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Ch
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Prroblem
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Contents
DOCUMENT CONTROL ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 6 AIM & PURPOSE ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 8 3. National Context ................................................................................................................... 10 4. The Scale of Child Sexual Exploitation ..................................................................................... 12 5. Analysis of Child Sexual Exploitation Data................................................................................ 17 Analysis of West Midlands Police Child Sexual Exploitation Data .................................................................... 17 Analysis of Local Authorities Child Sexual Exploitation Data .......................................................................... 24 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 25 The Use of Technology .............................................................................................................................. 35 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 37 6. Systems and Processes ......................................................................................................... 39 West Midlands Police Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................... 39 Local Authorities Child Abuse Referral Process............................................................................................ 40 Source of Contact and / or Referrals across the West Midlands ...................................................................... 42 7.1 Birmingham Local Authority ................................................................................................. 43 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 43 The Scale of CSE within Birmingham Local Authority .................................................................................... 46 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 47 7.2 Coventry Local Authority ...................................................................................................... 49 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 49 The Scale of CSE within Coventry Local Authority ........................................................................................ 52 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 53 SAFEGUARDER ....................................................................................................................................... 54 7.3 Dudley Local Authority ......................................................................................................... 57 RESTRICTED
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Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 57 The Scale of CSE within Dudley Local Authority ........................................................................................... 59 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 59 7.4 Sandwell Local Authority ...................................................................................................... 62 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 62 The Scale of CSE within Sandwell Local Authority ........................................................................................ 65 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 65 SAFEGUARDER ....................................................................................................................................... 66 7.5 Solihull Local Authority ........................................................................................................ 70 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 70 The Scale of CSE within Solihull Local Authority .......................................................................................... 71 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 72 Nature of Exploitation................................................................................................................................ 78 7.6 Walsall Local Authority ........................................................................................................ 80 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 80 The Scale of CSE within Walsall Local Authority ........................................................................................... 82 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 83 7.7 Wolverhampton Local Authority ............................................................................................ 85 Child Abuse Referral Process ..................................................................................................................... 85 The Scale of CSE within Wolverhampton Local Authority ............................................................................... 87 Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People................................................................... 87 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 90 9. Moving Forward .................................................................................................................... 91 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 92 Appendix A .............................................................................................................................. 94 SAFEGUARDER – CSE Warning Signals ........................................................................................................ 94 Appendix B .............................................................................................................................. 95 RESTRICTED
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Breakdown of Child Abuse Related Sexual Offences .......................................................................................... 95 Appendix C .............................................................................................................................. 96 Breakdown of all Incidents Allocated the CSE Special Interest Marker ................................................................... 96 Appendix D .............................................................................................................................. 97 Breakdown of Victim Details with a CSE Marker ................................................................................................ 97 Appendix E .............................................................................................................................. 98 Breakdown of Offender Details with a CSE Marker ............................................................................................ 98 Appendix F .............................................................................................................................. 99 West Midlands Police Process Chart .............................................................................................................. 99 Appendix G ........................................................................................................................... 100 Birmingham MASH Process Chart................................................................................................................ 100 Appendix H ............................................................................................................................ 101 Birmingham MASH ................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix I ............................................................................................................................. 103 Coventry RAS / MASH Process Chart ........................................................................................................... 103 Appendix J ............................................................................................................................ 104 Coventry RAS / MASH............................................................................................................................... 104 Appendix K ............................................................................................................................ 106 Dudley Children’s Social Care Process Chart ................................................................................................. 106 Appendix L ............................................................................................................................ 107 Dudley Children’s Social Care ..................................................................................................................... 107 Appendix M ........................................................................................................................... 109 Sandwell MASH Process Chart ................................................................................................................... 109 Appendix N ............................................................................................................................ 110 Sandwell MASH ....................................................................................................................................... 110 Appendix O ........................................................................................................................... 111 RESTRICTED
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Solihull CSWS Process Chart ..................................................................................................................... 111 Appendix P ............................................................................................................................ 112 Solihull CSWS ......................................................................................................................................... 112 Appendix Q ........................................................................................................................... 114 Walsall MAST Process Chart ...................................................................................................................... 114 Appendix R ............................................................................................................................ 115 Walsall MAST .......................................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix S ............................................................................................................................ 116 Wolverhampton Central Referral Team Process Chart ...................................................................................... 116 Appendix T ............................................................................................................................ 117 Wolverhampton Central Referral Team ......................................................................................................... 117 Appendix U ............................................................................................................................ 118 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 118 LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 118 LEGISLATION AND THE LAW .................................................................................................................... 119 DEFINITIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 121 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 123 DOCUMENT CONTROL
Version
Date
Department & Author
Comments
1.0
19/05/2014
Force Intelligence Sylvia McNeish
Document Creation
2.0
26/09/2014
Force Intelligence Sylvia McNeish
First Draft
2.1
08/10/2014
Force Intelligence Sylvia McNeish
Draft V2
3.0
16/10/2014
Force Intelligence Sylvia McNeish
Draft V3
4.0
04/11/2014
Force Intelligence Sylvia McNeish
V4
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1. Introduction
AIM & PURPOSE
The regional CSE Task and Finish Group Chaired by Dudley Chief Executive, Mr Polychranakis, has commissioned a West
Midlands Child Sexual Exploitation Strategy which is in draft form and will be presented to the West Midlands Chief
Executives along with this Problem Profile. The wider strategy document includes a Service Improvement and Delivery
Action Plan for 2014/15 and consists of seven Strategic objectives.
(1) Each LSCB will improve the clarity of governance and strengthen leadership arrangements to ensure an effective
multi-agency response to CSE
(2) The LSCB will deliver an effective co-ordinated training, community and schools awareness programme through a
multi-agency ‘Learning, Development and Awareness Strategy’
(3) The LSCB will deliver targeted communications to ensure consistent and accurate messages are shared with all,
in support of public awareness and improved confidence in delivery
(4) The LSCB will continue to review the effectiveness of single and multi-agency processes and procedures to
ensure they are effective, efficient and fit for purpose to support the protection of children and young people from
the risks and impact of CSE
(5) The LSCB will continue to provide effective protection, support and guidance for victims and potential victims of
Child Sexual Exploitation
(6) The LSCB will work together to proactively identify and disrupt places of CSE activity
(7) LSCB will ensure perpetrators are brought to justice and effectively managed to reduce risk to public and prevent
re-offending.
This Problem Profile document is commissioned under section 1.10 of the above action plan. West Midlands Police (WMP),
as a partner member of the region’s CSE Task and Finish Group have commissioned the WMP Strategic Intelligence Team,
through the forces Strategic Tasking and Coordination Group Chaired by DCC Thompson, to deliver this product for the
Regional Strategic CSE Task and Finish Group.
Whilst an earlier attempt to deliver this document during 2013 failed due to the lack of available Local Authority data, WMP
were asked to provide a refreshed profile. This document is a quick time response to the data provided since 25/08/2014 in
order to meet the deadline set for the Chief Executives meeting following a request from Stephen Rimmer on 25/08/14.
The aim of this problem profile is to understand and define the extent of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) from the
perspective of each local authority area within the West Midlands. This profile will aim to establish the scale of non-familial
CSE as described by the Police and Partners and will establish how data is currently shared and the main barriers to
effective data sharing. This profile will establish any opportunities for improved data sharing between partners and will
establish what boroughs provide the greatest opportunity for improvements in enhanced data sharing.
This profile is divided into several sections;
Section One will provide introduction and aim and purpose.
Section Two will provide an executive summary.
Section Three will provide an overview of the National context around CSE.
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Section Four will seek to define the scale of CSE within WMP and Local Authorities.
Section Five will explore the different recording systems which encapsulate CSE within WMP and aim to give overview from
the perspective of WMP. This section will also explore and analyse data provided by Local Authorities to provide an
overview across the West Midlands.
Section Six will seek to provide an overview of the systems and processes in place in WMP and Local Authorities for child
abuse referrals and will gain an understanding of how CSE is identified.
Section Seven will seek to provide an understanding of each Local Authorities child abuse referral process in the West
Midlands and will gain an understanding of how CSE is identified and highlighting any issues or concerns in relation to data
sharing. In addition, each section will seek to define the scale of CSE from their perspective and will analyse any data
provided by each Local Authority area. However, data between Local Authorities will be compared and contrasted against
other Local Authorities where possible but cannot in most categories due to the variance in data provided.
Section Eight will provide final thoughts within a conclusion.
Section Nine will provide any suggestions and recommendations in relation to the way forward.
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2. Executive Summary
Inferences

There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Local Authorities.

There are institutionalised assumptions in place across Local Authorities that allow for a decline in
identifying CSE victims from 16 years of age.

There is an under identification of Afro-Caribbean CSE victims by Local Authorities.
Child Sexual Exploitation

210 children or young people have been identified by Local Authorities as sexually exploited or at risk of sexual
exploitation across the West Midlands in the first 6 months of 2014.

There is a lack of accessible information to analyse in order to establish the causal factors of CSE across the West
Midlands, (in both Local Authorities and in WMP)

One in eleven, (of the 210) victims of sexual exploitation or those at risk from sexual exploitation is male.
However, half of the 32,289 children identified as suffering or being at risk of suffering harm or abuse in first six
months of 2014, is male.

The age profile for both male and female victims of CSE is the same.

Children and young people experiencing CSE and / or at risk of CSE peak between the ages of 14 to 16 years of
age, (but referrals and contacts to Local Authorities peak between birth and five years of age and decrease
significantly from 15 years).

Mixed ethnicities of victims are overrepresented in comparison to the population in every Local Authority area.
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
Comprehensive data provided by Solihull Local Authority using the Bedfordshire dataset has enabled the following
key findings to be identified:

One in six children or young people that are sexually exploited are coerced on-line.

Children who are at significant risk of or experiencing CSE: have increased misuse of alcohol and drugs
compared to low risk children and young people, have increased sexual health issues, and have all
experienced Domestic Violence.

An assessment of all CSE Profiles produced by WMP since 2010 identifies a consistent profile in relation to
victims, locations and offenders. There are significant similarities to the Rotherham victim/offender and location
profiles.

Victims are typically, but not exclusively, white females aged 13 to 16. Approximately a third are living in care
homes and of those living at home, some 25 per cent will have lived in a care home and up to 60 per cent will have
an allocated case worker.

Victims are strongly associated with frequent missing episodes. Home Debriefs suggest victims are transported
widely across the West Midlands and the wider region whilst missing and are abused by multiple men.
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The majority of offenders are typically Asian, of Pakistani origin, aged from 17 to 40. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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
The profile of offenders for named suspects and offenders of incidents with a CSE marker (excluding online
offending) for the first six months of 2014 is not the same as the profile of offenders identified in a range of
problem profiles dating back to 2010, which used broader offender and / or suspect and intelligence data.

A number of Organised Crime Groups associated with CSE exist in the West Midlands. Many are associated with
areas of high population densities of Pakistan heritage.

Targeting of victims takes place mainly at children’s homes and schools. Offending typically takes place in private
houses or hotels often under the guise of “house” parties. Offences also take place in parks.
Child Abuse and Processes

During the first six months of 2014 concern has been raised on 32,289 occasions where a child or young person
may be suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm through abuse, harm or neglect across the West Midlands.

On average across the West Midlands 49 per cent of contacts and / or referrals relate to males and 48 per cent
relate to females. (3 per cent is unknown).

Referrals and / or contacts across the West Midlands peak from birth until five years of age.

Referral data shows that victims of White Skinned European ethnicities are underrepresented in comparison to the
population across all Local Authorities in the West Midlands. Mixed ethnicities and Afro-Caribbean ethnicities are
overrepresented across all Local Authorities in the West Midlands. With the exception of Dudley Local Authority,
Asian ethnicities are underrepresented across all Local Authorities in the West Midlands.

Progress is being made in the alignment of multi-agency data to inform joint risk assessments of referrals through
the MASH (Multi Agency Safeguarding Hubs) but the routine screening of risk factors to identify CSE is
problematic in all agencies.

Data captured at the point of referral in all agencies offers opportunities to be collected more effectively,
corporately and in line with national guidelines. Opportunities for routine meaningful analysis of data and
identification of CSE victims and offenders are being missed.

It remains difficult for WMP to quantify how many child abuse crimes or incidents have actually occurred within the
West Midlands.

WMP has no definitive way of establishing the scale of CSE as there is no single marker that is used consistently
to enable the full identification of each crime and incident across the Force area where CSE has been a
contributing factor.

WMP is not effectively sharing its information relating to children classified as ‘absent’ with Local Authorities and is
not capturing information relating to home debriefs by Local Authorities of found missing children.
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3. National Context
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) is a form of abuse which involves children (male and female, of different ethnic origins and
of different ages) receiving something in 'exchange' for sexual activity. Perpetrators of CSE are found in all parts of the
country and are not restricted to particular ethnic groups1. The sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18
involves exploitative situations, contexts and relationships. This is where children or young people (or a third person or
persons) receive ‘something’ such as food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money as a result of
them performing, and/or another or others performing on them, sexual activities, violence, coercion and intimidation. These
are all commonly linked with exploitative relationships as defined by the Department for Children, Schools and Families
(2009). There are many different methods and approaches to sexually exploit children and young people, which can be
undertaken by individual, peers, groups and gangs. CSE can have a serious long term impact on every aspect of children’s
lives, health and education and damages the lives of their families and carers, and can lead to family break ups2.
The Bailey Review stated that we are living in an increasingly sexualised culture and today’s society encourages and
pressures children to grow up too quickly3. The ways in which young people are exploited is constantly evolving any child or
young person may be at risk of CSE, regardless of their background or circumstances. Some groups are particularly
vulnerable, these include children or young people who have who have a history of running away or going missing from
home4, those with special needs, living in residential or foster care, migrant children, unaccompanied asylum seeking
children, children who have disengaged from education, children who are abusing drugs and alcohol and those that are
involved in gangs5.
The Office of Children’s Commissioner (OCC) identified the following vulnerabilities, which are typical in children prior to
abuse: living in a dysfunctional household, history of abuse, recent bereavement or loss, gang association, attending school
with or are friends with children and young people who are already sexually exploited, learning disabilities, unsure about
their sexual orientation, homeless, lacking friends from the same age group, low self-esteem or self-confidence, a young
carer, living in a gang neighbourhood and those living in residential care home or hostels. In addition, the following signs
and behaviours were identified by the OCC as seen in children or young people that are generally already being sexually
exploited: missing from home or care, physical injuries, drug or alcohol misuse, involvement in offending, repeat sexuallytransmitted infections, pregnancy or terminations, absent from school, change in physical appearance, evidence of sexual
bullying and/or vulnerability through the internet and/or social networking sites, estranged from their family, receipt of gifts
from unknown sources, recruiting others into exploitative situations, poor mental health, self-harm and thoughts of or
attempts at suicide6.
The vulnerabilities displayed in children and young people prior to being abused and those already being abused are vast.
Barnardo’s has identified three different models of activity which are not exhaustive but highlight the spectrum of
1
www.gov.uk/government/whattodoifyoususpectis being sexually exploited
2
http://www.slough.gov.uk/council/strategies-plans-and-policies/child-sexual-exploitation.aspx
3
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/175418/Bailey_Review.pdf
4
Sexual exploitation is widespread and the majority of children who are being sexually exploited are living in their family homes with a disproportionate
number of victims living in care homes.
5
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/working-together-to-safeguard-children
6
If only someone had listened, Office of the Children’s Commissioner’s Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups – Final Report.
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exploitation; inappropriate relationships, boyfriend model of exploitation and peer exploitation and organised/networked
sexual exploitation or trafficking. However, Barnardo’s highlight that CSE is a hidden activity and is much more likely to take
place in private. It is therefore very difficult to say how many children or young people are being sexually exploited. CSE
can also often leave victims confused, frightened and reluctant to make any disclosures and some young people are not
even aware they are being exploited or experiencing abuse, thus compounding the difficulties in identifying it.
In 2011, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX7.
Following a comprehensive two year enquiry into the nature and extent of CSE, the most in-depth investigation into CSE in
England, it was highlighted that too many people are working in isolation to tackle CSE. The OCC8 state that the data
collating and sharing across public bodies had shown clear variations and understanding between agencies on how, when,
and why data should be shared leading to inconsistencies in decision making. The legislative framework regarding data
sharing is complex and there is a lack of consistency of how data is gathered, stored, handled and shared across multiagencies and complex public sector structures that characterise many partnerships and is compounded by the differing IT
systems in place nationally.
7
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8
Office of Children Commissioner (2013b) ‘Office of the Children’s Commissioner’s Response to the Law Commission Consultation: Data Sharing Between
Public Bodies. Available at http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/content/publications
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4. The Scale of Child Sexual Exploitation
Overview of the CSE Threat
Key Findings: There is no definitive way of establishing the scale of CSE across the West Midlands.
There is no definitive way of establishing the scale of CSE from the perspective of WMP as there is no single
marker that is used consistently to enable the full identification of each crime and incident across the Force area
where CSE has been a contributing factor.
Local Authorities across the West Midlands have identified 210 children and young people that have been or are being
sexually exploited or are at risk or sexual exploitation; however, it is not possible to establish which of those are already
known and recorded on WMP systems.
WMP were able to identify 402 non-familial CA crimes of a sexual nature, 254 crimes or incidents where a CSE marker has
been used and 629 intelligence submissions with a CSE sub-heading committed across the West Midlands between the
specified date periods. Data is recorded within Oasis Command and Control system which records details of all incidents
that take place on the West Midlands force area and any actions the Police have taken so will include CSE information;
however, data is only retrievable using ‘key word’ searches. There is no facility on COMPACT for an official CSE marker.
Ad hoc free text is being used inconsistently to identify CSE in the ‘warning markers’ field.
WMP are able to identify all offences recorded with an offence type of CA and establish which of those are a sexual nature
and were identified as ‘non-familial’; however, it is not possible to establish which offences specifically relate to CSE due to
the variety of offences CSE encompasses. CSE in itself is not a crime classification and often crime classifications of sexual
activity, sexual assault and rape are used. Inevitably this places limitations on the data9.
Although a CSE marker has been created on WMP CRIMES system in order to better understand and quantify crimes of this
nature and to enable the full identification of each recorded crime where CSE has been a factor, the use of the CSE marker
is often inconsistent; it may not be used correctly, if used at all.
It was not possible to complete comparative analysis of Local Authority CSE data as it is not collated in the same manner
across the West Midlands. For instance, only Birmingham and Solihull Local Authorities employ CSE co-coordinators and
routinely collate data in accordance with the guidelines of the ‘Bedfordshire dataset’, (which is a tool designed to be used by
all agencies both statutory and voluntary who engage in work with CSE). The Bedfordshire dataset aims to be a practical
document to raise awareness of the issue of CSE and all its complexities10. It provides a rich picture of information detailing
the characteristics of sexually exploited children as well as the nature of the exploitation and also provides information on
the nature of risk, the nature of exploitation, living situations, education, health issues and other risk factors.
A fundamental flaw of the Bedfordshire dataset is that it does not recommend the need to record details on perpetrators or
suspects of CSE. Where Local Authorities have recorded perpetrator details or characteristics it is within a free text ‘Notes
and Intelligence’ or ‘Other Adults’ fields and resulted in the analysis of this information difficult and problematic. Vulnerable
Police Forces must follow Home Office ‘Counting Rules’, which define when a crime number can be allocated. Non-crime numbers are Police records of
events which are of importance but do not meet the criteria of the crime counting rules.
9
10
http://www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/121873/wgoreport2011-121011.pdf
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or frequented locations were also recorded within free text fields or were contained within meeting minutes or strategy
discussions.
There was evidence of significant local variation in procedures and practices by Local Authorities and considerable disparity
in the quality and quantity of data provided by LSCBs, which highlights the variation in information sharing, collection, policy,
practice and procedures. Effective data collection problems were then compounded by the lack of effective processes in
place to identity CSE. Solihull Local Authority have comprehensively and extensively completed every field within the
dataset whereas Birmingham and Wolverhampton Local Authorities have only completed basic information on the
characteristics of the sexually exploited child and no information on the nature of exploitation has been provided. In
addition, Birmingham Local Authority has only recorded a name in 32 of the records within their dataset and no further
information is provided including age and ethnicity.
Coventry, Sandwell and Walsall Local Authorities have provided information where children and young people have been
raised as a concern through the CMOG and YPSE meetings. Coventry and Sandwell Local Authorities provided data in
relation to WMP Safeguarder Matrix and Walsall Local Authority provided their own dataset contained within a word
document. In addition, Dudley Local Authority provided their own dataset, which only provided basic information including
gender and date of birth.
Victim, Offender and Locations:
A review of a range of WMP Intelligence products dealing with CSE since 2010 has been undertaken and their findings in
relation to Location / Victim and Offender are summarised below;

Location
There were a total of 42 identified vulnerable locations from previous problem profiles including a number of children’s
homes and schools where victims of sexual exploitation are targeted and groomed and a number of hotels and parks which
are used meet victims of sexual exploitation and subsequently commit offences11; In addition previous problem profiles
dating back to 2010 identified these locations as situated on Birmingham (37 per cent), Dudley (15 per cent), Sandwell (13
per cent), Coventry (6 per cent), Walsall (9 per cent), Wolverhampton (8 per cent), and Solihull (7 per cent)12 LPUs13.

