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Model Flipper
AP Human
Geography
Population and Migration
Political Organization of Space
Agriculture, Food Production and Rural Land Use
Industrialization and Development
Cities and Urban Land Use
• Human Geography Model flipper instructions
• Pick a folder
• Put your name on your folder
• Draw guide lines in your folder
• Tape cards into folder upside down with blank
side facing up using the line you drew as a
guide
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Human Geography Model flipper
• Malthusian Growth Model
• on the blank side:
Malthusian Growth Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
In 1798 the Englishman Thomas R. Malthus
posited a mathematical model of population
growth.
Said that human population grew
geometrically or exponentially, while the food
supply meant to feed this population
increased arithmetically or linearly, and stated
that this was a perfect recipe for a disaster
waiting to happen in form of overpopulation
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Human Geography Model flipper
• Boserupian Model
Boserupian Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
States that agricultural methods depend
on the size of the population; in those
times of pressure, people will find ways
to increase the production of food by
increasing workforce, machinery,
fertilizers.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Demographic Transition Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand
geographic trends?
Stage 1 CBR & CDR are both high. Population growth is slow and fluctuating.
Reasons
high CBR - Lack of family planning, High Infant Mortality Rate: putting babies in the 'bank',
Need for workers in agriculture, Religious beliefs, Children as economic assets,
high CDR - High levels of disease, Famine, Lack of clean water and sanitation, Lack of
health care, War, Lack of education
Stage 2 CBR remains high. CDR is falling. Population begins to rise steadily.
Reasons
CDR falling - Improved health care, Improved Hygiene, Improved sanitation, Improved
food production and storage, Improved transport for food, Decreased Infant Mortality
Rates
Stage 3 CBR starts to fall. CDR continues to fall. Population rising.
Reasons - Family planning available, Lower Infant Mortality Rate, Increased
mechanization reduces need for workers, Increased standard of living, Changing status of
women
Stage 4 – CBR and CDR both low. Population steady.
Reasons – later marriages, improved status of women, good health care, reliable food
supply, longer life expectancy
Stage 5 – CBR slightly decreasing, CDR stable
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Epidemiological Transition Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
1971 – Abdel Omran
Part of demographic transition model, stage 2
sudden and stark increase in population growth
rates brought about by medical innovation in
disease or sickness therapy and treatment
accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases
by chronic diseases over time due to expanded
public health and sanitation
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Gravity Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
The gravity model, as social scientists refer to the
modified law of gravitation, takes into account the
population size of two places and their distance.
Since larger places attract people, ideas, and
commodities more than smaller places and places
closer together have a greater attraction, the
gravity model incorporates these two features.
The relative strength of a bond between two places
is determined by multiplying the population of city
A by the population of city B and then dividing the
product by the distance between the two cities
squared.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
movement interin search of national
food
migration
shift from urban to
suburban
Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Wilbur Zelinsky
the stage of demographic transition can predict migration
Stage 1
high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food rather
then permanent migration
Stage 2
international migration becomes especially important
consequence of new technology
Stage 3 & Stage 4
in search of economic opportunities shift from urban to
suburban
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Leave blank for now, we’ll add pictures when we do urban cards
The Heartland Theory - Halford Mackinder
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
The Heartland Theory - Halford Mackinder
1. Who rules Eastern Europe commands the
Heartland
2. Who rules the Heartland commands the World
Island
3. Who rules the World Island commands the
World
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Leave blank for now, we’ll add pictures when we do urban cards
Rimland Theory – Nicholas Spykman
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Rimland Theory – Nicholas Spykman
theory that the domination of the coastal
fringes of Eurasia would provided the base
for world conquest.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Von Thunen
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Von Thunen’s model is an a great illustration of the
balance between land cost and transportation cost
• All agricultural land uses are maximizing their
productivity (rent), which in this case is dependent upon
their location from the market (Central City).
