.2 Bridges and roads
16
2.3 New frontiers for new comers
19
Part II: Structuring of the Japanese Community in Hongkou District
21
Chapter III. The latecomers to Shanghai
21
3.1 Why not an exclusive Japanese Concession?
21
3.2 Population growth after 1895
25
3.3 Choose Shanghai, choose Hongkou
30
3.3.1 "Why go to
Shanghai?"
3.3.2 "Why choose Hongkou?"
30
33
Chapter IV. The administration structure and the power system
37
4.1 Japanese Consulate in Shanghai
37
4.2 'JRA': a 'self-governing' body run by the elites
42
4.3 Public services and communal duties
50
iv
4.3.1 The JRA-run schools and their school system in Shanghai
51
4.3.2 Japanese company in SVC
55
4.3.3 Public health service
57
4.3.4 Other services
Chapter V. ‘Little Japan', a self-contained community
59
5.1 ‘Kaishaha’vs.
59
‘Dochakuha’
5.2 A society formed by small traders
64
5.3 Make Hongkou a Japan town
68
5.3.1 'Japanese streets' & ‘Little Tokyo'
68
5.3.2 Japanese lives in Hongkou
71
5.3.3 ‘Nagasaki ken-Shanghai
shi’
74
Part III: Compromises and Conflicts
76
Chapter VI. Conflicts with compromises
76
6.1 Japanese community and the Shanghai Municipal Council
76
6.1.1 Representatives in Council
77
6.1.2 Japanese participation in the SMP and other services in the SMC
78
6.1.3 Japanese wanted more voice in the SMC
81
6.2 The anti-Japanese boycotts and Japanese community
82
6.2.1 The boycott as an economic tool
83
6.2.2 The hostilities and the Japanese reaction
86
6.3 Conflicts with compromises
89
Chapter VII. Shanghai 1932: An era ended
92
Conclusion
99
Notes
102
V
Appendices
Appendices A
Glossaries
148
Appendices B
Bibliography
151
List of Tables
Table
1.
“Hongkou”
in different Gazetteers of Shanghai County
11
2. The Japanese Population in Shanghai, 1889-1909
27
3. The Development of Japanese Population in Shanghai, 1912-1931
28
4. Japanese Firms in Shanghai, in First Decade of Meiji Era
32
5. The Geographical Origins of the Japanese Merchants in Shanghai, 1894
34
6. The Proportion of Japanese in Shanghai (1889-1892)
38
7. The Members of JRA Administrative Committee in 1915 and 1922
48
8. The Enrollment of Japanese Primary Schools in Shanghai (1911-1932)
52
9. The Japanese Schools run by the JRA
55
10. The Proportions of Japanese Population in Different Professions in the Early
1910s
60
11. The Different Status of “Kaishaha” and “Dochakuha”
62
12. The Election Result of the Residents' Council of the JRA (1925，1929)
63
13. The New Registered Japanese Commercial Firms in Shanghai (1918-1932)
65
14. The Japanese population resided in Outer Hongkou Area
70
15. Japanese Small Businesses Opened inside the "Japanese Streets Area" (1924)....72
List of Figures
Figure
1. Shanghai Japanese Clubs (1903-1908)
44
2. The Structure of Japanese Residents' Association
47
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