Victim
Previous profiles dating back to 2010 highlight that offenders are targeting predominantly female victims by ethnicity (white
British), the inclusion of other ethnicities and a young age at which victims are groomed indicates that offenders are primarily
targeting vulnerability rather than ethnicity14. It has previously been highlighted that a lack of capable guardian and
11 Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 24, CSE Problem Profile July 2013,page 20,21, Operation Protection March 2010, page 10 & 16,
ROCU Tactical Assessment August 2014, page 21 -24
12
CSE Problem Profile September 2013,page 12
13
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 17
14
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16
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attachment disorder (especially low esteem) make victims more vulnerable to CSE15. Victims are at a high risk of
exploitation whilst missing from their place of residence16 and often display a disassociation with family or carers17. The
most common age from previous profiles is 15 years of age and victims are from white British ethnicities18; however, the age
ranges from 11 to 22 years old19.
Nearly half the victims identified were in social services accommodation20. Furthermore, of the 43 per cent still within a
family21 environment, a significant proportion often involves large families with a single parent who cannot cope22. In a
quarter of cases the child will have already been subject to physical violence or sexual abuse from a parent or family
member23. Often victims have witnessed or been subject to alcohol abuse, mental health issues, and prostitution24. Victims
often become sexually active under the age of 16 years25 and within Walsall LPU there are significantly more victims at high
risk than any other LPU; however, Birmingham East may have a greater number of high risk victims not yet identified26.
Furthermore, victims are often groomed using alcohol, drugs, and gifts and contact is often made outside children’s homes
or via social network sites27.
Data provided by Local Authorities on children experiencing CSE and those at risk of CSE highlight that 90 per cent are
female and age’s peak between 14 to 16 years when there is a significant decrease in identifying CSE victims. Mixed
ethnicities are overrepresented as sexually exploited and there is an underrepresentation of identified Afro-Caribbean
ethnicities that have been sexually exploited. In addition, data provided by three Local Authorities highlight that 21 per cent
of identified children that have been sexually exploited have a physical or learning disability including ADHA, ASD and
Autism. 33 per cent of sexually exploited children are looked after, 19 per cent in residential care and 14 per cent in foster
care. It could not be established in 56 per cent of cases if the child that has been sexually exploited is sexually active;
however, GUM data highlights that more children are sexually active compared to those identified as victims of CSE
suggesting that there is an under identification of CSE victims.
The findings of a recent exploratory study suggest that more targeted attention needs to be given to male victims of CSE as
they have different responses to prevention and awareness and there is a clear need for awareness-raising among
professionals that males can also be the victim of CSE28. For instance, male children CSE victims differ from their female
counterparts in several key respects;

Males identified tended to be slightly younger than females
15
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16
16
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16
17
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 19, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4
18
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile July 2013, page 8
19
CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile July 2013, page 25
20
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16 &17, Operation Protection March 2010, page 8
21
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16 &17
22
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 18
23
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 18, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4
24
CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4
25
CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4
26
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 12
27
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 24, CSE Problem Profile July 2013,page 9, 24, 41,42,43
28
http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/530798/16134-su-cse-young-boys-summary-report-v3.pdf
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
Males were reported to present with more disabilities than females

Males were reported to present with more youth offending histories than females

While both females and males may use new technology, the types of site or technology that facilitates CSE was
felt to differ by gender

The most common referral reason for both genders of Barnardo’s service users was going missing, this reason
accounted for 80% of males, compared with just 42% of females.

Offenders
A profile dating back to 2010 identifies that the majority of suspects and / or offenders are Asian (79 per cent) with a large
proportion being of Pakistani heritage, and are likely to be from a Muslim faith background29. Subsequent profiles identify
offenders as typically Asian of Pakistani heritage and aged from 17 to 40 years of age30, with an average age of XX31. 49
per cent of offenders live in Birmingham, with 30 per cent of offenders living XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXon
32.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX33. Offending takes place by single males
who have access to transport34 as well as groups of males. As no data was gathered from Local Authorities in relation to
offenders/perpetrators there is a lack of information to make comparisons between the two datasets.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXXXXXXX X X X X X X X X X X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
29
Operation Protection March 2010, page 12
30
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 21
31
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
32
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 21, Operation Protection March 2010, page 12, 13
33
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 21
34
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 23, CSE Problem Profile July 2013,page 9, 24, 41,42,43
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Organised Crime Groups
The identification of Organised Crime Groups (OCGs) is the formal mechanism for Police Forces to prioritise activity against
organised criminality. Nationally an OCG tracker is used to capture intelligence, operational activity and risk assessments of
each OCG identified in the UK. WMP currently have XXXXXXX specific OCG’s identified as operating within the WMP force
area involved in CSE. There are a number of additional groups of people who are subject of intelligence collection plans in
relation to CSE and are being considered for OCG status. The type of CSE the identified OCG’s and potential OCG’s are
involved in ranges from online targeting of children (sometimes for live exploitation), and the organised use of young people
for prostitution. Both male and female children are being targeted. Due to the sensitivity of intelligence associated with
these OCG’s, (most are subject to police activity), separate confidential briefings to Chief Executives will be provided.
Recommendations:
1.
Ensure there are clearly defined parameters set for data submissions to allow for comparison across
Local Authorities.
2.
Ensure all datasets from Local Authorities are populated in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset to
enable effective analysis and triangulation to take place against all datasets.
3.
WMP and Local Authorities to develop an engagement strategy with communities where offenders are
disproportionality represented.
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5. Analysis of Child Sexual Exploitation Data
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Local Authorities.
Analysis of West Midlands Police Child Sexual Exploitation Data
Analysis of Non-Familial Child Abuse Crimes of a Sexual Nature
Since 2003 CA offences within the West Midlands have gradually increased year on year and first breached the upper
control limit in March 2012 and have remained above the upper warning limit since January 2013, as shown in the control
chart below. This increase coincides with a number of public high-profile cases including Daniel Pelka and Keanu
Williams35. These cases resulted in heightened awareness and a surge in reports of CA and the launching of 127,060 highlevel investigations by councils in England, which represented a 42.3 per cent increase in cases since 2009/20103637.
Figure 2: Child Abuse Crimes
35
http://www.communitycare.co.uk/blogs/childrens-services-blog/2013/10/the-lessons-to-be-learnt-from-three-recent-high-profile-child-abuse-cases/
36
http://news.sky.com/story/1182814/child-abuse-42-percent-rise-in-investigations
37
http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2014/06/07/surge-in-reports-of-west-midlands-child-abuse-cases/
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Between the specified date periods, there were 1974 crimes recorded across the West Midlands recorded with an offence
type of CA. Of the 1974 crimes38, 646 were of a sexual nature. Of the 646 sexual offences, 402 (62 per cent) were
identified as ‘non-familial’. The top offence type was sexual assault on a female child under 13 (51 of 402; 13 per cent),
followed by sexual activity with a female U16 & offender U18 (35 of 9; 9 per cent). There were 80 rape and attempt rape
offences accounting for 20 per cent of non-familial offences. 148 of 402 non- familial sexual offences were detected; a
detection rate of 45 per cent (a full breakdown detailed in Appendix B). Detections are the traditional formal recording of an
outcome, which is usually either a caution or court based; however, WMP do not capture the range of alternative outcomes
such as civil interventions and abduction warning notices.
On average, non-familial CA offences of a sexual nature range from 16 to 48 across LPU’s, as detailed below.
Local Policing Units
Total
Birmingham East
45
Birmingham North
28
Birmingham South
48
Birmingham West
28
Coventry
51
Dudley
54
Sandwell
59
Solihull
16
Walsall
40
Wolverhampton
33
Grand Total
402
Figure 3: Non-Familial Child Abuse Crimes by Local Authority Areas
Analysis Crimes with a CSE Special Interest Marker (Date Range 01/01/2014 to 30/06/2014)
CSE Special Interest Marker is used on WMP CRIMES system in order to better understand and quantify crimes of this
nature. If an officer suspects that a child is at risk of CSE they should create a non-crime record with a CSE Special Interest
Marker detailing and recording the details of each CSE warning sign. This enables full identification of each recorded crime
where CSE has been a factor and regardless of whether a specific referral was made. Although the CSE Special Interest
Marker allows easy identification of crimes where CSE has been a factor, this is not replicated on the Force Control and
Command System (Oasis) and therefore there is no way to recognise when a reported incident may be linked to CSE.
Between the specified date periods, there were 254 incidents recorded and committed across the West Midlands with the
CSE Special Interest Marker. There were 195 non-crimes (77 per cent), which have all been recorded as CA non-crime
incidents (195 of 195), and 59 crimes (23 per cent), which the top crime type was sexual activity with a female U16 –
offender 18+penetration (7 of 59) followed by possess indecent photo/pseudo photo of a child (7 of 59) (A full offence
breakdown is detailed in Appendix C). 85 per cent (215) of the 254 incidents with the CSE Special Interest Marker were
38 There were 925 Violent offences (47 per cent) – the offences included wilful assault on a young person under 16 (781) and ABH (71). 350 (18 per cent)
Abandonment and Neglect offences – the offences included Wilfully Neglect Young Person under 16 (246) and there were 32 (2 per cent) kidnapping,
blackmail and abduction offences – offences included abduction of a child (13).
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given an offence type of CA, 14 per cent (36) were given an offence type of other and one incident was given an offence
type of Domestic Violence (DV), Hate Crime (HA) and Vulnerable Adult (VA).
There were 254 incidents recorded during the specified date periods with a CSE Special Interest Marker, which is a
significant increase in comparison to the previous six months data, which highlights 54 incidents with a CSE Special Interest
Marker. However, in June 2014, non-crime incidents with a CSE marker significantly increased and breached the upper
warning limit, as shown below. This increase is in correlation with the introduction of the new Public Protection Unit (PPU)
teams based at Local Policing Units (LPU) across the West Midlands force area and the reinvigoration of the marker for
CSE incidents as PPU were more intrusive in relation to Oasis records of absences (see absences section for full update).
Figure 4: Non-Crime Incidents with a Special Interest Marker
Of the 59 crimes recorded with a CSE Special Interest Marker, 7 per cent (4 incidents) are not considered to be CSE
offences; two offences have been committed by the victims’ paternal grandfather39; one offence relates to criminal damage
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX40 and one offence relates to an
exposure41. However, the Safeguarder matrix identifies that familial abuse is a warning sign to CSE, which therefore causes
many officers to generate a CSE marker. This highlights the CSE Special Interest Marker is used inconsistently and not all
crimes where a marker has been used relate to CSE.
Of the 59 recorded crimes, nine victims (15 per cent) were known to Police on intelligence systems prior to the crime taking
place, 30 victims were unknown to Police on intelligence systems and two were known to the Police on intelligence prior to
the offence taking place but not for any CSE or VA related matters. Of the victims that were known to police, one victim was
a registered sex offender in 201042, six victims were known to Police in 2013 due to vulnerabilities and concerns in relation
to CSE43, one victim was known to Police in 2012 as it was believed they were working as a sex worker44 and one victim
was known to Police in 2014 three months prior to the CSE incident due to CSE related concerns.
39
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
40
XXXXXXXXXXXX
41
XXXXXXXXXXXX
42
XXXXXXXXXXXX
43
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
44
XXXXXXXXXXXX
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
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Locations
When looking at the locations of incidents allocated the CSE Special Interest Marker, the highest volume of incidents have
occurred on Birmingham East LPU (48 of 254), followed by Wolverhampton (35 / 254), Dudley (30 / 254) and Coventry (27 /
254) LPUs, as detailed in the map below. Moreover, these four LPU’s account for over 55 per cent of all CSE incidents
across the West Midlands where a CSE marker has been used but only account for 45 per cent of the population. XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX is the highest volume neighbourhood where a CSE Special Interest Marker has been used, followed by
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Figure 5: Crimes with a CSE Special Interest Marker

Victims
Where there are victim details recorded, 87 per cent (222) are female and 7 per cent (15) are male, with ages ranging from
one to 19 years of age with an average age of 15 years. The most common age for victims was 15 years of age (25 per
cent), followed by 16 years of age (17 per cent) and 17 years of age (17 per cent). Where ethnicity of victims has been
recorded, 54 per cent have been recorded as White Skinned European, followed by 19 per cent Afro-Caribbean and 8 per
cent Asian ethnicity, as detailed in Appendix D.
In comparison to the demographics for the West Midlands females are overrepresented as CSE victims as they account for
51 per cent of the population. In addition, White Skinned European ethnicities and Asian ethnicities are underrepresented
and Afro-Caribbean ethnicities are overrepresented in comparison to the population.
However, these findings are
comparable to the victim profile gathered from Local Authority data, which highlights 90 per cent of children sexually
exploited are female between the ages of 14 to 16 and previously completed profiles which highlight that the most common
age of CSE victims is 15 years of age and victims are from white British ethnicities4546.

