1. science
2. mathematics
3. statistics

DEPLETION OF NATURAL ROCK & PROCESSING OF AGGREGATES
PRESENTED BY : FRASAT MEHAMOOD ABBASI

AGGREGATES ARE INERT MATERIALS WHICH ARE
MIXED WITH BINDING MATERIALS SUCH AS CEMENT
OR LIME FOR MANUFACTURING OF MORTAR OR
CONCRETE.


AGGREGATES ARE THE IMPORTANT CONSTITUENT
IN CONCRETE. AGGREGATES ARE GRANULAR
MATERIAL DERIVED FROM THE MOST PART OF THE
NATURAL ROCK, CRUSHED STONES, NATURAL
GRAVELS OR SAND
AGGREGATES ARE GENERALLY OCCUPY ABOUT 7080 % OF VOLUME OF A CONCRETE AND THEREFORE
BE EXPECTED TO HAVE AN IMPORTANT INFULENCE
ON IT’S PROPERTIES
 Crushed
Stone:
Quarried from a
ledge rock
 Gravel:
◦
Mined or dredged
from natural
deposits
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Mining or Blasting
Crushing
◦ Primary
◦ Secondary
Sizing
◦ Gradation
◦ Fines
Testing (QC/QA)

Recycled Concrete:
◦ Quarried from
pavements or other
sources
Slag or Foundry Sand:
◦
Mined from industrial
stockpiles
GOOD QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL
AGGREGATE:
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An ideal aggregate used for the manufacturing of
concrete and mortar, should meet the following
requirements.
(1) It should consist of natural stones, gravels and
sand or in various combinations of these materials.
(2) It should be hard, strong and durable.
(3) It should be dense, clear and free from any
coating.
(4) It should be free from injurious vegetable
matters.
(5) It should not contain flaky (angular) and
elongated pieces.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION
CLAY AND FRIABLE PARTICLES
FLAKINESS & ELONATION
LOS ANGELES ABRASSION
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
TEN PERCENT FINES VALUE
SOUNDNESS
TEST NAME
APPLICABLE
STANDARD
SPECIFICATION
LIMIT
Water absorption
ASTM C 127/128
Max 2 %
Flakiness
BS 812 Part 105.1
Max 25%
Elongation
Bs 812 Part 105.2
Max 25%
Clay lump
ASTM C142
Max 1%
Acid Soluble Sulphate BS 812 Part 116
Max 0.3%
Acid Soluble Chloride Bs 812 Part 117
Max 0.03%
Sand Equivalent
ASTM D2419
Min 75%
Soundness
ASTM C88
Max 12%
Impact Value
BS 812 Part 112
Max 30%
10% fine Value
Bs 812 Part 111
Min 100KN
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SOURCE:
>Natural aggregates:
This kind of aggregate is taken from natural
deposits without changing their nature during the
process production such as crushing and grinding.
>Manufactured (synthetics) aggregates:
This is a kind of man-made materials
produced as a main product or an industrial byproduct. Some example are blast furnace slag, air
cooled slag and broken bricks. Synthetics
aggregates are produced by thermally processed
materials such as expanded clay and shale used for
making light weight concrete.
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a)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE:
>Coarse aggregate:
Aggregate which retained on the No.4
(4.75mm) sieve. The function of the coarse
aggregate is to act as the main load-bearing
component of the concrete.
>Fine aggregate:
Aggregate passing No.4(4.75mm) sieve
and predominantly retained on the No.200
(75µ) sieve. The fine aggregate serve the
purpose of filling all the open space in
between the coarse particles.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UNIT WEIGHT:
Aggregates are classified as Light-weight,
Heavy-weight and Normal-weight aggregate
depending on weight and specific gravity.
AGGREGATE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Mg/m3
UNIT
WEIGHT
BULK
EXAMPLE
DENSITY(Mg
/m3
Normalweight
2.5-2.7
23-26
15.2016.80
sand
Heavyweight
2.8-2.9
25-29
>20.80
Scrap iron
12
<11.20
dolomite
Lightweight
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE:
The shape of aggregates is an
important characteristic, since it affect
the workability of concrete.
CLASSIFICATION
EXAMPLE
Rounded
River or seashore gravels
Partially Rounded
Pit sands & Gravels
Angular
Crushed Rocks
Flaky
Laminated rocks
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Rounded
ANGULAR
ELONGATED
Flaky
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SUFACE TEXTURE:
Surface texture is a measure of the smoothness and
roughness of aggregate. The grouping of aggregate is broad and
is based on visual examination of the specimen. As per IS:3831970 the aggregates are classified into five groups, namely,
Glassy, Smooth, Granular, Crystalline, Honeycombed and Porous.
CLASSIFICATION
EXAMPLES
Glassy
Black flint
Smooth
Gravel, Marble
Granular
Sandstone
Rough
Basalt
Crystalline
Granite
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SMOOTH
ROUGH
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THIS TEST COVERS THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES. A SAMPLE OF
DRY AGGREGATES OF KNOWN MASS IS SEPARATE THROUGH A
SERIES OF SIEVES OF PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER OPENING FOR
DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE & FINE
AGGREGATES
ASTM C 127&128 & BS 812 PART 2 :1995
DETERMINE THE BULK AND APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND WATER
ABSORPTION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES. ABSORPTION IS THE PROCESS
BY WHICH WATER IS DRAWN INTO AND TRENDS TO FILL THE PERMEABLE PORES
IN A POROUS SOLID BODY.
FLAKINESS INDEX
THE FLAKINESS INDEX OF AN AGGREGATE SAMPLE IS FOUND
BY SEPERATING THE FLAKY PARTICLES AND EXPRESSING
THEIR MASS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE MASS OF SAMPLE
TESTED