• The role of farmer is to maximize his profit which is
simply the market price minus the transport and
production costs.
• The most productive activities (gardening or milk
production) or activities having high transport costs
(firewood) locate nearby the market.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Cadastral System
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Cadastral surveys in general: create; mark; define;
retrace; resurvey; and reestablish the boundaries and
subdivisions of the public lands of the United States
• Township and Range – (rectangular survey system) is
based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile
sections.
• Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to
demarcate irregular parcels of land.
• Longlot Survey System – divides land into narrow parcels
stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Rural Village Patterns
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Linear Village – formed along a road, dike or levee
• Cluster Village (nucleated) – usually began as a small
hamlet at the intersection of two roads and spread out
from there.
• Round Village (rundling) – found in Africa, the result of
the central cattle corral in the middle
• Walled Village – reminders of a turbulent past, built for
protection
• Grid Village – built by Spanish invaders and other
colonizers
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Weber Least Cost Theory
• theory of industrial location in which an industry is located
where the transportation costs of raw materials and final
product is a minimum
• Raw Material Oriented –
• used when materials are bulky, heavy
• Examples: lumber, paper, mining
• Market Oriented
• Used when materials are fragile, ubiquitous are heavy or bulky
at market
• Examples: Colas, glass, mattresses, furniture
• Break-of-Bulk Oriented
• Used when shipping items together over long distances, then
are separated into smaller shipments for short distances
• Examples: cars, oil, clothing
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Hotelling
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Hotelling
• Locational interdependence
• Location of an industry cannot be understood without
reference to other industries of the same kind.
• Two vendors located on pts. A & C, eventually
gravitate toward pt. B (moving from this pt. will only
hurt profitability)
• A third vendor complicates this (spatially)
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Economic Base Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Economic Base Model
• Basic Industries produce products for export outside
the region – Examples: Agriculture, Mining,
Tourism,Federal Government, Manufacturing (Partly)
• Non-Basic produce goods and services for
consumption inside the region Examples: Retail,
Commercial, Banking, Necessities
• Population Dependent or Residentiary
• Total Economy = Basic + Non-Basic
• Basic jobs create additional non-basic jobs
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Wallerstein World Systems Theory
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Wallerstein
• Core
• Processes that incorporate higher levels of education,
higher salaries, and more technology
• Generate more wealth in the world economy
• Semi-periphery
• Places where core and periphery processes are both
occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then
exploit the periphery.
• Serves as a buffer between core and periphery
• Periphery
• Processes that incorporate lower levels of education,
lower salaries, and less technology
• Generate less wealth in the world economy
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Rostow – Model of Development
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Rostow
• traditional – dominant activity is subsistence farming, rigid
social structure, little technology
• preconditions of takeoff – society begins to develop
manufacturing, and a more national/international, as
opposed to regional, outlook.
• takeoff - short period of intensive growth, in which
industrialization begins to occur, and workers and
institutions become concentrated around a new industry.
• drive to maturity - long period of time, as standards of
living rise, use of technology increases, and the national
economy grows and diversifies.
• high mass consumption - economy flourishes in a capitalist
system, characterized by mass production and
consumerism.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System
• Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The pre-industrial (agricultural) society, with
localized economies and a small scale settlement structure. Each
settlement is fairly isolated, activities are dispersed and mobility is
low. There are limited differences
• Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the economy in the core
city begins as a result of capital accumulation and industrial growth.
Trade and mobility increase, but within a pattern dominated by the
core even if the overall mobility remained low.
• Stage 3 (Industrial). Through a process of economic growth and
diffusion, other growth centers emerge. The main reasons for
deconcentration are increasing input costs (mainly labor and land) in
the core area.
• Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes fully integrated
and spatial inequalities are reduced significantly. The distribution of
economic activities creates a specialization and a division of labor
linked with intense flows along high capacity transport corridors.
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Concentric Zone Model Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• created by E.W. Burgess.