Offenders
45
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 16, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile July 2013, page 8
46
CSE and Abuse Problem Profile September 2013, page 4, CSE and Abuse Problem Profile July 2013, page 25
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Key Finding: The profile of offenders for named suspects and offenders of incidents with a CSE marker (excluding
online offending) for the first six months of 2014 is not the same as the profile of offenders identified in a range of
problem profiles dating back to 2010, which used broader offender and / or suspect and intelligence data.
Between January and June 2014, 26 per cent (65 out of 254) of incidents recorded with the CSE Special Interest Marker
have a defendant or suspect recorded. 76 offenders or suspects were responsible for 65 of the 254 incidents recorded with
a CSE marker. 14 per cent (9 out of 65) have multiple offenders and / or suspects recorded ranging between two and eight
offenders with an average of three offenders. 92 per cent (70 out of 76) of the offenders or suspects are male, and 8 per
cent female (6 out of 76), with ages ranging from nine to over 50 years of age with an average age of 27 years of age. The
most common age for defendants or suspects was 16 years of age (8 per cent). 49 per cent are White Skinned European
(37), followed by 28 per cent Asian (21) and 11 per cent African Caribbean (8) ethnicities, as detailed in Appendix E47.
However, this problem profile is only based on named offenders and suspects and unlike previous problem profiles dating
back to 2010, does not include intelligence. Similarly, ‘online’ CSE offending is now included within this profile, which has
not been captured within previous profiles. 14 of the 65 offences were ‘online’ CSE related offences committed by 15
named offenders or suspects, of which 93 per cent are White Skinned European males. Excluding these 15 ‘online’
offenders or suspects, White Skinned European ethnicities then account for 38 per cent of defendant or suspects where a
CSE Special Interest Marker has been used and Asian ethnicities account for 33 per cent.
As highlighted on Page 18, the use of the Special Interest Marker is flawed and inconsistent and the above analysis should
be treated with caution. In addition, the minimal numbers of suspects and offenders involved in this analysis, combined with
the unreliable use of the marker could result in significant changes to the profile of offenders and therefore meaningful
comparisons cannot be made in relation to the offender profile identified in this profile in contrast to previous problem
profiles dating back to 2010.
Recommendations:
4.
WMP to review offender profile as datasets become more available.
5.
WMP to ensure the effective use of the CSE Special Interest Marker on both crimes and non-crime
incidents by the consistent use of an ‘Indicator of Need’ matrix agreed by all agencies.
47
Offender information was correct at time of writing in June 2014; however, since this date further offenders and / or suspects may have come to light.
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Analysis of WMP Intelligence Management System (IMS) Submissions with a CSE Sub-Heading
Between the specified date periods, there have been 299 intelligence submissions with the CSE sub-heading. 14 per cent
has been submitted by Dudley LPU, 13 per cent by Birmingham East and 12 per cent by Birmingham West.
Local Policing Units
Total
%
Birmingham East
38
13
Birmingham North
12
4
Birmingham South
20
7
submissions, 66 per cent (27) of all submission related Police
Birmingham West
35
12
generated activity with regard to people discussed at the Young
Coventry
15
5
People at Risk of Sexual Exploitation Panel Meeting (YPSE) and CSE
Dudley
41
14
trigger plans that have been uploaded on Corvus (2). Therefore, the
Sandwell
20
7
number of IMS submissions with a CSE sub-heading cannot be used
Solihull
6
2
Walsall
30
10
Wolverhampton
11
4
Force Departments
71
24
all CA submissions to establish those where CSE is a contributing
Grand Total
299
100
factor.
Although Dudley has been the top submitting LPU with 41
as an accurate reflection of CSE IMS intelligence submissions and the
only way to retrieve CSE IMS submissions would be to manually check
Figure 6: Intelligence Submitted with a CSE Sub-Heading
Recommendations:
6.
WMP to ensure the effective usage of the CSE sub-heading on IMS.
7.
Improve CSE intelligence Collection.
Analysis Missing Children and Young People with a CSE Marker
725 children under the age of 18 years were recorded as missing on COMPACT (WMP missing persons management
system) between the specified date periods within the West Midlands with a total of 1168 missing reports. Although there is
no set marker for ‘Child Sexual Exploitation’ or ‘CSE’ on COMPACT to identify all missing reports where CSE is a
contributing factor, users are filling in the ‘Warning Markers’ field to add this as free text as it will show on the COMPACT
persons details page in red.
Between the specified date periods there were 19 children and young people with ‘Child Sexual Exploitation’ and 21 with
‘CSE’ listed on their compact records and a total of 38 individual records. Although the ‘warning markers’ field is being
completed by users to add the free text ‘Child Sexual Exploitation’ or ‘CSE’, this is not an agreed policy there is no way to
establish consistency in its usage.
97 per cent of records relate to females (37) and 3 per cent males (1). Ages range from 13 years of age to 17 years of age
with an average of 15 years of age. These findings are consistent with the victim profile identified with a CSE marker.
Recommendations:
8.
WMP to ensure the consistent usage of the ‘CSE’ or ‘Child Sexual Exploitation’ free text within the
‘Warning Markers’ field of COMPACT.
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9.
Pagee 23 of 125
WMP to upgrrade COMPAC
CT to Version 5 to facilitatee improved an
nalysis of CSEE data through
h Flints &
Corvus until a full review ass part of IIP.
Analysiss of Children and Young People
P
Recorrded as Abseent
WMP distinguishes betw
ween missing chhildren and abssent children ass defined by AC
CPO in 2013. W
When missing children
c
are
recorded as missing on COMPACT, the system autoomatically generates a reporrt to Local Authhorities; howevver, absent
ocal Authoritiess. Therefore, the force is
children aare recorded ass on Oasis whiich does not geenerate a repoort to inform Lo
recording some missingg episodes invoolving ‘high ris k’ children as absent. This will
w also impact
ct WMP ‘triggerr plans’ as
repeated m
missing personns are being reccorded as absennt.
Local Autthorities responnd to missing reports generaated by COMPA
ACT and when
n the child is ffound and CO
OMPACT is
updated LLocal Authoritiees commission agencies to coomplete a formaal return home debrief. As aabsences are reecorded on
Oasis, no automated repport is generated to Local Authhorities when ann absent child or
o young personn returns or is found.
f
The
number oof reports classsified as absennt is difficult too analyse andd results in the
e underreportinng of potentially valuable
informatioon to Local Authhorities. A conssequence of thiss process significantly influencces the quantityy of found persoon debriefs
completedd by Local Autthorities. In addition,
a
WMP are not receivving or capturin
ng any intelligeence in relation to Local
Authoritiess found home debriefs.
d
This gap in WMP undersstanding of abseent children andd young peoplee could result in a potentially innappropriate maanagement
W now review
w absent reportts recorded
of risk asssociated with chhildren who aree classified as aabsent rather thhan missing. WMP
on Oasis for potential CSE
C indicators or markers annd record all absent reports as
a non-crimes. Since this more
m
robust
approach,, the number off non-crimes with a CSE markker has risen siggnificantly by over 450 per ceent per month (aaverage 14
to 125). IIn addition, in the
t past 12 moonths there hass been a significant decrease in missing perrson logs but a significant
increase inn absent logs as
a shown below
w.
Figure 8: Missing
Figure 77: Absence Log
gs
Recomm
mendations:
10. WMP to inform
m Local Autho
orities on all abbsences and absent found re
eports in relatiion to children
n.
MP and Local Authorities to
o share and m
make use of in
nformation
11. A process to be establisheed between WM
gained from home
h
debriefss to better infoorm the joint risk assessme
ent around inddividual children where
appropriate.
w its recording
g approach in relation to abssent children.
12. WMP to review
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Analysis of Local Authorities Child Sexual Exploitation Data
Overview of Local Authority CSE Cases
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Local Authorities.
Key Findings: 210 children or young people have been identified as sexually exploited or at risk of sexual
exploitation across the West Midlands.
Across the West Midlands one in every 5,000 of the population less than 19 years of age has been identified as
sexually exploited or at risk of sexual exploitation.
Between the specified date periods, there have been 210 children and young people experiencing CSE or at risk of CSE
identified by Local Authorities. This data is only aimed to provide a ‘snapshot’ of children that were known to the LCSB’s
during the specified date periods.

Birmingham Local Authority has provided information on 76 children and young people that have been or are
being dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods.

Coventry Local Authority has provided details of 26 children and young people where a CSE concern has been
raised as a consideration through the Multi Agency Meeting of Local CSE and Missing Operation Group
(CMOG/MASP) meetings between the specified date periods.

Dudley Local Authority has provided details of 15 children and young people that have been or are being dealt
with for CSE between the specified date periods.

Sandwell Local Authority has provided details of 13 children and young people where a CSE concern has been
raised as a consideration through the Young People at Risk of Sexual Exploitation (YPSE) meetings between the
specified date periods.

Solihull Local Authority has provided information on 49 children and young who are at risk of or have
experienced CSE between the specified date periods.

Walsall Local Authority has provided information on 17 children or young people where a CSE concern has
been raised as a consideration through the CMOG between the specified date periods.

Wolverhampton Local Authority has provided details of 14 children and young people that have been or are
being dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods.
Birmingham Local Authority area have the highest number of CSE cases between the specified date periods; however, in
comparison to the population under the age of 19 years of each Local Authority area, Solihull Local Authority has
experienced the highest percentage of CSE in comparison to their population, as detailed below. Solihull Local Authority
have provided a far more comprehensive dataset that includes both children at risk of CSE and those experiencing CSE
between the specified date periods and therefore is not comparable across Local Authorities.
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CSE Cases
Population
under 19 yrs
Percentage of
Population
CSE Cases in
every 10,000
Birmingham
76
310,196
0.02
2 in 10,000
Coventry
26
82,951
0.03
3 in 10,000
Dudley
15
75,203
0.02
2 in 10,000
Sandwell
13
82,416
0.01
1 in 10,000
Solihull
49
49,783
0.10
10 in 10,000
Walsall
17
70,281
0.02
2 in 10,000
Wolverhampton
14
62,948
0.02
2 in 10,000
Totals
210
733,778
0.02
2 in 10,000
Local Authority
Figure 9: Percentage of Known CSE Cases in Comparison to the Population
One in every 22 of the population has been identified as suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm, abuse or neglect.
However, on average across the West Midlands one in every 5,000 of the population less than 19 years of age are or have
been identified as a CSE victim or at risk of CSE between the specified date periods. This therefore infers that there are
significant numbers of CSE victims which are not identified by Local Authorities due to the disparity in these figures.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested from Local Authorities aimed at providing information on a range of characteristics of children and
young people that have been or are being dealt with for CSE or are at risk of CSE. However, due to a lack of information
provided by Local Authorities it has not been possible to effectively analyse data across all Local Authorities in the West
Midlands to ascertain if sexual identity, religion, disabilities or learning difficulties, living situations, social cares involvement,
sexual health, missing episodes and substance and / or alcohol misuse are causal factors for CSE.
Key Finding: There is a lack of information provided to establish the causal factors of CSE across the West
Midlands.

Gender
Key Finding: One in eleven victims of sexual exploitation or those at risk from sexual exploitation is male.
However, half of children or young people identified as suffering or being at risk of suffering harm, abuse or
neglect and are referred to Local Authorities are male.
On average across the West Midlands 90 per cent of children that have experienced CSE are females, which range from 80
per cent in Dudley Local Authority area to 96 per cent in Birmingham Local Authority area. Furthermore, on average 9 per
cent are male, which ranges from 2.6 per cent in Birmingham Local Authority area to 29 per cent in Walsall Local Authority
area. Data quality issues have been highlighted with Birmingham and Dudley Local Authorities, which have a number of
incomplete gender fields and therefore the gender field has been recorded as gender unknown.
In comparison to referral and / or contact data across the West Midlands, 49 per cent of contacts relate to males, which is
significantly disproportionate to males identified as CSE victims. It may seem that males are less likely to become victims of
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Page 26 of 125
CSE than females but this cannot be ‘assumed’. Previous research highlights that one in five victims of CSE are boys48 and
the recent inquiry into CSE in Rotherham highlighted that the sexual exploitation of boys was ‘overlooked’49. The
identification of male CSE victims may be a result of under-recording by Local Authorities or attributed to the issue that
gender itself may be a factor that obscures the identification of CSE. However, due to the absence of data in relation to the
range of characteristics and nature of exploitation, it has not been possible to ascertain any causal factors that may be
linked to gender in the West Midlands.
Recommendations:
13. Raising awareness among Local Authority professionals that males can also be the victims of CSE.
14. Gain an understanding of Walsall Local Authorities processes that enabled them to identify 29 per cent of
CSE victims as male.

Age
Inference: There are institutionalised assumptions in place across Local Authorities that allow for a decline in
identifying CSE victims from 16 years of age.
Key Findings: There are no differences in ages of both male and female victims of sexual exploitation.
Children and young people experiencing CSE peak between the ages of 14 to 16 years of age but referral and
contacts to Local Authorities peak between from birth until five years of age.
The age of children experiencing or at risk of CSE varies across each Local Authority area and ranges from XX years of age
to XX years of age. Coventry Local Authority has the youngest person experiencing CSE aged XX years and Solihull Local
Authority have the oldest aged XX years, as shown below.
Local Authority
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
Birmingham
Coventry
Dudley
Sandwell
Solihull
Walsall
Wolverhampto
n
XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX Figure 10: Age %
Across the West Midlands the age of children experiencing CSE steadily increases from age XX and peaks between the
ages of 14 years of age and 16 years of age, accounting for 66 per cent of all children across the West Midlands. In
48
49
http://www.natcen.ac.uk/taking-part/studies-in-field/sexual-exploitation-of-boys-in-the-uk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28935733 & Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham 1997 – 2013 Alexis Jay OBE
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addition, ffrom age 16 theere is a steady decline until X
XX years of agee in identified CSE victims, as shown below. There are
no significcant differencess in age ranges based on gendder.
Female C
CSE victims range from XX yeaars of age to X
XX years of agee and male CSE
E victims rangee from XX yearrs of age to
XX years of age. Furtheermore, these findings
f
are in ccontrast to conntacts and / or referrals
r
to Loccal Authorities which
w
peak
between tthe ages of birthh and five yearss of age, as shoown below.
Figure
F
11: % of C
CSE Average Ag
ges in the West Midlands
Figure 12: % of Referral Averrage Ages in thee West Midlandss
hildren that havee been sexually exploited
There is a clear decreasse from 16 yearrs of age in relaation to the identification of ch
and also rreferrals to Locaal Authorities. Literature sugggests that 16 to 18 year olds are often viewedd as being moree in control
50 and the
of their ow
wn choices andd are essentiallyy considered a s physically annd cognitively mature
m
erefore less vuulnerable to
CSE51. It is important to remember thatt just because a person is oveer the age of 16
6; it does not meean that they cannot
c
be a
victim of C
CSE.
A young pperson who hass been subject to
t a complex paattern of life expperiences includ
ding sophisticat
ated grooming and
a priming
processess does not stoop needing suppport when theey reach 16 yeears of age ass they remain vulnerable withh on-going
needs52. Therefore, are there institutionnalised assumpptions across thhe West Midlands Local Authoorities to allow this
t decline
to take plaace in identifyinng CSE victimss at 16 years oof age? Furtheermore, does rissk and vulneraability decrease rapidly for
children frrom 16 to 19 yeears of age and therefore is tthis a true refleection of the levvel of risk and vvulnerability poosed to this
age rangee?
Recommeendations:
15. Local Authoriities to gain an understandiing of why theere is a declin
ne of identifiedd CSE from 166 years of
age.
16. Local Authoriities to ensuree an effective transfer in seervice provisio
ons from childd safeguarding to adult
safeguarding at 18 years of age.
50
http://www
w.nap.edu/netsafekids/protect_und.htm
ml#infancy
51
http://www
w.nspcc.org.uk/Inforrm/resourcesforproofessionals/scrs/brieefing-sexual-exploiitation_wda99717.h
html
52
Barnardo’ss; Guidance on Child Sexual Exploitattion; February 20144
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Ethnicity
nder identification of Afro-Caaribbean CSE victims by Local Authoritiess
Inferencee: There is a un
Key Finddings: Mixed ethnicities
e
thaat have been sexually exp
ploited are overrepresentedd in comparison to the
populatioon in every Loccal Authority area
a 53.
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
X
n comparison to the popullation across all Local
White Skkinned Europeean ethnicities are underreepresented in
Authoritiees for referralss in the West Midlands. Fuurthermore, Mixed ethnicitie
es and Afro-Caaribbean ethn
nicities are
overrepreesented across all Local Au
uthorities for reeferrals in thee West Midland
ds. In additionn, with the exception of
Dudley Loocal Authorityy, Asian ethniccities are unde rrepresented across
a
all Local Authorities for referrals in
n the West
Midlands.
as as there are
re significant vaariations in
There aree significant variations in ethnnicities recordeed across Local Authority area
ethnic diveersity across thhe West Midlannds. Birminghaam Local Authoority area has experienced
e
thee greatest range of ethnic
diversity bbut have over 35 per cent of their cases where
re the ethnicity is
i unknown. In addition, there is no Local Autthority area
that has a clear represenntation of the poopulation within their Local Autthority area, as detailed below
w.
Figure 14: Ethnicity % Referrals
Figure 13: Ethnicity % CS
SE
m Local Authority, Mixed ethnicities (XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
In comparrison to the Ceensus data, withhin Birmingham
XX) and oother ethnicitiess (XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
XX) are overreppresented, Afro-Caribbean ethhnicities are eqquivalent to
the populaation (XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX)) but White Skkinned Europeaans XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXX and Asian ethnicities
XXXXXXX
X XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX are underrepreseented.
53
Based on Local Authority areea that have provided information on eethnicities
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In Coventtry Local Authoority, White Skinned Europeanns XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
X, Mixed ethniccities (XXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXX)
and
Other
ethnicities
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
are
overrep
presented
annd
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XX. In addition, 21 per cent of referrals and / oor contacts relaate to these dem
mographics.
In Sandweell Local Authoority, Mixed ethnicities XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX Asian
A
ethnicitiess XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX and Afro-Caribbean ethhnicities XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX are
e all overrepressented but White Skinned
European’s are underreppresented XXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
In
Solihhull
Local
Authority,
Mixed
ethni cities
XXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
Asian
ethnicities
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX and
a Afro-Carib bean ethnicitiees XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX aare overrepressented and
White Skinnned Europeann’s are underreppresented XXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XX
In Wolverrhampton Locall Authority, both White Skinneed European XXXXXXXXXXX
X
XXXXXXX and Mixed ethnicities XXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
X
are
ovverrepresentedd
and
XX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX. In adddition, 7 per cen
nt Afro-Caribbeean population and 19 per
cent of refferrals and / or contacts relate to these two deemographics.
However, in comparison to referral dataa, within Birmin gham, Coventrry, Sandwell, So
olihull, Walsall and Wolverham
mpton local
authoritiess White Skinneed European ethnicities are unnderrepresented and Mixed ethnicities and AAfro-Caribbean ethnicities
are overreepresented in comparison
c
to the
t population.. In addition, within
w
Dudley Local
L
Authority White Skinnedd European
ethnicitiess are underrepreesented and Assian, Mixed andd Afro ethnicities are overrepre
esented.
This highllights that Mixeed ethnicities are
a both overreepresented as victims of CSE
E and CA referrrals to Local Authorities.
A
However, this may be atttributed to a grrowing mixed eethnicity populattion for under 18 year olds. H
However, data provided
p
in
relation too GUM clinics across the Westt Midlands highllights that blackk ethnicities havve the most STTI diagnoses per 1000,000
populationns, as shown below.
XXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX. It is thherefore inferred that there is tthe under identification of
afro-Caribbbean children subjected
s
to CS
SE.
Figure 15: GUM clinic diag
gnosis by population
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Sexual Identity
Sandwell and Solihull Local Authorities are the only Local Authorities across the West Midlands to provide information in
relation to sexual identity. Although Sandwell and Solihull Local Authorities data highlights that XX and XX per cent of
children experiencing CSE are heterosexual and XX per cent XX bisexual and XX per cent XX homosexual XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Therefore, there is insufficient data to enable for a comparison across the West Midlands to
ascertain if sexual identity is a causal factor for CSE.

Disabilities or Learning Difficulties
Coventry, Solihull and Wolverhampton Local Authorities are the only Authorities that provided information in relation to
disability. 20 per cent to 22 per cent of children and young people that have been sexually exploited or are at risk from
sexual exploitation are disabled or have a learning difficulty, and where specified relates to ADHD, ASD and Autism. There
is insufficient data to enable a comparison across the West Midlands to ascertain if disability or learning difficulty is a causal
factor for CSE, as shown below.
Figure 16: Disability %
% of Physical or Learning Disability
Coventry Local Authority
20%
Solihull Local Authority
22%
Wolverhampton Local Authority
21%
Disabilities and learning difficulties are risk factors often associated with CSE and many contributors have commented that a
work needs to be done in this area. The NWG Network highlight concerns with regard Autism and those with learning
disabilities who are in Local Authority care54. Furthermore, they highlight those with learning disabilities may have a
disordered attachment to the grooming process. Learning disability victims can become offenders but they do not have the
capacity to understand, and young people with Autism Spectrum are often pre-occupied with relationships and it is difficult
for them to understand grooming.
We need to learn how to educate these children and young people in the dangers of sexual exploitation. It is therefore
important that the educational methods used for this group of children needs to be adapted to their level of understanding
and delivered in a way that they can absorb the information given and subsequently put that information into practice55.
Recommendation:
17. Local Authorities to ensure educational methods for children with disabilities or learning difficulties to be
adapted to their level of understanding.
54
The NWG Network; Tackling Child Sexual Exploitation; If You Shine a Light You Will Probably Find It.
http://www.google.co.uk/url?url=http://www.nhs.uk/aboutNHSChoices/professionals/healthandcareprofessionals/child-sexualexploitation/Documents/Shine%2520a%2520Light.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=szgpVIT7JY_KaLLQgcAM&ved=0CDMQFjAD&usg=AFQjCNGT
PC8KwHnPM6mNi8iBtsgaVjVwZw
55
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18. Consistency of data to be agreed across Local Authorities to better understand victims, offenders and
locations.

