Funding of doctoral education
Dr Thomas Ekman Jørgensen
European University Association
28 April 2015
Eurodoc Annual Conference
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
EUA Council for Doctoral Education
EUA – European
University Association
850 universities and
rectors’ conferences in
47 countries
Developing evidencebased policies
Advocating these
policies
Promoting development
of universities as
institutions
…3…
Council for Doctoral
Education (CDE)
a membership service
focused on doctoral
education
Development of doctoral
schools
Doctorate-specific policy
development
234 members in 35
countries (from Faro to
Tomsk)
CDE activities
Stakeholder
dialogue
- EU and global
Recommendations
and policy
development
Membership activities
- Workshops,
newsletter, networking
and projects
…4…
Increased political attention to doctoral
education
•
•
•
Inclusion in the Bologna Process 2003
Salzburg Principles 2005 – Salzburg II 2010
Increased importance for the European Research Area
 Innovation Union 2010
• The Commission commits itself to better doctoral training in
Europe
 Principles for Innovative Doctoral Training 2011
• Triple-i : international, interdisciplinary and intersectoral
•
National legislation
•
Much of this is connected to the discourse about the
knowledge society as a driver for growth
…5…
Growth in European Doctoral Education
European Union (27 countries)
120000
115000
110000
105000
100000
95000
90000
85000
80000
75000
70000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
The rise of the doctoral school
•
Since 2005, we have seen a ’silent revolution’ in doctoral
education
 Professional management: The Rise of the doctoral
school
•
•
•
•
30 % of universities had a doctoral school in 2007
65 % in 2009*
82% ARDE 2011
Universal 2013**
 Move towards a two-layered model of faculty/programme level
schools and central, strategic units
*TRENDS V, TRENDS 2010
** EUA European
Research
*TRENDS
V, TRENDS
2010 Area Survey
Funding of universities in Europe – a growing
gap
Public funding modalities:
distribution among main areas
Public funding for research
BE‐fl
37,29%
BE‐fr
25%
ES
62,71%
13%
62%
20%
80%
FI
100%
HU
100%
IS
85%
LV
15%
100%
NL
30%
PL
40%
30%
45,0%
SE
50,0%
39,0%
10,0%
SK
5,0%
40,0%
11,0%
100%
0%
10%
20%
negotiated block grant
30%
40%
50%
60%
formula‐based block grant
70%
competitive funding
9
80%
90%
other direct funding
100%
Performance-based funding?
•
Different understandings of performance-based funding
•
Research: in most systems, considered partially or mainly
based on performance (bibliometric data, external research
funding...)
•
Teaching: a majority of systems consider their funding
allocation mechanisms to be at least partially based on
performance (graduate-related criteria)
 Most extensive case: DK (taximeter system)
 However funding for teaching remains primarily input-oriented
in several systems (basis: student numbers): BE-fr/HU/IS/PT
10
The importance of indicators in funding formula
Nr of BA students
Nr of MA students
Doctoral degrees
Amount of EU/international funding
Amount of external funding
MA‐degrees
Research evaluations
Nr of ECTS
Nr of Doctoral students
BA‐degrees
Nr of staff
Research contracts
International students
Successful patent applications
Doctoral theses
Diversity indicators
International staff
Graduate employment rate
Scientific activities
Floor space
Community outreach
Patent applications
National rankings
International rankings
0
5
10
15
20
25
•
Major role of “input”
related indicators
(number of BA and MA
students)
•
Nevertheless,
significance of “output”
elements such as
doctoral / MA degrees
awarded, external
funding obtained
30
35
40
45
50
Funding doctoral candidates
•
Very little good data on key questions
•
Individual funding
 How many are actually funded?
 What are the funding levels for individuals?
•
Funding for institutions
 How many in project funding?
 Full cost of doctoral education?
 Cost of investment in doctoral schools?
Share of doctoral candidates per funding source
Others (self-funded, others e.g.
charities)
2.6%
4.9%
2.1%
National/regional grants
6.0%
30.5%
University’s own Funds
EU Funds
Private sector
25.3%
28.7%
National/regional grants for collaborative
doctoral projects
Total number of doctoral candidates considered: 125 858
Total number of universities included: 160
Source: MoU survey 2013
Other international schemes (e.g.
Fullbright)
Share of doctoral candidates
(EU Funds)
9,95%
EU Structural
Funds
10,54%
Erasmus Mundus
11,67%
ERC related
67,84%
Total number of doctoral candidates considered: 7497
Source: MoU survey 2013
Marie S. Curie
0
Legal status of
doctoral candidates
Number of universities: 224
Source: MoU survey 2013
Andorra
Georgia
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Slovakia
FYR Macedonia
Hungary
Estonia
Italy
Ukraine
Portugal
Turkey
Greece
Romania
Poland
Finland
France
Serbia
Spain
Slovenia
Belgium
Iceland
Austria
Switzerland
Germany
Sweden
Norway
Russia
Denmark
Netherlands
Croatia
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
20
40
60
80
100
Student
Employed (by
university or business)
Fellowship (public
funding, university
funds)
Self-employed
Others (none, other
e.g. non-university
research institution)
Summary
•
•
•
There has been a steady growth in the number of
doctoral graduations
At the same time, overall funding has decreased in
many systems
When funding comes, it comes with strings attached
•
•
Funding of doctoral candidates is very diverse
Leading to diverse types of employment and legal
status
•
... But there is still much that we do not know
Thank you for your attention
Want to know more? EUA-CDE Annual
Meeting 18-19 June in Munich ” The
Future of Doctoral Education – where
do we go from here?”
http://www.eua.be/eua-cdemunich.aspx
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