ELONGATION INDEX
THE ELONGATION INDEX IS FOUND BY SEPERATING THE
ELONGATED PARTICLE AND EXPRESSING THEIR MASS AS
A PERCENTAGE OF THE MASS OF SAMPLE TESTED
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THIS METHODCOVERS A PROCEDURE FOR
TESTING SIZES OF COARSE AGGREGATE SMALLER THAN
37.5 MM FOR RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION USING THE
LOS ANGELES MACHINE.
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE & AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
BS 812 PART 110:1990 & BS 812 PART 112:1990
ACV-THIS METHOD GIVES A RELATIVE MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE OF AN
AGGREGATE TO CRUSHING UNDER A GRADUALLY APPLIED COMPRESSIVE LOAD
AIV-THIS METHOD GIVES A RELATIVE MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE OF AN
AGGREGATE TO SUDDEN SHOCK OR IMPACT

We collect sample from different source and different size to find
out quality of aggregate. We conduct different test as per
international standard.

Following test was carried out.
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PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

AGGREGATE LOSS ANGELES ABRASION

AGGREGATE ELONGATION INDEX
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AGGREGATE FLAKINESS INDEX

AGGREGATE CHLORIDE CONTENT
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AGGREGATE SULPHATE CONTENT
Sieve size
National Quarry
DOHA QUARRY
RAJ STONE
28mm
100%
100%
100%
20mm
97%
96%
95.6%
14mm
30%
31%
37.9%
10mm
2.0%
1.2%
3.4%
6.3mm
0%
1%
0.7%
5.0
0%
0%
0.6%
100
90
95.6
100
80
70
60
Passing %
50
40
37.9
30
20
10
0.6
0.7
3.4
0
5mm
6.3mm
10mm
Sieve Sizes
14mm
20mm
28mm
SOURCE NAME
NATIONAL QUARRY
DOHA QUARRY
RAJ STONE
LOSS AGGELES ABRASION
12%
13.9%
10%
ELONGATION INDEX
23%
29%
14%
FLAKINESS ` INDEX
10%
26%
8%
CHLORIDE CONTENT
0.01
0.006
0.01
SULPHATE CONTENT
0.05
0.007
0.04
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IN GEOLOGY, ROCK IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING
SOLID AGGREGATES OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS.
THE SOLID MINERAL MATERIAL FORMING PART OF
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND OTHER SIMILAR
PLANETS, EXPOSED ON THE SURFACE OR
UNDERLAYING THE SOIL.
THREE GENERAL CLASSES OF ROCK:

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

METAMORPHIC ROCK

IGNEOUS ROCK
Sedimentary rock are formed from particles of sand
,shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material.
Together, all these particles are called sediment.
Generally ,sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may
break apart or crumble easily.
Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type
sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic
rock.
Metamorphic rock are formed under the surface of the earth
from the metamorphosis that occurs due to intense heat and
pressure.

Igneous rocks are formed from the
solidification of magma rock material. Rocks
formed by the cooling and solidifying of
magma materials
Based on Measurement
Definition for field use
UCS
Measurements
(Mpa)
Extremely weak
Gravel sized lumps crush between
finger and thumb
0.6-1.0
Very Weak
Can be break by pocket knife
Weak
Can be break by pocket knife with
difficulty
5-25
Medium strong
Can be fractured with a single firm
blow of geological hammer
25-50
Strong
Fracture on more then one blow of
geological hammer
50-100
Very strong
Require many blow of geological
hammer for fracture
Extremely strong
Can be chipped with geological
hammer
1-5
100-250
>250

These test methods cover the determination
of the strength of intact rock core specimens
in uniaxial and triaxial compression. The
tests provide data in determining the
strength of rock, namely: the uniaxial
strength, shear strengths at different
pressures and different elevated
temperatures, angle of internal friction,
(angle of shearing resistance), and cohesion
intercept.