Home Locations
Concerns were raised in relation to identifying locations of home addresses of any child experiencing CSE across Local
Authority areas. Although home addresses and / or postcodes have been provided by Local Authorities it has been
requested that these are not published as it would identify individual home locations.
Furthermore, placements / commissioning need to be aware of inappropriate placements where there are existing indicators
of CSE, specifically in relation to children homes and private children’s home. In addition, when information or intelligence is
known on a child or young person with CSE markers, if the child or young person is placed on another Local Authority area
WMP need to ensure any relevant information is passed to the new Force area.
Recommendations:
19. Local Authorities to improve data sharing in relation to CSE home locations to assist with mapping and
the identification of offenders.
20. Effective liaison between WMP and Partner agencies where placements are made outside the home Local
Authority area.

Living Situation
The living situations of children that have been sexually exploited have not been provided by both Dudley and Walsall Local
Authorities. Although Sandwell Local Authority has provided information in relation to children living with family or
guardians, it has not provided information in relation to any child or young person living in residential care or foster care.
Based on the information provided by Coventry, Sandwell, Solihull and Wolverhampton Local Authorities, on average across
the West Midlands 66 per cent are living with family or guardians and 33 per cent are looked after children; 19 per cent are
living in residential care and 14 per cent are living in foster care. There is insufficient data to enable a comparison across
the West Midlands to ascertain if the living situation is a causal factor of CSE.
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Figure 17: Living Situation
n%

Social Cares Involvement
I
well and Wolveerhampton Loccal Authorities have provided information in relation to Social Care’s
Coventry, Dudley, Sandw
involvemeent. Solihull Loocal Authority have
h
provided information in relation to You
uth Services, EW
a Mental
WS, CAMHS and
Health Seervices (full anaalysis section 5.5) but this wass not comparablle to Social Carre’s involvemennt provided by other
o
Local
Authoritiess. However, the variation in daata provided is insufficient to enable
e
a compa
arison across thhe West Midlands.
Figure 18: Social Care's In
nvolvement %

Sexual Health
h
A
havee provided information in relattion to sexual hhealth or sexuaal activity of
Coventry, Sandwell and Solihull Local Authorities
children experiencing CS
SE between thee specified datee periods. Howeever, the variation in data provvided highlightss that Local
Authoritiess are not able to
t identify on average
a
in 56 pper cent of casees if a child exp
periencing CSEE is sexually acctive. In 30
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per cent of Coventry Local
L
Authoritiees cases this w
was unknown and in Sandw
well this was aas high as 777 per cent.
w known, on average
a
acrosss the West Midlands 41 per ce
ent of children hhave been sexuually active
Nevertheleess, where it was
or have exxperienced sexxual health issuees.
Figure 19: Sexual Health %
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX identtified as XXXXX
XXXXXXXXX m
male. Predominnantly all childre
en who were ideentified as sexuually active
were femaale XXXXXXXX
XXXX. Ages rannged from XXX
XXXXX years of
o age. As data
a has only beenn provided by three
t
Local
Authoritiess there is insuffficient data to enable
e
a compaarison across the West Midlan
nds to ascertainn if sexual health and / or
sexual acttivity are a caussal factor to CSE.
GUM dataa highlights 0.7 per cent (5,618) of the popul ation under 18 years of age across
a
the Wesst Midlands havve attended
GUM clinics and 0.2 peer cent (1104) has been diaggnosed with ann STI56 during 2013. This daata highlights noteworthy
dentified by Loccal Authorities as
a at risk of
concerns as only 0.02 peer cent of the population in thee West Midlandds have been id
SE. Although the health data has been provvided over a 12
2 month period and CSE dataa has been
CSE or exxperiencing CS
provided oover a six montth period there is still significannt disparity in thhe datasets. Th
herefore, this suuggests that theere may be
significantt underreportingg of CSE victims.

Missing Incideents
Birminghaam and Walsalll Local Authorrities have not provided inforrmation in rela
ation to childre n that have exxperienced
missing eppisodes and inccidents from scchool. Howeve r, there have been considerab
ble variations inn the data proviided by the
other Locaal Authorities. For instance, some informatiion has been provided
p
in rela
ation to missingg episodes on ‘more than
three occcasions in a quuarter periods’,, whilst others have providedd information on
o missing epiisodes on ‘lesss than five
occasionss’ and ‘more thaan five occasionns’ or have proovided information on ‘more than 10 occasionns’. Therefore, due to the
informatioon not being com
mparable acrosss all Local Aut horities it has not
n been possib
ble to ascertain if missing epissodes are a
causal facctor for CSE.
New STIs comprise chancroiid/LGV/donovanosiis, chlamydia, gonoorrhoea, herpes (annogenital, first episo
ode), HIV, molluscuum contagiosum, non-specific
n
genital infecttion (NSGI), pelvic inflammatory diseaases (PID) and epiddidymitis (non-speccific), scabies/pedicculosis pubis, syphiilis (primary, seconndary and
early latent),, trichomoniasis and warts (anogenital, first episode).
56
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Substance and / or Alcohol Misuse
h experiencing CSE and at risk of CSE
average aacross the Wesst Midlands 59 per cent of chhildren and youung people both
misuse drrugs or alcohol, 41 per cent misuse drugs, 36 per cent misusse alcohol and 37
3 per cent missuse drugs and alcohol57.
Figure 20: Substance and
d Alcohol Misusee
Few sociaal issues impact so comprehennsively on socieety as substancce and alcohol misuse. Alarm
mingly, children and young
people aree increasingly misusing
m
alcohol and illegal ddrugs. Consequuences include non-attendancce and poor atttainment at
school, pooor health, com
mmitting crime to support 'habbits' and increaased risk of beiing a victim of violent crime and
a sexual
exploitatioon58. However, due to insufficcient informatioon provided it has
h not been possible
p
to asce
certain if this is applicable
across thee West Midlandds or the causaal factors involvved. Where daata is available it does reflect a high level off drugs and
alcohol miisuse by childreen experiencingg sexual exploittation.
Safegua rder Matrix / Screening Tool
T
WMP screeening tool is the Safeguardeer matrix, whicch includes riskk headers such
h as ‘Family PProblems’, ‘Emootional and
Physical C
Condition’, ‘Gaangs and Older Age Groups’’, ‘The Use of Technology’, ‘Receipt of Giffts’, ‘Distrust of
o Authority
Figures’, ‘‘Entering or Leaaving Vehicles’, ‘Relationshipss of Concern’, Risk to Others’, and ‘Perceptioon of Exploitatiion’. WMP
mpleted in ordeer to be evaluatted and compared against othher Local Authoorities. For
have requuested these heeadings be com
various reeasons, only Cooventry and Saandwell Local A
Authorities havee provided this information in this format andd therefore
the analyssis of this inform
mation is includeed in the relevaant sections 5.22 and 5.4.
57
Based on averages across thhe West Midlands
58
http://www
w.barnardos.org.uk//what_we_do/our_w
work/substance_m isuse.htm
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Nature of Exploitation
Details of nature of exploitation ‘Who initiated the Exploitation’, ‘Methods of Coercion’, ‘Nature of Exploitation’ and ‘Level of
Exploitation’ are field headings within the Bedfordshire datasets have only been completed by Solihull Local Authority.
Therefore, the findings cannot be evaluated and compared against other Local Authorities. See section 5.5 for full analysis.
Perpetrators
Details of ‘Perpetrators’ have been provided by Solihull Local Authority within ‘Intelligence and Notes’ field which is a free
text field and by Birmingham Local Authority within meeting minutes and strategy discussions; however, due to the these
complexities it has not been possible to analyse this data and there is insufficient data to enable an evaluation and
comparison against other Local Authorities.
Recommendation:
21. Local Authorities to consider alternative opportunities to capture information on perpetrators.
The Use of Technology
The Use of Technology, ‘Sexting’, Sexualised Communication, Liner or Problematic use of the Internet
and Social Networking Sites
Key Finding: One in six children or young people that are sexually exploited in Solihull are coerced on-line.
Almost 30 per cent of parents allow their children access to the internet without any restrictions or supervision, with one in
eight allowing toddlers aged two and under to go on line59. Almost one in five primary school age children claimed to have
met somebody they had only previously communicated with online. Half of those children said they went alone to meetings
in parks, cinemas, fast food restaurants, shopping centers and private addresses60.
Children are now online at a younger age and over the last six years there has been a substantial increase in internet usage
by children under nine years old. Within the UK, 87 per cent of 5-7 year olds are known to use the internet compared to 68
per cent in 200761. There has been a decline in the number of 5–15s owning a mobile phone (43 per cent vs. 49 per cent in
2012) but this reduction in ownership comes at the same time as a sharp increase in the use of tablet computers at home,
which has tripled among 5-15s since 2012. Children’s preference for internet enabled devices reflects changes in how they
go online and what they are doing online. For the first time ever there has been a decrease in the number of children with a
social networking profile but there appears to be a greater diversity of social networking sites that are being used. However,
this has also led to an increase in the number of children and young people that can potentially be contacted by people
unknown to them by their social networking profiles.
Nevertheless, there have been some decreases in children’s online safety skills. On average, 12-15s have never physically
met three in ten (on average, 78) of the friends listed on their main social networking site profile. A substantial minority of 1215s have a social networking profile which may be visible to people not known to them, and this has increased since 2012
(33 per cent vs. 22 per cent). Children with a social networking site profile that may be visible to people not known to them
59
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10029180/Children-using-internet-from-age-of-three-study-finds.html
60
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/oct/21/warning-parents-children-internet-use
61
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/52630/1/Zero_to_eight.pdf
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are more likely to have undertaken some kind of potentially risky online behaviour, such as adding people to their contacts
they don’t know in person, or sending photos or personal details to people only known online62.
Society is beginning to recognise the considerable opportunities the internet affords its users and the many and diverse
benefits of going online. On the other hand, there is growing concern that these online opportunities are accompanied by an
equally diverse array of risks63. Estimates show that internet use is associated with a substantial and statistically significant
increase in reported sex crime. Overall, the estimates suggest that about 2.5 per cent of the total number of sex crimes and
child sex abuses that occurred between 2000 and 2008 would have been avoided if broadband internet had not been
introduced64.
Children and young people are growing up in an increasingly sexualised world driven by technology and therefore the
sending and receiving of text messages and accessing of mobile phone activities have been taken up at ever increasing
rates by young people. This increase has recently led to children and young people beginning to use their mobile phones to
engage in sexual exploration with one another. This new occurrence has now been labelled as ‘sexting’. Sexting is a
combination of sex and texting and this relatively new phenomenon includes writings sexually explicit messages, taking
provocative pictures of themselves or other individuals, and transmitting these messages using technology. Sexting,
coupled with children’s preference for internet enabled devises, the diversity in social networking sites and the decrease in
children’s online safety, has led to an increase in reports of On-line Child Sexual Exploitation (OCSE).
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX65XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Solihull are the only Local Authority to provide this data on coercion, which highlights that one in six children and young
people that have experienced CSE have been coerced on-line by use of internet, social networking sites and mobile
phones. Although OCSE has been acknowledged, it cannot be ascertained at this stage if this is the level of OCSE across
the West Midlands or if OCSE is underreported in specific Local Authority areas. However, with this growing demand of
internet enabled devices from children and young people combined with the decrease of online safety skills it is crucial that
there is a focus on CSE, OCSE and safety skills embedded within school curriculums.
In October 2012, Solihull Local Authority provided training to practioners to deliver an educational programme as part of
PHSE66 about ‘Healthy and Safe Relationships’. ‘Healthy and Safe Relationships’ contained six bespoke lesson plans to be
delivered to children and young people aimed at 13 to 19 year olds67. The programme was assisted by AlterEgo, a theater
62
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/media-literacy/october-2013/research07Oct2013.pdf
63
http://www.ehu.es/zer/hemeroteca/pdfs/zer35-01-livingstone.pdf
64
http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/60989/1/720687039.pdf
65
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
66
Personal, Social and Health Education
67
Solihull Healthy and Safe Relationships; A practical resource for professionals working with young people
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company that have previously worked with LSCB’s to raise awareness on the issues surrounding CSE68, and applied theatre
production to ‘Healthy and Safe Relationships’ and toured schools in 2011. The programme was aimed to explore the
characteristics of positive relationships, perception of risk, mutual consent for sex, understanding of grooming and an
understanding of the manipulation and control techniques involved in grooming. Although ‘Healthy and Safe Relationships’
could be replicated across the West Midlands there is a need to incorporate OCSE and safety skills as part of bespoke
lesson plans.
Recommendations:
22. Local Authorities to develop processes to capture on-line CSE.
23. To gain and understanding of the processes Solihull Local Authority have in place to capture the ‘nature
of exploitation’.
24. Local Authorities to consider the development of CSE, OCSE and Online Safety Skills bespoke lesson
plans as part of PHSE.
Conclusion
Data gleaned from WMP systems in relation to children experiencing CSE highlight 87 per cent are female and 7 per cent
(15) are male, with ages ranging from one to 19 years of age with an average age of 15 years. The most common age for
victims was 15 years of age (25 per cent). Where ethnicity of victims has been recorded, 54 per cent have been recorded
as White Skinned European, followed by 19 per cent Afro-Caribbean and 8 per cent Asian ethnicity.
However, data provided by Local Authorities on children experiencing CSE and those at risk of CSE highlight that 90 per
cent are female, age’s peak between 14 to 16 and there is a significant decrease in identifying CSE victims at 16 years of
age. Mixed ethnicities are overrepresented as sexually exploited and there is an underrepresentation of identified AfroCaribbean ethnicities that have been sexually exploited. In addition, data provided by three Local Authorities highlight that
21 per cent of identified children that have been sexually exploited have a physical or learning disability including ADHA,
ASD and Autism.
33 per cent of sexually exploited children are looked after, 19 per cent in residential care and 14 per cent in foster care. It
could not be established in 56 per cent of cases if the child that has been sexually exploited is sexually active; however,
GUM data highlights that more children are sexually active compared to those identified as victims of CSE. Furthermore,
where data is available there is a high level of drug and alcohol misuse. In addition, where is it known, one in six children
and young people that have experienced CSE have been coerced on-line by use of internet, social networking sites and
mobile phones.
Data gleaned from WMP systems in relation to perpetrators of CSE highlight 14 per cent of offences are committed by
multiple offenders and or suspects, which ranged between two and eight offenders with an average of three offenders. 90
per cent of offenders are male, with ages ranging from nine to over 50 years of age with an average age of 27 years of age.
68
http://www.alteregocreativesolutions.co.uk
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Where ethnicity has been recorded, 39 per cent have been recorded as White Skinned European, followed by 26 per cent
Asian, and 7 per cent African Caribbean. Nevertheless, these findings are contradictory to findings from previous profiles
that highlight the majority of suspects and / or offenders identified are Asian of Pakistani heritage69. However, this
discrepancy is due to WMP data only recording offender and or suspect information on named individuals, whereas previous
profiles have gathered this information as a result of named offenders and intelligence.
69
Rape & Sexual Offences Problem Profile 2010, Page 21, Operation Protection March 2010, page 12, CEOP Profile 2013, page 32
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6. Systems and Processes
West Midlands Police Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of Child Abuse Referral Process
Key Finding: It remains difficult for WMP to quantify how many child abuse crimes or incidents have actually
occurred within the West Midlands.
WMP can receive any information from any person or third sector organisation in relation to any concern that has been
raised in relation to a child that is suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm, abuse or neglect. Predominantly
information is received by WMP Force Contact Centre call handlers. The call handler generates an Oasis log depending on
imminent or immediate threat of the information. An officer responds or deals with the information and will decide the
subsequent outcome. However, information can bypass WMP Force Contact Centre straight to the Central Referral Unit
(CRU).
The outcome can be recorded in numerous ways including the recording of a crime or a non-crime incident, information
submitted on IMS) with a CA sub-heading, a missing person record created or updated on COMPACT or the Oasis log
updated and closed with a child cruelty/neglect/risk qualifier.
If the incident is considered to be a crime or a non-crime incident, the Crime Service Team (CST) is contacted to create a
record on the CRIMES system with an offence type of CA or with a CSE sub-heading. If a crime or non-crime incident is
considered to be CSE, a copy of the crime or non-crime record will be sent to the PPU CSE team. In addition, all crimes
and non-crimes are sent to the Central Referral Unit (CRU) and within CRU there are several processes that take place:

The record is received by the Sgt for initial comments and recommendations

The record is passed to a Detective for checks on the Police National Computer (PNC) and Police National
Database (PND) and intelligence screening checks including Flints and Corvus

The record is reviewed by the Sgt

The record is sent to Local Authorities (Birmingham, Coventry and Sandwell only at present) before being sent to
LPU PPU Child Abuse Teams or

The record is sent to LPU PPU Child Abuse teams (Dudley Solihull, Walsall and Wolverhampton) before being
sent to Local Authorities