• City grows outward from the CBD in a series of rings
• Inner circle is the CBD (non-residential activities like office and
retail)
• Second Ring – zone of transition – industry and poorer quality
housing
• Third ring – zone of working-class homes - modest older
houses occupied by stable, working-class families.
• Fourth ring – newer more spacious homes – middle class
families.
• Fifth ring – commuter zone – this is the area beyond the
city. These people typically commute into the city.
• example - Chicago
Concentric Zone Model Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Hoyt Sector Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• The city develops in a series of sectors, not rings.
• As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge
from the center.
• Many areas are more attractive for various activities.
• Social classes are found in sectors of a city, not in the
rings from the inside out.
• Response to concentric zone model
• Land rent figures in heavily
• Example - Baltimore
Hoyt Sector Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Multiple Nuclei Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• A city is a complex structure that includes more than
one center around which activities revolve.
• Examples of these nodes are a port, neighborhood
business center, university, airport and park.
• Some activities are attracted to particular nodes,
whereas others try to avoid them like things near
universities and airports.
• Example – Los Angeles
Multiple Nuclei Model;;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Borchert Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• five distinct periods
• each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular
transport technology on the creation and differential rates of
growth of American cities.
• Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830);
• Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam
engine technology, and development of steamboats and
regional railroad networks;
• Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development
of long haul railroads and a national railroad network;
• Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the
gasoline combustion engine;
• Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), also called the
High-Technology Epoch.
Borchert Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Latin American City Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Also called griffin and Ford Model
• center of the city is the CBD, which is divided into two
sections, a traditional and more modern one.
• A commercial spine extends from the CBD, which is
surrounded by the elite residential sector.
• There is zone of maturity (middle-class) around the CBD
• Lower class around that, and the very poor squatter areas on
the outside, or periferico.
• There are two sections of disamenity (squatters) cutting
through to the CBD.
• The gentrification zone is where historic buildings are
preserved, and it is located near the CBD.
• The industrial sector is located in the periferico.
Latin American City Model
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Southeast Asia City ;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Also known as McGee Model
• Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial
business district
• No formal CBD, but separate cluster throughout the city
• Western commercial zone (dominated by Chinese
merchants)
• Hybrid sectors & zones growing rapidly
• New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city
Southeast Asia City;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Sub-Saharan African City;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• African cities are so different, that is was hard to make a
model of them.
• There are typically three CBDs.
• The first one is a colonial CBD from when they were
colonies of Europe, which is usually single-story with
some traditional architecture.
• The second is a traditional CBD, where vertical growth
tends to take place.
• The last is a Market zone, which is usually open-air.
• Surrounding the CBDs are Ethnic neighborhoods, then
Industry, and finally poor squatter areas.
Sub-Saharan African City;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Central Place Theory ;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Developed by Walter Christaller.
• explain the size and spacing of cities that specialize in
selling goods and services.
• two basic concepts:
1) threshold -- the minimum market needed to bring a
firm or city selling goods and services into existence
and to keep it in business
2) range -- the average maximum distance people will
travel to purchase goods and services
• chose hexagon, because there is no overlap
• five size communities – hamlet, village, town, city,
regional capital
Central Place Theory;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Bid Rent Theory;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• price and demand for real estate changes as the distance
from the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
• Land users will complete with one another for land close
to the CBD.
• basis of this theory is the idea that the CBD offers the
greatest accessibility to potential customers, thus the
highest profit possibilities.
Bid Rent Theory;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Rank-Size Rule;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• established by George Zipf in 1949
• holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a
town or city will be inversely proportional to its rank in
the urban hierarchy.
• or example, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ the population of
a country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ the
population of the largest city, and so on
Rank-Size Rule;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
Galactic City Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?
• Post Industrial City
• representation of distinct decentralization of commercial
urban landscape as the economy transitions to having
services become the leading form of production.
• A mini edge city that is connected to another city by
beltways or highways
Galactic City Model;
Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic
trends?