All crimes and non-crimes are then dealt with under each Local Authority current processes, as detailed in
Appendix F.
There are a number of data quality issues highlighted with the identification and recording of CA crimes and incidents within
WMP. Although WMP are able to identify 1974 crimes and non-crime incidents that have been recorded with an offence
type of CA between the specified date periods, information recorded on IMS, Oasis, CRIMES and COMPACT cannot be
referenced against one another. For instance, between the specified date periods there have been 725 children and young
people under the age of 18 years that were recorded as missing on COMPACT with a total of 1168 missing reports, 62 IMS
submissions with a CA sub-heading and 3435 Oasis logs that have been closed with a child cruelty/neglect/risk qualifier but
it is not possible to establish the level of duplication. There are several occurrences when an officer can record multiple
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offences or record information on several of these systems. Therefore, it is not possible to state if WMP have experienced
6639 CA crimes and incidents between the specified date periods as this does not take into account any duplication.
In addition, an officer attending or dealing with a CA incident ultimately makes a professional decision in relation to the
outcome of each incident, which can be informed or not and will reflect how or if the crime or incident is recorded. Although
the number of contacts to WMP in relation to CA crimes and incidents should be equivalent to the number referrals and / or
contacts to Local Authorities this cannot be tested as the total number of contacts to WMP is unknown.
Local Authorities Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of Child Abuse Referral/Contact Processes in West Midlands Local Authorities
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Local Authorities.
Key Findings: Concern has been raised on 32,289 occasions where a child or young person may be suffering or at
risk of suffering significant harm through abuse, harm or neglect across the West Midlands.
On average across the West Midlands one in every 22 of the population less than 19 years of age are referred to
Local Authorities or Local Authorities are contacted in relation to a child suffering, or at risk of suffering harm
through abuse or neglect, assuming each referral and / or contact represents an individual child or young person.
Child protection in England is the overall responsibility of the Department of Education (DfE). The legislative framework for
the child protection system in England is the Children Act 1989 and the Child Act 2004. The DfE issue guidance to Local
Authorities and the current guidance is ‘Working together to safeguard children: a guide to inter-agency working to
safeguard and promote the welfare of children’. Local Safeguarding Children’s Boards (LSCBs) use this guidance to
produce their own procedures which should be followed by practitioners and professionals who come into contact with
children and their family in that particular Local Authority area70.
Data has been collected from all Local Authorities on over 32,289 referrals and / or contacts when a concern has been
raised that a child may be suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm through abuse, harm or neglect across the West
Midlands. Since January, 178 children or young people suffered or were at risk of suffering significant harm every day
across the West Midlands, assuming each referral and / or contact represents an individual child or young person. In
addition, this data is only aimed to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the number of contact and / or referrals made to Local Authorities
during the specified date periods.
Not all Local Authorities collate data in the same manner which leads onto implications on when or if they identify CSE
Some Local Authorities assess CSE by utilising the CSE risk assessment screening tool to cover the pre-disposing factors.
Furthermore, within core records there are drop down boxes to capture ‘CSE’. Whilst others utilise no CSE screening tool
and there are no mechanisms in place to capture CSE within records so CSE data can only be retrieved from a child’s
record recorded under their name.
All data provided by Local Authorities has enabled a detailed rich picture of all contacts made to each Local Authority in
relation to children that are suffering or at risk of suffering across the West Midlands. This data has provided some
interesting findings in relation to the scale of referrals and how CSE is identified in each Local Authority area. Birmingham,
70
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Coventry, and Sandwell Local Authorities have implemented a MASH, Walsall Local Authority has implemented a MAST,
Dudley Local Authority has Children’s Social Care, Solihull Local Authority has Children’s Social Work Service and
Wolverhampton Local Authority has a Central Referral Team. Each Local Authority’s unique process has resulted in some
Local Authorities which have co-located multi-agency teams, some that have joint screening but are not co-located and
others which are single entities.
The systems Local Authorities utilise to record contacts vary with the use of ‘Care First’, ‘Liquid Logic’, ‘Paris’ and
‘Northgate’. In addition, there were several issues highlighted with data sharing including a general consensus that there
were issues caused by the Police being the only professional organisation not to use the MARF form which was creating
data quality issues. Issues were also highlighted with the passing of intelligence and information from the Police, which
appears to be eradicated with the implementation of MASHs when the Police are co-located with safeguarding multiagencies. WMP recognise the limitations of their current systems and are currently considering solutions as part of a
mandate through part of its Organisational Change Board (OCB), and acknowledges that any solution should by
sympathetic to partners systems and practices.
Birmingham Local Authority area has the highest proportion of contacts between the specified dates; however, in
comparison to the population under the age of 19 years of each Local Authority area, Sandwell Local Authority has
experienced the highest percentage of contacts in comparison to their population, as detailed below.
Population
under 19 yrs
Percentage of
Population
CA Referrals
Vs. 1000
Population
13,876
310,196
4.4
44 in 1,000
Coventry RAS / MASH
3,724
82,951
4.4
44 in 1,000
Dudley
Children’s Social Care
1,643
75,203
2.1
21 in 1,000
Sandwell
Sandwell MASH
6,639
82,416
8.0
80 in 1,000
Solihull
Solihull Children’s Social Work Services
2,040
49,783
4.0
40 in 1,000
Walsall
Walsall MAST
2,956
70,281
4.2
42 in 1,000
Wolverhampton
Central Referral Team
1,411
62,948
2.2
22 in 1,000
32,289
733,778
4.4
22 in 1,000
Local Authority
Referral Process
Total Number
of Referrals
Birmingham
Birmingham MASH
Coventry
Totals
Figure 21: Local Authorities Children's Referral Processes
If it is assumed each contact to each Local Authority represents an individual child, then the number of contacts for Sandwell
Local Authority area poses several hypotheses:

Sandwell Local Authority has more contacts per population within its Local Authority area and therefore should
identify more children experiencing CSE.

Sandwell Local Authority has good processes in place and is able to capture more contacts per population than
any other Local Authority area across the West Midlands.
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Source of Contact and / or Referrals across the West Midlands
The below chart utilises the RAG status to highlight the levels in which organisations have made contacts and / or referrals
to Local Authorities: Red is highlighted if a referral is more than one per cent below the average across Local Authorities in
the West Midlands; Amber is highlighted when the reduction is up to one per cent below the average and Green is
highlighted where referrals are above the average. With exception of anonymous and unknown and other where the RAG
status has been used but red signifies above average.
Levels of contacts from organisations to Local Authorities vary across the West Midlands, as highlighted below. The largest
volume of contacts has originated from the Police, Education Services / Schools or Legal Agencies. For instance, Legal
Agency including the Police and probation has originated the highest volume of contacts in Solihull Local Authority (44 per
cent) and Wolverhampton Local Authority (34 per cent) areas. Educational Services / Training and Workplace have
originated the highest volume of referrals in Dudley Local Authority (27 per cent) and Walsall Local Authority (27 per cent).
However, within Walsall Local Authority 29 per cent of referrals and / or contacts were originated from Unknown /Other.
Referring Organisation
A&E - Ambulance Service and Hospitals
B’Ham
Cov
Dudley
7.6
1.4
1.5
Acquaintance Inc. Neighbour / Child Minders
2.0
0.5
6.9
Anonymous
2.7
8.2
7.0
Education Services / School / School Nurse/Training and Workplace
19.8
24.9
27.4
External LA Services
3.2
GP or GP Practice
1.5
Sandwell
0.6
Solihull
Walsall
Wolves
Ave
10.6
2.1
3.8
3.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
1.6
3.8
2.6
3.5
26.5
23.6
21.2
26.0
0.5
0.8
Health Other
1.8
0.6
5.0
2.9
Health Visitor
1.1
Hospital
Housing (LA / Housing Association)
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.0
1.0
2.0
9.7
4.6
8.0
1.0
1.6
0.9
1.2
2.1
0.6
1.2
2.1
3.8
3.4
6.9
Individual - Family Member / Relative / Carer
2.5
Internal Social Care Provider Inc. Adults
2.1
Legal Agency - CAFCASS – Court - Police - Probation - Prison etc.
28.6
23.3
Other - Inc. Children's Centres – Voluntary Organisations
7.9
2.4
Other Health Services - (e.g. Hospice)
7.0
Other Individual Inc. Strangers, MPs
0.7
Other Internal LA Inc. YOS
2.9
5.7
0.9
23.2
44.7
4.7
1.0
1.9
5.0
13.8
0.4
6.9
2.8
33.5
26.1
3.0
2.7
2.8
1.4
0.3
0.1
7.9
11.1
9.4
2.3
2.7
2.3
4.2
1.7
5.7
2.7
0.4
0.5
29.0
0.2
7.0
100
100
2.3
2.2
3.9
Self
1.1
0.7
0.3
0.3
Unknown & Other
2.9
6.0
8.6
2.4
Grand Total
100
100
100
100
0.5
100
9.6
3.9
11.6
4.8
0.4
Figure 22: Referring Organisation across Local Authorities
Solihull Local Authority has received no referrals from education/schools but it cannot be established at this stage if school
referrals are categorised within a different category. In addition, some Local Authorities are grouping categories and
therefore it is not possible to establish if categories where no data has been provided are grouped with others.
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1.5
10.2
Other Primary Health Services
26.0
3.3
0.6
10.8
15.4
1.6
4.2
1.3
Independent Provider
Other LA
0.5
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7.1 Birmingham Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Birmingham – MASH – Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub – 1 Lancaster Circus, Queensway, Birmingham –
[email protected] Tel 0121 303 1888. The Birmingham MASH vision is “to provide a proportionate, timely and
co-ordinated approach to child safeguarding needs through an innovative process of partnership working that
ensures the child is at the centre of everything that we do71.”
MASH has various safeguarding agencies working together in order to help identify risks to children, and improve decisionmaking, interventions, and outcomes. MASH allows the multi-agency team to securely review their information systems,
share all information and ensure that the most appropriate response is provided to effectively protect the child. Birmingham
MASH sees agencies across all sectors, represented by over 60 professionals from social care, police, health, education,
and the voluntary sector, including a dedicated team of qualified Social Workers and Referral and Advice officers co-located
at Birmingham City Council offices at Lancaster Circus. Phase 1 of the Birmingham MASH launched week commencing 28th
July 2014, and will be followed by further phases as more agencies join the MASH team. At present, Birmingham MASH
has the following agencies that are co-located within the Safeguarding Hub: There are specific desks for:

Early Help

Social Services

Police

Investigation

Domestic Abuse

Sexual Exploitation

Child Protection
The Safeguarding Hub is operated by all teams during office hours but is staffed 24 hours a day. As a referral comes into
MASH the Referral and Advice officers will record details on the ‘Care First’ system. A good referral gives enough
information to the screening manager in Children’s Social Care to allow them to make a decision around what actions need
to be taken. All referrals can be made by telephone and should be followed up within 48 hours in writing using either a
Family Common Assessment Framework72 (fCAF) form or an inter-agency referral form73. If MASH receives an urgent
referral, a decision will be made within four hours and for all non-urgent referrals a decision is made within 24 hours.
Birmingham MASH follows the RAG system to ensure that any urgent cases are promptly dealt with and all cases are
checked prior to a decision being made for either a CIN or CP referral. Birmingham MASH process chart is fully detailed in
Appendix G.
71
http://www.lscbbirmingham.org.uk/index.php/birmingham-multi-agency-safeguarding-hub-mash
CAF Audience; Head Teacher, Children’s Centre Manager, School Governing Body, Children’s Centre Management Committee, Teacher, Family
Support worker, SENCo, School/CC Administration, Classroom & Pupil Support, Birmingham City Council, Parent, Other
72
73
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The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Birmingham Local Authority.
CSE is initially assessed by all Referral and Advice officers and qualified senior Social Workers and by utilising the CSE risk
assessment screening tool to cover the pre-disposing factors. Furthermore, within their core records there is a drop down
box to capture ‘CSE’. The CSE-coordinator will keep their records up to date in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset.
In addition, Birmingham MASH is exploring the option of designated CSE multi-agency team.
Between the specified date periods, there were 13,876 contacts with Birmingham MASH; this means Birmingham
MASH are required to screen on average 76 contacts/referrals every day and 534 each week.
69 per cent (9,632) of MASH concerns have been made by referrals and 30 per cent (4,201) have been made by contact.
The most common methods of contact are 55 per cent by E-Mail, 36 per cent by telephone and 7 per cent by fax. 22 per
cent of contact have been made from the Police (3,100), followed by 22 per cent from Schools (1992) and 8 per cent from
other organisations including children’s centres and voluntary organisations (1,093), as detailed in Appendix H. Although no
referrals have been received from hospitals, both Birmingham and Solihull Local Authorities have above average contacts
from A&E and ambulance service. However, no contacts have been received by health other or independent providers.
Independent providers have been classed as referrals from NSPCC, CAMHS and Multi-agency Risk Assessment
Conference (MARAC), but it cannot be established if Birmingham Local Authority has included these referrals within any
other category as this information has not been provided.
The presenting issue or concern predominantly relates to childcare (47 per cent - 6,458), followed by domestic violence (14
per cent - 2,001), physical abuse (6 per cent – 826), family in acute distress (4 per cent – 623), family dysfunction (4 per
cent – 564) and neglect (4 per cent – 548), as detailed in Appendix H. 49 per cent of contacts to MASH are then referred to
Birmingham Safeguarding Hub, 33 per cent of contacts are given advice or information at the initial point of contact and 7
per cent are referred to The Bridge (Appendix H).
Across Birmingham contacts and referrals made to Birmingham MASH vary across LPU’s and Constituencies. Birmingham
East LPU has received the highest proportion of contacts and referrals accounting for 34 per cent of Birmingham’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Birmingham North
Birmingham East
Birmingham South
Birmingham West &
Central
Contact/Referral
Per cent
Erdington
Constituency
1614
11.6
Perry Barr
1339
9.6
Sutton Coldfield
413
3.0
Hall Green
1050
7.6
Hodge Hill
2143
15.4
Yardley
1506
10.9
Edgbaston
1047
7.5
Northfield
1729
12.5
Selly Oak
905
6.5
Birmingham City Centre
4
0.0
Ladywood East
965
7.0
Ladywood West
729
5.3
Figure 23: Birmingham MASH Contact/Referrals
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The remaining contacts and / or referrals are located outside of Birmingham Local Authority area. Contacts and referrals
received by Birmingham MASH highlight seven clusters situated across Birmingham where there are high concentrations of
contacts and referrals, as shown in the below map:
Figure 24: Birmingham MASH Referrals
Hotspot 1 is situated in the areas of Washwood Heath, Shard End and Yardley areas of Birmingham and is located within
Birmingham East LPU. Within this area there have been 3007 contacts and referrals, accounting for 22 per cent of
Birmingham’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas of Saltley and Bordesley Green.
Hotspot 2 is situated within Handsworth, Lozels and Winson Green areas of Birmingham and is located within Birmingham
West and Central LPU. Within this area there have been 2150 contacts and referrals, accounting for 15 per cent of
Birmingham’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas of Bimringham City Centre, Summerfield and
Winson Green, Soho Road, Handsworth, Lozells, Aston and Newtown.
Hotspot 3 is situated within Kingstanding and Stockland Green areas of Birmingham and is located within Birmingham
North LPU. Within this area there have been 1699 contacts and referrals, accounting for 12 per cent of Birmingham’s total.
In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas of Kingstanding and Erdington.
Hotspot 4 is situated within the Longbridge, Northfield and Kings Norton area of Birmingham and is located within
Birmingham South LPU. Within this area there have been 1617 contacts and referrals, accounting for 12 per cent of
Birmingham’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas of the Three Estates Kings Norton.
Hotspot 5 is situated within the Balsall Heath, Sparkbrook and Sparkhill areas of Birmingham and is located within
Birmingham East LPU. Within this area there have been 1008 contacts and referrals, accounting for 7 per cent of
Birmingham’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas of Balsall Heath and Sparkbrook.
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Hotspot 6 is situated within the Woodgate Valley and Weoley Castle areas of Birmingham and is located within Birmingham
South LPU. Within this area there have been 1001 contacts and referrals, accounting for 7 per cent of Birmingham’s total.
In addition, this area contains no WMP priority areas.
Hotspot 7 is situated within the Falcon Lodge area of Sutton Coldfield and is located within Birmingham North LPU. Within
this area there have been 120 contacts and referrals, accounting for 0.8 per cent of Birmingham’s total. Although this is not
a significant amount, contacts and referrals are from a small concentrated area. In addition, this area contains no WMP
priority areas.
Issues and Concerns
Birmingham MASH have a good working relationship with the Police and state that numerous Police Officers work from their
department; however, they state that training needs to be given to officers attending incidents as many are not aware of how
to deal with CA incidents. MASH believes they need to improve on the areas of neglect and CSE and have already
implemented training courses for all their staff for increased awareness.
Birmingham MASH regularly receive notifications from other Local Authorities when a child has moved from one area to a
new area as the Local Authority covering that area will receive an automatic notification making them aware of the child that
has entered their area. Birmingham MASH will audit all cases jointly with other agencies to ensure that all procedures have
been met and followed and will have regular meetings with the other members of MASH to ensure that the case has been
correctly resolved.
Recommendation:
25. Birmingham Local Authority to implement staff training to increase CSE awareness.
The Scale of CSE within Birmingham Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Birmingham LSCB has provided information on 76 children and young people that have
been dealt with or are being dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods. Birmingham LSCB has provided
evidence of data-gathering regarding the scale and nature of CSE within their Local Authority from their dataset which dates
back to as far as November 2012 when the first MSET Operational Group was established. Data is collected in accordance
with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset and a datasheet containing all the relevant categories has been provided.
However, only basic information including name, ethnicity and age has been populated and 53 per cent of the risk
assessments and the remaining categories have generally been incomplete.
Although the dataset was not comprehensively completed due to time constraints of the CSE Co-ordinator, information has
been provided in the form of meeting minutes and CSE strategy discussions for every nominal identified by Birmingham
LSCB between the specified dates to enable analysing to take place to establish any gaps in the existing data.
Improvements in data collection would be achieved if data was collated comprehensively in accordance with the
Bedfordshire dataset, this in turn should lead to the easier identification of CSE characteristics and factors. The CSE
dataset will not identify all children and young people experiencing and at risk of CSE until it is added to the ‘Care First’
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system. Until this time, data collated by the CSE-Coordinator will not be accurate reflection of all children referred to
Birmingham Local Authority.
Birmingham LSCB has provided one of the most comprehensive and extensive sets of data of all the Local Authorities within
the West Midlands. However, due to information being encapsulated within Microsoft ‘Word’ documents of meeting minutes
and strategy discussions with the potential of up to a maximum of seven documents per individual is has not been possible
to extract this information to allow for full analysis to take place on the characteristics children and young people sexually
exploited, the nature of exploitation and overview of perpetrators and / or offenders.
Recommendation:
26. Birmingham Local Authority to improve data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children known to be subjected to CSE from Birmingham
Local Authority area. All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number, accounting for
any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender, Age & Ethnicity
96 per cent of children being dealt with for CSE are female and 3 per cent are male. Age ranges range from XX years to XX
years with an average age of 16 years old. XX per cent of children being dealt with for CSE are XXXXXXXXX, X per cent
are XXXXX, X per cent are XXXXX, X per cent are XXXXXXXXXX and X per cent are XXXXXXXXX and X per cent are
XXXXXXX.
Gender
Ethnicity
Ages
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 26
Unknown
X X X X X X X X X X Total
1
2
11
11
20
15
7
9
76
Female
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
Male
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
23
8
7
6
2
1
1
1
1
Figure 25: Gender, Age and Ethnicity
In comparison contacts and referrals made to MASH 45 per cent relate to females (6,329), 49 per cent relate to males
(6,759) and 6 per cent are not born or unknown (788). This highlights that there is an inconsistency in male victims that are
identified as being sexually exploited.
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Ethnicities of identified children that have been sexually exploited are equivalent to those that have been referred to MASH
as 38 per cent of contacts and referrals made to relate to White Skinned European ethnicities (5,247), 22 per cent relate to
Asian ethnicities (3,068), 12 per cent relate to Afro-Caribbean ethnicities (1,661) and 9 per cent relate to mixed (1,286)
ethnicities. However, there is a significant difference in ages in comparison to identified children that have been sexually
exploited as ages of contacts/referrals vary between unborn and 58 years of age;

38 per cent of contacts/referrals relates to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years of age

28 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years of age

31 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 17 years of age

1 per cent relates to 18 plus with the remainder of contacts and / or referral ages unknown.
Although additional data has been provided, it has not been possible to analyse characteristics of children and young people
that have been sexually exploited, analyse the nature of exploitation or perpetrator characteristics.
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7.2 Coventry Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Coventry – RAS - Referral and Assessment Service to Coventry MASH – South Street, Hillfields, Coventry - Tel 024 767
88555
The procedures for how referrals are presently dealt with will change from the 15th September 2013 with the introduction of
Coventry MASH. At present, any contacts and referrals are received by the Referral and Assessment Service (RAS). When
information is received it is initially checked to establish if this is a new case or existing case. Existing cases are captured
on the Liquid Logic System/Protocol system to establish if there is any known information about the child concerned.
The information is allocated to one of five Duty Social Workers with the assistance of a Case Support Worker. When a new
contact or referral is made this is triaged by Social Workers and numerous systems are checked including Surfex, Protocol,
CAP1 (an Educational System that checks School Attendance) and E-Cap. The Social Worker will establish any patterns,
special measures, or if the child is already known, and will complete checks with partner agencies such as probation.
Coventry Local Authority has a maximum of 24 hours to insure that all referrals are dealt with.
Police will usually verbally pass or email an ‘outside referral’ to the department, known as ‘Threat Disclosure’. The Social
Workers will speak to the safeguarding issuer to create a referral and will then email the Police Public Protection Unit.
There are two routes the Police will take for referrals;
1.
A S.47 where a Child Protection Order is made and,
2.
A Non urgent request under S.17 which is a Child in Need (CIN) request.
After each S47 referral a strategy meeting will be held to plan the Investigation. Coventry RAS state that previously
although multi-agencies would attend these meetings, the Police would not. Coventry RAS will discuss the threshold at the
Strategy meetings and will establish if the threshold has been met and how will it be conducted. No case in Coventry will
ever be a S47 Child Protection Order without a conference being held. Those that attend the S.47 conferences would be:

Police

NSPCC

Council

Sexual Offender Worker

Nursery / Education

Health

Social Worker
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The MASH process will be very similar to the process that is already in place as formulated by the Business Support
Officers. Under MASH there will be 3 functions:

Triage

Function of MASH

Function of DVA
Referral and Assessment Service (RAS) will deal with triage and deal with referrals and signposting. RAS will then create
the electronic record, which is then electronically forwarded to the co-located MASH. MASH will be screening all
notifications on a daily basis and DVA will screen all cases and multi-agency systems on a twice weekly basis.
Within MASH there will be six Social Workers, one CAF Coordinator, one Probation Officer, one Educational Officers, three
Health Staff Officers, three Police Officer’s and one Community Safety Officer. Information will be collated and if the
threshold is not met then CAF will assist and they will refer to other agencies to assist. All electronic systems (Protocol) are
shared with each agency sitting in MASH allowing all agencies to have real time information. The Police CRU will provide
MASH with all relevant data requests.
If a Strategy meeting is needed the Police in MASH will contact PPU to ask if they are able to attend. This meeting is held
by the duty MASH supervisor/manager in order to plan an investigation. Coventry RAS / MASH process chart is fully
detailed in Appendix I.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Coventry Local Authority.
Coventry Local Authority had a lead officer from Children’s Social Care who worked alongside the Police in relation to
Operation Encompass74, which has now concluded. Their missing children’s panel also monitors children and young people
at risk of sexual exploitation. At present there is some discussion although in its infancy in relation to implementing a
dedicated team within this area of work. Coventry is also currently part of the regional Child Trafficking Advocacy Trail.
Furthermore, the screening of CSE will initially take place at the MASH triage stage of the process but there is no category
within the database to record a case as CSE. Moreover, Coventry will encourage their Social Worker practitioners to be
increasingly ‘forensic’ in exploring and presenting issues and formulating links between behaviours and potential CSE
concerns and any cases relating to CSE will be recorded on Liquid Logic75.
Recommendation:
27. Coventry Local Authority to ensure a category is created within the Liquid Logic system to capture CSE.
Between the specified date periods, there were between 3,724 contacts/referrals with Coventry RAS/MASH; this
means Coventry RAS/MASH are required to screen on average 21 contacts/referrals every day and 143 each week.
60 per cent of contacts and / or referrals are made to Coventry MASH by telephone, 14 per cent by E-Mail, 12 per cent by
meeting/discussion, and 10 per cent by fax, with the remainder by letter, personal visit to social services office or home visit.
25 per cent of contact has been made from education (917) and 11 per cent has been made from the Police (404), followed
74
The identification and arrests of males for trafficking in the Coventry area.
75
Children’s Social Care Service Manager
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by 10 per cent from other city council departments (379) and 10 per cent from the police JDST (364), as detailed in
Appendix J.
Although no contacts have been received from schools, both Coventry and Dudley Local Authorities have above average
contacts from Education Services. No contacts have been provided by other health services for example hospices, external
Local Authority services, health visitors and health others, internal social care providers, other individual including
strangers. However, it cannot be established if Coventry Local Authority has included these contacts within any other
category as this information has not been provided.
16 per cent (602) of contact to Coventry MASH are re-referrals. 93 per cent of contacts relate to abuse or neglect (3,462),
followed by family dysfunction (2 per cent - 70), family in acute stress (1 per cent – 52) and child’s disability (1 per cent –
42), as detailed in Appendix J.
Across Coventry contacts made to Coventry MASH vary across Constituencies. Coventry North East Constituency has
received the highest proportion of contacts/referrals accounting for 44.5 per cent of Coventry’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Coventry
Constituency
Contact/Referral
Per cent
239
1656
965
672
6.4
44.5
25.9
18
Coventry City Centre
Coventry North East
Coventry North West
Coventry South
Figure 26: Coventry MASH Contact/Referrals
The remaining contacts are located outside of Coventry Local Authority area.
Contacts/referrals received by Coventry MASH highlight three clusters situated across Coventry where there are high
concentrations of referrals/contacts, as shown in the below map:
Hotspot 1
Figure 27: Coventry MASH Referrals
Hotspot 1 is a large area situated across Coventry city centre to Holbrooks and Longford area and is located within
Coventry North East and Coventry City Centre Constituencies. Within this area there have been 2089 contacts/referrals,
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accounting for 56 per cent of Coventry’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority areas Coventry City Centre and
Spon End, Edgwick and Wood End and Bell Green.
Hotspot 2 is situated within Whitley and Willenhall areas of Coventry and is located across all three Constituencies. Within
this area there have been 528 contacts/referrals, accounting for 14 per cent of Coventry’s total. In addition, within this area
is the WMP priority area Willenhall Four Closes.
Hotspot 3 is situated within the Tile Hill area of Coventry and is located within Coventry South and Coventry North West
Constituencies. Within this area there have been 259 contacts/referrals, accounting for 6.9 per cent of Coventry’s total. In
addition, within this area there are no WMP priority areas.
Issues and Concerns
Coventry MASH stated that up until recently the Police CRU have been quite hesitant in providing them with the information
they require; however, although Police Staff have now been advised to cooperate and share information, Coventry MASH
are still receiving some delays but believe that this is due to staffing issues rather than staff not choosing to send on
information.
Coventry has stated that they have a good working relationship with the Police and quite recently they have worked on
Operation Encompass where males were arrested for trafficking in the Coventry area. Coventry RAS / MASH will be having
Police officers co-located within the MASH department and believe that this will help safeguarding children and information
sharing.
The Scale of CSE within Coventry Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, information has been provided on 26 children and young people, who were raised as a
concern for CSE through Coventry Local Authority CMOG meetings. This data is aimed to provide a ‘snapshot’ of young
people at risk of CSE who were known to Coventry CMOG during the specified date periods. Data provided by Coventry
CMOG has been populated in relation to the elements of the Safeguarder Matrix (Appendix A).
Information provided was completed by the chair of the Coventry CMOG panel (Children and Families First) and the Social
Worker who leads with CSE individuals within Coventry. This information was compiled from previous CMOG/MASP
minutes and agendas dating back to 6th January. Therefore, it has not been possible to establish if Coventry LSCB is able
to provide evidence of data-gathering in relation to the scale and nature of CSE within their Local Authority area and it has
not been possible to gain an understanding of how CSE is captured, recorded or retrieved on their Liquid Logic system.
Recommendation:
28. Coventry Local Authority to consider improvements in data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire
dataset.
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Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been dealt with and
are being dealt with for CSE. All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number,
accounting for any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender, Age and Ethnicity
93 per cent of children where a concern has been raised in relation to CSE are female and 8 per cent are male. Ages range
from XX to XX years of age with an average age of 15 years of age. XX per cent of children are XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
, followed by X per cent XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Gender
Ethnicity
Age
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
Female
XXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
22
XXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
XXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
XXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
1
1
3
7
5
6
3
26
Male
Grand
Total
Figure 28: Gender, Age and Ethnicity
In comparison to ethnicities of referrals and contacts made to Coventry MASH, 61 per cent of contacts relate to White
Skinned European ethnicities (2273), 12 per cent relate to Afro-Caribbean ethnicities (462), 9 per cent relate to Asian
ethnicities (345) and 8 per cent relate to Mixed ethnicities (297) with the remainder not born or unknown. XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
However, there is a significant difference in ages in comparison to identified children that have been sexually exploited as
ages of contacts/referrals vary between unborn and 22 years of age;

42 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years of age

28 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years of age

29 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 17 years of age and 1 per cent relates to 17 plus.

Religion
Religion is not known for 73 per cent of children where a concern has been raised for CSE. 8 per cent are not religious and
19 per cent are religious with religions recorded as Church of England (12 per cent) and Catholic (8 per cent). Where a
religion is known all children are female but there is no correlation between ages or any other characteristic. Therefore,
religion does not appear to be a causal factor in CSE.
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Physical or Learning Disability
81 per cent of children where a concern has been raised for CSE are not disabled nor have a learning disability. However, 8
per cent have autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 4 per cent has autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD) and a learning disability, 4 per cent have autism and 4 per cent are awaiting an assessment for ADHD.

Living Situation
73 per cent (18) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are living with family or guardians. 26 per cent (8)
are ‘looked after children’ including 12 per cent in residential care (3) and 8 per cent in foster care (2). However, it has not
been possible to establish any causal factors of living situations including single parental households, living standards or any
links to ‘troubled families’.

Home Locations
Home locations have been provided for 23 of the 26 children where concerns have been raised for CSE. 23 per cent of all
children have home addresses within the XXXX post code (6), followed by 19 per cent in the XXXX post code (5), 19 per
cent in the XXXX post code (5), 15 per cent in the XXXXX post code (4), and 4 per cent in the XXXX and XXXX post codes.

Social Care Involvement and Support from Other Agencies
Social Care had involvement with a total of 85 per cent of children where concern has been raised for CSE (20 per cent
were Looked After Children (LAC), 23 per cent have been assessed as being a Child in Need (CIN), 12 per cent are on a
Child Protection Plan (CP) and 19 per cent are an open referral) between the specified date periods.
A total of 85 per cent of children where CSE has been raised as a concern are receiving support from other agencies and
those that are not receiving support from other agencies have social care’s involvement. 61 per cent of children that have
been raised as a concern have/are receiving support from multiple agencies, which predominantly includes Compass,
CAMHS, CAF and CRASAC;
46 per cent (12) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are/were receiving support from COMPASS, 27 per
cent (7) are/were receiving support from CAHMS, and 35 per cent are/were receiving support from streetwise (12 per cent;
3), CAF (12 per cent; 3) and CRASAC (12 per cent; 3).
SAFEGUARDER
All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals
contained within this section.

Sexual Health and Behaviour
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62 per cent (16) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are sexually active and 8 per cent (2) are not
sexually active and for the remainder it has not been established if they are sexually active or not.

Absent from School or Repeatedly Running Away
35 per cent (9) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have been absent from school and have experienced
missing incidents, followed by 8 per cent that have had missing episodes and are now expelled or excluded from school, 8
per cent (2) have had missing episodes from home, 8 per cent (2) are not in school; however, 8 per cent (2) have above 70
per cent attendance rate at school.

Familial Abuse or Problems at Home
34 per cent (9) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have a history of DV within the family home;
however, on all occasions it cannot be established if the child or young person is subjected to DV or if it occurs within the
family home. 12 per cent (3) have poor relationships at home, 12 per cent have drug and / or alcohol abuse within the
family home, 8 per cent (2) have been sexually abused within the family home, 8 per cent (2) have been neglected, 4 per
cent (1) are in Local Authority Care and 4 per cent (1) deal with parental Mental Health issues within their family home.

Emotional and Physical Condition
50 per cent of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have an emotional or psychical condition, 31 per cent (8)
self-harm (XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX), 4 per cent (1) are dealing with bereavement, traumatic historic event (1), or
depression (1).

Gangs and Older Age Groups and Involvement in Crime
19 per cent (5) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are known to be involved with older friends and older
males and 4 per cent (1) have an older boyfriend; however, the ages are not known.
23 per cent are known to have been involved in crime, predominantly for shoplifting/theft (19 per cent; 5) and possession of
drugs (4 per cent; 1).

Use of Technology and Sexual Bullying
54 per cent of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are using technology; 42 per cent (11) use the internet to
contact people on-line and arrange meetings. Where it is known 15 per cent (4) use the internet through Facebook and 12
per cent (3) use mobile telephones as there is evidence of sexting including sending inappropriate naked photos.

Substance and / or Alcohol Misuse
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58 per cent of children that have been raised as a concern have misused alcohol and drugs; 27 per cent (7) have misused
alcohol and drugs, 19 per cent have misused alcohol only and 12 per cent have misused drugs only. Where drugs have
been misused this is predominantly cannabis.

Receipt of Gifts or Money
Only one person (4 per cent) was known to be in receipt of unexplained gifts or money as they had been seen with multiple
phones.

Distrust of Authority Figures
11 per cent (3) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are known to distrust of authority figures.

Entering or Leaving Vehicles
19 per cent (5) of children that have been dealt with for CSE are known to get into unknown vehicles.

Relationships of Concern
46 per cent (12) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have relationships on concern, which all relate to
older males and / or older long term boyfriends.

Risk to Others
19 per cent of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are deemed a risk to others; 4 per cent (1) is aggressive
to other pupils and 15 per cent (4) are believed to be guiding other girls into exploitation.

Perception of Being Exploited
23 per cent (6) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are described as naive and / or have no ability to
safeguard themselves or understand risk posed to them.

Risk Assessment
62 per cent (16) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have not been risk assessed, 31 per cent have
been risk assessed as high and 8 per cent (2) have been risk assessed as medium.
Recommendation:
29.
Coventry Local Authority to complete a risk assessment on all children and young people that
have been raised as a concern through MASE meeting.
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7.3 Dudley Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Dudley – Children’s Social Care - based at three offices including Brieley Hill Tel 01384 813000, Dudley Tel 01384
813200 and Halesowen Tel 01384 815902
Dudley Children’s Social Care is a single agency organisation, dealing with all social and welfare issues for children within
the Dudley Borough. Dudley Children’s Social Care is presently split into four designated Referral and Assessment hubs,
covering Dudley Central, Coseley and Netherton, Brierley Hill, and Halesowen. Dudley Central also houses the
Safeguarding Team for the borough and there is a separate walk in point for members of the public, situated within Dudley
Town Centre. Social Care has five core management teams dealing with children on care plans, and children with
disabilities. There is a further team which has the responsibility of helping ages 14 plus with the transition into adult life for
those who have been in care as children.
New referrals are made by telephone to Children’s Social Care which is recorded on the ‘Northgate CCM’ operating system.
Where the referral is for CSE and is non-urgent, the referral will be passed to a three weekly multi-agency YPSE Panel
meeting; however, if the case is deemed urgent (S 47), a written referral will be made by the Social Worker and an initial
conference instigated and a decision will be made as to the course of action within twenty four hours. This will be either the
commissioning of a Core Assessment, which must be completed within fifteen days for a strategy decision to be made, or in
the most urgent cases, immediate action. The Social Worker making the referral retains ownership of the case up until the
start of the Core Assessment or the Court hearing and from this point ownership is passed on to a Core Management Team
(CMT). Dudley Children’s Social Care process chart is fully detailed in Appendix K.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Dudley Local Authority.
At present there is not a designed CSE co-ordinator; however, Dudley Local Authority has a long established arrangement
whereby their Child Protection Development Officer has taken the lead role, although Dudley Local Authority is now actively
seeking funding for this role. In addition, within Dudley Local Authority area when a referral is received and is considered to
be CSE and is non-urgent, the referral will be passed to a three weekly multi-agency YPSE panel meeting and this is where
screening of CSE will take place. However, in Children’s Social Care CSE is recorded as a needs code and will generate
aggregate data from this alongside the more qualitative data from the YPSE panel.
Between the specified date periods, there were between 1,643 contacts/referrals with Dudley Children’s Social
Care; this means Children Social Care are required to screen on average 9 contacts/referrals every day and 63 each
week.
Predominantly, 57 per cent (940) of Dudley’s Children’s Social Care concerns have been made by telephone (940) and 33
per cent have been made by letter and / or written communication (543). 27 per cent of contact and / or referrals have been
made from the Education/Training and Workplace Establishments (45), 11 per cent from the Police (195) and 11 per cent
from Internal SSD (191), with the remainder detailed in Appendix L.
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Dudley Children’s Social Care have received below average referrals and / or contacts from A&E and have received no
contacts and / or referrals from internal care providers or children’s centres including voluntary organisations. However, it
cannot be established if Dudley Local Authority has included these referrals within any other category as this information
has not been provided.
Recommendation:
30. Gain an understanding of Dudley’s Children’s Social Care grouping of referral categories.
The presenting issue or concern predominantly relates to childcare issues (67 per cent - 1,102) and childcare concerns (26
per cent - 431), as detailed in Appendix L.
Across Dudley contacts/referrals made to Dudley Children’s Social Care vary across Constituencies. Dudley North
Constituency has received the highest proportion of contacts/referrals accounting for 65 per cent of Dudley’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Constituency
Contact/Referral
Per cent
Dudley
Dudley North
Dudley South
1069
489
65
29.7
Figure 29: Dudley Children’s Social Care Contact/Referrals
The remaining contacts and / or referrals are located outside Dudley Local Authority area.
Contacts/referrals received by Dudley Children’s Social Care highlight two clusters situated across Dudley where there are
high concentrations of referrals/contacts, as shown in the below map:
Figure 30: Dudley Children’s Social Care Referrals
Hotspot 1 is situated in the areas covering Dudley town centre to Brierley Hill and is located within Dudley North’s
Constituency. Within this area there have been 683 contacts/referrals, accounting for 42 per cent of Dudley’s total. In
addition, within this area is WMP priority area Dudley North.
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Hotspot 2 is situated within the Lye area of Dudley and is located within Dudley South Constituency. Within this area there
have been 54 contacts/referrals, accounting for 3 per cent of Dudley’s total. In addition, within this area there are no WMP
priority areas.
Issues and Concerns
There are two current issues that Dudley Children’s Social Care highlighted with the present system. Firstly is the use of a
CRU by the Police. Dudley Children’s Social Care describe service from the unit as ‘hit and miss’, with some Section 47
referrals being dealt with quickly, whilst others required them to call back and take independent action, as no decision had
been made76. Difficulty was also encountered in arranging meetings, with almost all cases being dealt with by phone. The
second issue highlighted, was the lack of intelligence being passed by the Police. The YPSE meeting or strategy meeting
are often the first time Dudley Children’s Social Care are made aware of the intelligence held by the Police.
Dudley Children’s Social Care has also recently moved to new premises. They are currently reviewing their four hub
arrangement, with a view to centralising services. Dudley Children’s Social Care is considering a move to a multi-agency
format, but a decision has yet to be made as to whether this will be a MASH with agencies co-located, or a MAST with joint
screening but agencies remaining at their own locations. Furthermore, there is a need to replace their existing IT systems,
for which alternatives are actively being looked into but no decision has yet been made.
The Scale of CSE within Dudley Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Dudley LSCB have provided information on 15 children and young people that have
been dealt with or are being dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods. Comments provided in relation to four
individual’s state that the cases were ‘NFA’ (no further actioned) and did not progress to a referral as CSE was not
substantiated. Dudley LSCB has provided evidence of gathering data regarding the scale and nature of CSE at a local level
to enable an assessment that would inform the development of a regional picture, which appears to have been achieved
through case notes and Section 47 investigations that took place. This highlights that the information provided by Dudley
LSCB includes that of both children referred as at risk of CSE and those experiencing CSE.
The data provided has not been collated in accordance with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset and data that has
been provided is partial. Therefore, it has not been possible to fully assess the nature of CSE within Dudley Local Authority
as data provided is limited. It has also not been possible to establish with the information provided if comprehensive data is
recorded by LSCB’s and has not been provided or is not recorded.
Recommendation:
31. Dudley Local Authority to consider improvements in data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire
dataset.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
76
Dudley Children’s Social Care Manager
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Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been dealt with or
are being dealt with for CSE by Dudley LSCB. All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the
nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender & Age
80 per cent of children that have been dealt with for CSE are female and 13 per cent are male. Age ranges vary from XX
years to XX years with an average age of 15 years old.
Gender
Ages
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
Total
Female
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
12
Male
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
Unknown
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
Total
2
3
1
3
2
1
3
15
Figure 31: Age and Gender
In comparison to referrals and contacts made to Dudley Children Social Care 49 per cent relate to males (819) and 49 per
cent relate to females (803), whilst the remainder are not born or unrecorded. This highlights that there is an inconsistency
in male victims that are identified as being sexually exploited.
There is significant variation in ages of CSE victims and those referred to Dudley Children’s Social Care as ages have varied
between unborn and 17 years of age;

41 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years of age

28 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years of age

31 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 17 years of age.

Missing Incidents
87 per cent of children that have been dealt with for CSE have not experienced missing episodes on more than three
occasions in a quarter period and in 13 per cent of cases this information is not known.

Care Status at Time of CSE Incident
67 per cent CSE cases have an unknown care status at the time of the CSE incident; however, 27 per cent were in Local
Authority care and 6 per cent were in the care of a 16 plus worker.

Previous Involvement with Dudley DCS
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33 per cent of CSE cases (5) have had no previous involvement with Dudley DSC, 27 per cent are LAC (4), 20 per cent are
CIN (3) and 13 per cent have had previous contact with Dudley DCS but no referral was made.

Date of Initial CSE Incident and Date of Panel Meeting
There is a panel meeting within two months of an initial CSE incident, as highlighted below. However, in some records the
date has been recorded as the month and in others it has been recorded as a full date.
Date of Initial
CSE Incident
Date of Panel Meetings
05/06/2014
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
Total
07/05/2014
02/04/2014
05/03/2014
05/02/2014
1
1
1
1
08/01/2014
1
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
1
2
2
4
Total
2
2
1
1
5
4
15
Figure 32: Date if CSE Incident and Date of Panel Meeting
Recommendation:
32. Dudley Local Authority to ensure a standardised approach to data recording.
No information has been provided by Dudley LSCB in relation to initiation of exploitation, methods of coercion, nature or
level of exploitation or perpetrators.
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7.4 Sandwell Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Sandwell – MASH – Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub – Tel 0845 3510131
Sandwell Multi Agency Safeguarding Hub (MASH) is a central unit where the various agencies are co-located. There are
specific desks for:

Early Help

Social Services

Police

Investigation

Domestic Abuse, and

Data Collection

A Child Sexual Exploitation Team is to be added in November.
MASH room is operated by all teams during normal office hours, with an out of hour’s emergency duty role. Access is
available through these partners to each of their respective databases, which are screened for each new case and provides
a safety net for identifying existing victims moving into the Sandwell area.
Incoming information
Predominantly referrals are submitted from the Police, Schools, other Sandwell departments and NSPCC. Information is
provided verbally by telephone to Sandwell MASH call handers which are located in the Wellman building and are not colocated with the safeguarding teams within MASH. If MASH has an urgent referral, a decision will be made within four hours
and a non-urgent referral will have a decision within twenty four hours. MASH have four main categories that are used to
navigate referrals for intervention, these categories are:

Abuse and Neglect

Family Dysfunction

Family Acute Stress

Absent Parents
If a case is considered not urgent it will be passed to the Early Help Team who will assess if CSE is a factor. If CSE is a
contributing factor it will be passed to the YPSE meeting. If CSE is not a factor it will allocated to a Social Worker. Sandwell
MASH process chart is fully detailed in Appendix M.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Sandwell Local Authority.
There is currently a CSE team in development with a nominated CSE co-coordinator. The CSE screening tool will be
implemented imminently within MASH. At present, CSE could be identified within Early Help which now have CSE
representatives and from information recorded on the Early Help Assessment. CSE can also be identified within the MASH
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and currently will be recorded on the child’s case file on ICS. Therefore, CSE is only retrievable by the child’s name and not
‘CSE’.
Recommendation:
33. Sandwell Local Authority to ensure a category is created within the referral recording system to capture
CSE.
Between the specified date periods, there were between 6,639 contacts with Sandwell MASH; this means Sandwell
MASH are required to screen on average 37 contacts/referrals every day and 255 each week.
The most common methods of contact/referrals are 37 per cent by telephone and 36 per cent by MARF. 22 per cent of
contact/referrals have been made from schools (1,668) and 21 per cent from the police (1,399), as detailed in Appendix N.
However, no referrals are received from the NHS including A&E and ambulance services and other health services or
directly from members of the public. The presenting issue or concern, location or characteristics of child or young person
concerned have not been recorded on data provided in relation to MASH referrals; however, the system used to record
referrals is called “ICS” and comprehensive details have been provided on cases that have been classified as CIN;
Between the specified date periods, there were between 1,162 ICS referrals; this means Sandwell MASH are
required to deal with on average 6 ICS referrals every day and 45 each week.
34 per cent of ICS referrals were made by the Police and 21 per cent were made from schools, as detailed in Appendix N.
The presenting issue or concern predominantly relates to abuse or neglect (68 per cent - 786) followed by Domestic
Violence (11 per cent - 126), as detailed in Appendix N. Factors identified at assessment are then recorded including type
of abuse or neglect, domestic violence, learning disability, missing or self-harm; however, this is only recorded in 35 per cent
of ICS referrals.
ICS referrals vary across Sandwell North and Sandwell South Constituencies. Sandwell South Constituency has received
the highest proportion of ICS referrals accounting for 52 per cent of Sandwell’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Constituency
Contact/Referral
Per cent
Sandwell
Sandwell North
Sandwell South
437
608
38
52
Figure 33: Sandwell MASH Contact/Referrals
The remaining contacts and / or referrals are located outside Sandwell Local Authority area.
ICS referrals received by Sandwell Local Authority highlight three clusters situated across Sandwell where there are high
concentrations of referrals, as shown in the below map:
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Figure 34: Sandwell ICS Referrals
Hotspot 1 is situated in the Smethwick area of Birmingham and is in the Sandwell South Constituency. Within this area
there have been 271 contacts/referrals, accounting for 23 per cent of Sandwell’s total. In addition, within this area is WMP
priority area Smethwick Soho and Victoria.
Hotspot 2 is situated within Rowley Regis and is located within Sandwell South Constituency. Within this area there have
been 51 referrals, accounting for 4 per cent of Sandwell’s total. In addition, within this area are no WMP priority areas.
Hotspot 3 is situated within Tipton and is located within Sandwell North. However, within this area there have only been 28
referrals, accounting for 2 per cent of Sandwell’s total but within a high geographical area. In addition, within this area is
WMP priority area Princes End.
Issues and Concerns
At present within Sandwell’s MASH process there is no specific category for highlighting CSE, which has historically fallen
into one of the four main categories of Abuse and Neglect, Family Dysfunction, Family Acute Stress and Absent Parents.
However, there are plans in place to have a CSE category created and a CSE team to be in place by November 2014 to
deal with this specific issue. If intervention is not required, the ‘Early Help Team’ can pass CSE related cases to the Young
Person Sexual Exploitation Meetings (YPSEM) whereby the minutes of those meeting are recorded under the victim’s name
and not on a database, which highlights data retrieval issues.
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The Scale of CSE within Sandwell Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Sandwell Local Authority YPSE has provided information on 13 children and young
people where a concern has been raised of CSE through the YPSE meeting. Data provided by Sandwell YPSE has been
populated in relation to the elements of the Safeguarder Matrix (Appendix A).
It cannot be established at this stage what information and level of detail specifically in relation to CSE is recorded by
Sandwell LSCB. Information in relation to children and young people at risk of CSE was obtained by the Police CSE and
Missing Person Coordinator and was compiled from YPSEM minutes and agendas dating back to January. It has been
established through Sandwell’s Child Abuse referral process that there is no category for CSE which makes data/cases nonretrievable. Therefore, it has not been possible to establish if Coventry LSCB is able to provide evidence of data-gathering
in relation to the scale and nature of CSE within their Local Authority area and it has not been possible to gain and
understanding of how or if CSE is captured, recorded or retrieved on their systems and databases.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been dealt with and
are being dealt with for CSE. All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number,
accounting for any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender, Age and Ethnicity
93 per cent of children where a concern has been raised for CSE are female and 7 per cent are male. Ages range from XX
to XX years of age with an average age of 15 years. XX per cent of children are XXXXXXXXXX, followed by XX per cent
XXXXXXXXXX, XX per cent XXXXXXXXXX and XX per cent XXXXXXXXXX.
Gender
Ethnicity
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7
XXXXXXXX
X X X X XXXXXXXX
X X X X X X 1
1
1
5
2
3
1
13
Female
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Male
Grand
Total
Age
XXXXXXXX
3
1
1
Figure 35: Gender, Age and Ethnicity
CSE ethnicities are comparable to referrals and contacts made to Sandwell MASH as 50 per cent of ICS referrals relate to
White Skinned Europeans ethnicities (576), 16 per cent of ICS referrals relate to Asian ethnicities (183), 14 per cent relate to
Mixed ethnicities (168) and 10 per cent relate to Afro-Caribbean (116) ethnicities, and the remainder are unknown.
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However, ages of ICS referrals significant varied from children identified as sexually exploited as ages ranged between
unborn and 17 years of age;

42 per cent of ICS referrals relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years of age

26 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years of age

29 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 17 years of age, in the remaining ICS referrals the age is unknown.

Sexuality
92 per cent (12) of children where a concern has been raised for CSE are heterosexual and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Migrant / Refugee
Only one child or young person where a concern has been raised regarding CSE is a migrant/refugee.

Living Situation
85 per cent (11) of children and young people that have been raised as a concern for CSE are living with family or
guardians. Only one child or young person is not living with parents or guardians (8 per cent).

Home Locations
Home locations have been provided for 11 of the 13 children where a concern has been raised in relation to CSE. 15 per
cent of children have home addresses within the XXXX (2), XXXX (2) and XXXX (2) postcodes, followed by 8 per cent in the
XXXX , XXXX , XXXX , XXXX and XXXX postcodes.

Social Care Involvement and Support from Other Agencies
Social Care looked after a total of 5 (38 per cent) children that have been raised as a concern for CSE (15 per cent are CAF,
8 per cent are CIN, 8 per cent are LAC and 8 per cent are on a special guardianship order) between the specified date
periods. All children that have been raised as a concern for CSE had involvement with social care, 69 per cent (9) had early
help/low level involvement, 15 per cent (2) had allocated social workers, 8 per cent (1) were on a family intervention
programme and 8 per cent (1) had an allocated Social Worker. The individual accounting for the 8 per cent with an
allocated Social Work is now over 18.
All children that have been raised as a concern for CSE had support from other agencies; 69 per cent (9) were/are receiving
support from Sandwell Women’s Aid, 15 per cent (2) were/are receiving support through family solutions team and Sandwell
Women’s Aid, 8 per cent (1) were/are receiving support through targeted youth support and 8 per cent (1) has been referred
to Shield for behavioural support.
SAFEGUARDER
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All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals
contained within this section.

Sexual Health and Behaviour
Sexual health and behaviour has not been established on 42 per cent (6) of all children that have been raised as a concern
for CSE, 15 per cent (2) have inappropriate sexual relationships (under-age) and for 8 per cent there are concerns for
grooming adult males in parks (1), concerns of internet grooming (1), XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (1),
concerns in relation to introductions to other males (1) and concerns of multiple partners (1).

Absent from School or Repeatedly Running Away
31 per cent (4) of children that have been raised as a concern of CSE have not been absent from school and / or repeatedly
running away, whilst 69 per cent have been absent from school or repeatedly running away.

Familial Abuse or Problems at Home
It is not known for 69 per cent (9) of children that have been raised as a concern of CSE if they have experienced familiar
abuse or problems at home; however, 31 per cent have experienced familiar abuse or problems within the home, of which
15 per cent relates to sexual abuse from their fathers.

Emotional and Psychical Condition
Only one child that has been raised as a concern for CSE has XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.

Gangs and Older Age Groups and Involvement in Crime
30 per cent (4) of all children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are known to be involved with older males and
there are concerns in relation to association with gangs. However, it is not known what ages these older males relate to.

Use of Technology and Sexual Bullying
15 per cent (2) of all children that have been raised as a concern for CSE are using technology to arrange meeting up on
Skype and the internet.

Substance and / or Alcohol Misuse
61 per cent of all children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have misused alcohol and drugs; 54 per cent (7) have
misused cannabis and 8 per cent (1) have misused alcohol and cannabis.
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
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Receipt of Gifts or Money
Only one child (8 per cent) was known to be in receipt of unexplained gifts or money.

Distrust of Authority Figures
Only one child was known to distrust authority figures.

Entering or Leaving Vehicles
Only one child was known to be entering or leaving unknown vehicles.

Relationships of Concern
61 per cent (8) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have relationships of concern, which all relate to
associations with older males and / or inappropriate sexual relationships.

Risk to Others
15 per cent (2) of children that have been raised as a risk for CSE are deemed to be a risk to others as they are known to
have involved other children into sexual exploitation.

Perception of Being Exploited
Only one child has been raised as a concern for CSE has the perception that they are being exploited.

Risk Assessment
15 per cent (2) of children that have been raised as a concern for CSE have been risk assessed as Low/Medium (1) and
Medium (1). The risk assessment is not known for 85 per cent of children and young people that have been raised as a
concern.
Recommendation:
34. Sandwell Local Authority to establish the risk assessment for all cases recorded as ‘Not Known’

Locations of Note
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Recommendation:
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35. Sandwell Local Authority to establish how locations of note have been identified.
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7.5 Solihull Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Solihull – Children’s Social Work Services (CSWS) – Tel 0121 788 4333
Solihull’s Children’s Social Work Services (CSWS) is located on the second floor within the Bluebell Centre, Chemsley
Wood. This is not a Multi-Agency Service Hub (MASH) as this was trialled previously but was deemed unsuccessful.
CSWS receives all child referrals for the Solihull area. Information is initially checked to establish if the child or young
person is known and, if so, this is forwarded to the Social Worker responsible through the Duty Assessment and Referral
Team (DART). If the child or young person is unknown then a record is created under the child or young person’s name on
the ‘Care First’ database, which is then passed to DART. All referrals are then passed from DART to a social worker before
being allocated to either MASE, if it is considered CSE, a strategic meeting, or an initial case conference if family are
involved before action is taken.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Solihull Local Authority.
CSE is initially assessed by all professionals making a referral or contact to Solihull CSWS by utilising the CSE screening
tool and risk factors of Red, Amber and Green (RAG). When information is received by the Duty Assessment and Referral
Team (DART) it is risk assessed and screened for CSE using the ‘Bedfordshire dataset tool’. When information is passed to
the MASH Social Workers it is considered for CSE. At this stage the CSE team are consulted. If this is considered CSE it is
passed to the Multi-Agency Safeguarding Sexual Exploitation Meeting (MASE), which will take place instead of a strategic
meeting. The CSE Co-ordinator will keep their records up to date on the Bedfordshire dataset in relation to all referrals
made to them, where individuals are at risk of CSE or experiencing CSE. Solihull Children’s Social Work Services process
chart is fully detailed in Appendix O.
Between the specified date periods, there are between 2,040 contacts/referrals with CSWS; this means CSWS are
required to screen on average 11 contacts/referrals every day and 78 each week.
The most common methods of contact to CSWS are 48 per cent made by E-Mail, 35 per cent made by fax and 10 per cent
is made by telephone. 45 per cent of contact and referrals have been made by legal agencies including the Police (911),
followed by 25 per cent from other departments within Local Authority (514) and 10 per cent from secondary health including
A&E and Hospitals, (217), as detailed in Appendix P.
However, no contacts have been received from health other and hospitals but due to the high volume of A&E contacts and
referrals it cannot be established if this information is categorised within this data. In addition, there have been no contacts
from internal social care providers, other health services, other including children’s centres and voluntary organisations and
other primary health services.
The topic of contact varies but predominantly relates to referrals (55 per cent – 1116) and advice or information (43 per cent
– 884), as detailed in Appendix P. The presenting issue or concern predominantly relates to Domestic Abuse (38 per cent -
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775) and Concerns (30 per cent - 604), as detailed in Appendix P. In 20 per cent of contacts to Solihull CSWS there is an
allegation of abuse and of 2,040 contacts to CSWS which can be categorised as CIN they are predominantly family stress –
Domestic Violence (25 per cent – 665) followed by family stress - other trauma (6 per cent – 113). Of all referrals made to
CSWS 45 per cent (923) are dealt with by means of ATM decision, 22 per cent are dealt with by Social Work Assessment
Referral and 20 per cent are dealt with as information only, as detailed in Appendix P.
It has not been possible to establish if levels of contacts made to Solihull CSWS vary across LPU’s and Constituencies as
only the postcode district and sector have been provided. This information still enables locations to be ‘mapped’ but
provides less accurate geographical locations as the centre of the postcode sector is plotted. Due to the Solihull Local
Authority area only containing approximately 31 postcode sectors, highlighting geographical clusters within sector areas has
not been possible.
Issues and Concerns
WMP are the largest supplier of referrals and the most frequent user of secure E-Mail to submit their data, however, Solihull
CSWS state there are issues with this process as data quality is inconsistent. Therefore, CSWS have requested WMP use
MARF but so far this is yet to be instigated. A new online form is currently being created by CSWS for consistent data
quality.
Once CSWS have a confirmed referral they hold a ‘strategy discussion’ with partner agencies including the Police whereby
all agencies bring together information they have in relation to the child concerned in order for an appropriate action plan.
CSWS have raised concerns that following a ‘strategy discussion’ a social worker meeting is conducted whereby the Police
occasionally attend and provide information that wasn’t presented at the discussion which can undermine their initial
discussion and decisions. In addition, CSWS have an issue with missing person returns from WMP, which are up to two
weeks old when received and restricts the opportunity that Social Workers have to interact with the child or family.
Recommendation:
36. Consideration for WMP to use the MARF form.
The Scale of CSE within Solihull Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Solihull LSB has provided information on 49 children and young people that have been
or are being dealt with for CSE or are at risk to CSE. Solihull Local Authority has provided evidence of gathering data
regarding the scale and nature of CSE with their Local Authority, which would also inform the regional picture. Data
collected and collated is in accordance with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset and is extensively and
comprehensively completed.
Data provided by Solihull LSCB relates to children and young people that are both
experiencing CSE and those who are vulnerable to CSE. All children and young people where there is a low risk
assessment are those who are vulnerable to CSE and are receiving education and prevention. For all children and young
people where there is a medium or high risk assessment are those who are at significant risk of CSE or are being or have
been sexually exploited there are multi-agency plans in place.
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Solihull LSCB/CSE Co-Ordinator
49 Children and young people that have been or
are being dealt with for CSE or are at risk to CSE
Medium and High Risk / Level 2 & 3
Low Risk / Level 1
34 Individuals at Risk of CSE
15 Individuals at Significant Risk of CSE or
Education and Prevention Plans in Place
Experiencing CSE
Multi-Agency Plans in Place
Figure 36: LSCB CSE Risk
Solihull LSCB have provided the most comprehensive and extensively completed datasets across the West Midlands which
has enabled for the identification of some key findings within the characteristics and the nature of exploitation of children and
young people experiencing and at risk of CSE. However, where perpetrator details or characteristics were recorded, this
information was recorded within a ‘Notes and Intelligence’ and ‘Other Adults’ field which resulted in difficult and problematic
analysis of this information. In addition, it has not been possible to establish if this structured and more detailed way of
recording information helps to safeguard children both at risk of and experiencing CSE in comparison to Local Authorities
who do not collate and record their information in this manner.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been or are being
dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods in accordance with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset. All
percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals
contained within this section.

Gender, Age & Ethnicity
84 per cent (41) of all children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE are female and 16 per cent (8) are male. Age
ranges vary from XX years to XX years with an average age of 16 years old. XX per cent of children are XXXXXXXXX, XX
per cent are XXXXXXXXX, XX per cent are XXXXXXXXX, XX per cent are XXXXXXXXX, XX per cent XXXXXXXXX and XX
per cent XXXXXXXXX.
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Gender
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Ethnicity
Female
Male
Ages
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
37
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
XXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
3
9
8
13
12
2
1
1
49
Total
Figure 37: Gender, Age and Ethnicity
In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk male children and young people have
reduced to 7 per cent, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Due to the low numbers of male children and young
people identified as experiencing CSE and at risk of CSE, it has not been possible to establish any causal factors that may
be gender specific.
However, in comparison to referrals and contacts made to Solihull’s CSWS 49 per cent of all contacts relate to females
(994) and 48 per cent relate to males (971), whilst the remainder are not born or unknown. This highlights the disparity and
the lack of identified male CSE victims. Furthermore, in comparison to referrals which highlights 60 per cent of contacts
relate to White Skinned European ethnicities (1226), 6 per cent relate to Mixed ethnicities (125), 5 per cent relate to Asian
ethnicities (105) and 3 per cent relate to Afro-Caribbean (62) ethnicities. This highlights there is a lack of the identification of
CSE victims from Afro-Caribbean and Asian ethnicities.
Ages of identified CSE victims and contacts to Solihull CSWS significantly varied as contacts range between unborn and 19
years of age;

37 per cent of contacts relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years of age

27 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years of age

35 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 19 years of age, in the remaining referrals the age is unknown.

Sexual Identity
80 per cent (39) of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE are heterosexual, 2 per cent (1) are bisexual and
2 per cent (1) are lesbians. In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk these finds are
consistent and 93 per cent (14) are heterosexual and 7 per cent (1) are bisexual.

Disability
22 per cent (11) of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE have a learning disability, 57 per cent (28) have
no disability but it is not known if 20 per cent have any type of disability. These findings are consistent with data where
individuals are considered as medium or high risk as 27 per cent (4) have a learning disability and 67 per cent (10) have no
disability.
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
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Living Situation
61 per cent (30) of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE or are at risk to CSE are living with family and 29
per cent (14) are looked after children. Children predominately live within the family home (55 per cent) followed by Local
Authority foster care (18 per cent), as detailed below.
Location
Children's Home
Home
LA Fostering
Living Alone
Private Fostering
Sofa Surfing
Supported Accommodation
Grand Total
Family
Independent
Looked After
3
Unknown
27
9
1
3
30
1
1
1
3
1
14
1
1
2
Total
3
27
9
1
5
2
2
49
Figure 38: Living Situation of children and young people experiencing CSE
These findings corroborate with data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk as 53 per cent live with family,
7 per cent are independent, 27 per cent are looked after children and 13 per cent are unknown.

Home Locations
Home locations of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE are spread throughout Solihull Local Authority but
predominatly from the XXX postcode area which covers the areas of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,
XXXXXXX as shown below.
Home
Postcode
Total
XXXX
1
XXXX
1
XXXX
9
XXXX
17
XXXX
1
XXXX
1
XXXX
7
XXXX
1
XXXX
7
XXXX
2
XXXX
1
XXXX
1
Grand Total
49
Figure 39: Home Postcodes
In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk home locations are also predominately
XXXX (4) and XXXX (6) areas.
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
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Missing Incidents
Key Finding: Missing episodes in Solihull Local Authority area increase in line with the levels of risk assessment.
Medium and high risk children and young people at significant risk of or experiencing CSE will experience more
missing episodes than low risk children and young people.
14 per cent (7) of children that have been or are being dealt with for have not experienced any missing incidents and 16 per
cent (8) have been reported as missing on less than five occasions; however, 14 per cent (7) have been reported missing on
more than five occasions and 31 per cent (15) have been reported missing on more than ten occasions.
Locations’ where a child or young person has been found varies from residential address or area to business premises.
There is no correlation between missing incidents and locations where the child or young person has been found.
In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk, 33 per cent (5) have been reported as
missing on more than five occasions and 47 per cent (7) on more than 10 occasions, highlighting a total of 80 per cent. This
is an increase of 35 per cent in relation to missing episodes when the risk of CSE increases.

Domestic Violence
Key Finding: Medium and high risk children and young people in Solihull Local Authority area at significant risk of
or experiencing CSE have all experienced Domestic Violence.
61 per cent (30) of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE have experienced Domestic Violence (DV), 10
per cent (5) have not experienced any DV and it is not known in 29 per cent (14) of cases. Where DV has been
experienced this is predominantly previously experienced DV and is not currently experienced. In comparison to data where
individuals are considered as medium or high risk, all children have experienced DV which is predominantly (13) previously
experienced DV.

Education Welfare Support, Youth Services, CAMHS, and Mental Health Services
63 per cent (31) of children that have been dealt with for CSE have Education Welfare Support (EWS); 40 per cent (20)
have received previous EWS and 22 per cent (11) are currently receiving EWS. In comparison to data where individuals are
considered as medium or high risk, 87 per cent (13) have EWS; 67 per cent (10) have received previous EWS and 20 per
cent (3) are currently receiving EWS.
43 per cent (21) of children that have been dealt with for CSE have had mental health issues; 39 per cent (19) have current
mental health issues and 4 per cent (2) have had previous mental health issues. 31 per cent (15) of children have received
CAMHS or Mental Health Service support. In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk
60 per cent have mental health issues and 27 per cent (4) have received CAMHS or Mental Health Support.
49 per cent of children that have been dealt with for CSE have received Youth Offending Service (YOS) support or Solihull
Youth Inclusion and Support Panel (YISP) support. 83 per cent (41) of children have Children’s Social Work Team (CSWT)
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involvement, 35 per cent (17) CIN, 31 per cent have a LAC plan, 10 per cent (5) have a CP plan, 4 per cent (2) are care
leavers, 2 per cent (1) previous CIN and 2 per cent (1) initial assessment.

Date First Known to Agency For Case Concerns
All children that have been dealt with for CSE were first known to the agency for case concerns dating back to 1998, with an
average year being 2006. This data correlates to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk.

Original Reason for Initial Concerns
Details of the original reason for initial concerns are known for 98 per cent of children that have been or are being dealt with
for CSE. 45 per cent (22) of concerns were raised due to family dysfunction, followed by 14 per cent (7) due to physical
abuse and 10 per cent (5) due to challenging behaviour, as detailed below.
Original Reasons for Case Concerns
Family Dysfunction
Physical Abuse
Challenging behaviour
UASC
Sexual Abuse
Neglect
Abuse/Neglect
Unknown
Grand Total
Total
22
7
5
5
4
3
2
1
49
Original Reasons for Case Concerns
Family Dysfunction
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Abuse/Neglect
Challenging Behaviour
Neglect
Grand Total
Total
6
3
2
2
1
1
15
Figure 41: Original Reasons for Case Concerns for high
Figure 40: Original Reasons for Case Concerns for high,
risk individuals.
medium and low risk individuals.
Initial concerns for individuals considered as medium or high risk are also due to family dysfunction, as highlighted above.

Education Situation and School Exclusion
Children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE or are at risk to CSE predominately have good attendance (20 per
cent) or occasional truancy (22 per cent). Children who are regularly truant from school have predominantly been excluded
from school on more than three occasions, as detailed below. In addition, education situation and school exclusion
correlates with data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk.
Education Situation
None
Does Not Attend
Employed/ FE
Good Attendance
NEET
Occasional Truancy
Regular Exclusions
Regular Truancy
Unknown
Total
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One
2
1
1
2
4
Any Type of School Exclusion
Two
Three +
Permanent
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
5
1
5
2
15
10
15
Total
Unknown
1
4
6
2
2
1
2
18
3
6
10
8
11
1
8
2
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Figure 42: Education and Any Type of Exclusion

Substance and / or Alcohol Misuse
Key Finding: Medium and high risk children and young people in Solihull Local Authority area at significant risk of
or experiencing CSE have increased misuse of alcohol and drugs than low risk children and young people.
57 per cent (28) of children that have been dealt with for CSE are known to misuse substances. In 51 per cent (25) of cases
this is current and in 6 per cent (3) of cases is historic substance misuse. In addition, 53 per cent (26) of children misuse
alcohol. In correlation with substance misuse, in 51 per cent (25) of cases this is current misuse and in 2 per cent (1) this is
historic alcohol misuse. There are 45 per cent (22) of children that have been dealt with for CSE that are misusing both
substances and alcohol.
In 37 per cent of cases it is unknown if there is alcohol and substance misuse; however, there is 4 per cent (2) of cases
where there is no joint substance and alcohol misuse. In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or
high risk 87 per cent (13) are known to misuse substances (80 per cent currently and 7 per cent historically). In addition, 80
per cent misuse alcohol and 87 per cent misuse both alcohol and drugs.

Sexual Health Issues
Key Finding: Medium and high risk children and young people in Solihull Local Authority are at significant risk of
or experiencing CSE have increased sexual health issues.
37 per cent of children that have been dealt with for CSE have experienced sexual health issues. There is only 2 per cent
(1) where it is known they have not experienced any sexual health concerns and in 51 per cent of cases it is unknown if
there has been or is any sexual health issues. All children identified with sexual health issues are female and there are no
identified males. In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk 53 per cent have
experienced sexual health issues.

Risk Assessment
The risk assessment for children that have been dealt with for CSE are predominantly categorised as low risk (49 per cent;
24), followed by medium (20 per cent; 10), level 1 (18 per cent; 9), level 2 (2 per cent; 1), level 3 (2 per cent; 1) and
unknown (2 per cent; 1). Risk assessments changed during the specified date periods, from Low, Medium and High to
Levels 1, 2 and 3.

Connections with Other CSE Victims
There are 8 per cent (4) of children that have been dealt with for CSE that have connections with other CSE victims. These
results are consistent with data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk as 7 per cent (1) are known to have
connections to other CSE victims. However, 47 per cent of children and young people that have been dealt with for CSE
have connections with other adults. This increases to 60 per cent for children that are medium or high risk.
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Nature of Exploitation
All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals
contained within this section.

Who initiated the Exploitation and The Type of Exploitation
In 73 per cent (44) of children that have been dealt with for CSE it is known who initiated the exploitation, in 36 per cent (18)
of cases it was initiated by another young person(s), 16 per cent (8) of cases it was initiated by an older partner, 10 per cent
(5) it was initiated by a single adult, 4 per cent (2) it was initiated by a peer partner and 2 per cent (1) it was initiated by a
network of perpetrators. In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high it is known in 93 per
cent (14) of cases; these findings correlate to those with exception of older partner which increases to 33 per cent.
In 36 per cent (17) of children that have been dealt with for CSE it known what type of CSE the child or young person is
experiencing, 10 per cent (5) is through a network of perpetrators, 8 per cent (4) is through other young person, 6 per cent
(3) is through an older partner, 6 per cent (3) is through a single adult and in 4 per cent (2) is through a relative. These
findings are consistent with individuals who are considered as medium or high risk.

Methods of Coercion
In 83 per cent (41) of cases it is known what methods of coercion were used. 18 per cent (9) were groomed by an older
person, 18 per cent (9) were pressured from exploited peer, 12 per cent (6) through Social Networking, 10 per cent (5)
through Local Businesses (XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX), 2 per cent (1) with mobile phones and 2 per cent (1) through
internet with no physical contact. In addition, grooming by an older person predominately takes place through social
networking, as detailed below.
Method of coercion used
Gang related
activity
Grooming by older person
1
Grooming by
older person
Internet (no
physical
contact)
1
Pressure from exploited peer
3
Social networking
1
Mobile
phones
4
2
Pressure from
exploited peer
4
Social
networking
Unknown
Total
5
4
19
1
5
9
1
6
5
5
2
Local Business ( XXXXXXXX.)
Mobile phones
1
1
Internet (no physical contact)
1
1
Grand Total
1
4
1
6
6
8
Figure 43: Methods of Coercion Used
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41
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In comparison to data where individuals are considered as medium or high risk, 20 per cent (3) are groomed by an older
male and 20 per cent have pressure from exploited peer.

Nature of Exploitation
90 per cent of all children that have been dealt with for CSE are exploited by risky behaviour77; 24 per cent of all children are
exploited through swapping sex78 (24 per cent - 12), and the use of mobile phones (8 per cent - 4). These findings are
consistent with individuals that are considered as medium or high risk.
77
Risky behaviour would be defined as associating with other CSE victims, being introduced to risk adults and CSE hotspots, being groomed / coerced into
using drugs and alcohol, being groomed / coerced into sexting and sending of explicit images77.
78
Swapping sex would be defined as exchange of sex for affection, goods, drugs, alcohol and accommodation to name a few78.
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7.6 Walsall Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Walsall – MAST – Multi-Agency Screening Team – The Quest, 2nd floor, 139-143 Lichfield Street, Walsall –
[email protected] Tel 01922 658170
Walsall Multi Agency Screening Team (MAST) comprises of representatives from Children’s Social Care, Social Services,
Health, and Education. The MAST is staffed between 08.45 and 17.15 Monday to Friday and outside these times a team of
Social Workers located at a different locations will take referrals in relation to both children and adults. This team will also
deal with any urgent (section 47) matters immediately, however onward ownership will be handed to a Duty Team sitting
within Walsall MAST at the first opportunity. Where the initial contact is made by a professional, this must be followed up
within twenty four hours by a Multi-Agency Referral Form (MARF), known locally as WSCB1.
On initial contact to the MAST, the Customer Service Assistant will complete an address check and note down the headlines
of the referral on the ‘Paris’ system. All other referrals are immediately passed to an Evaluation Team comprising of two
Team Managers (responsible for decision making), four Social Workers, two in Early Help, one School Nurse, one
Education, and two Think Family staff (who deal with lower level neglect). As a result decisions can be made quickly and the
referral directed to the most appropriate team or organisation to deal. The MAST team are also able to offer advice,
diverting cases that fall outside the referral procedure, and re-directing them. The Evaluation Team have access to their
individual agency systems including the ‘Troubled Families’ system79.
Referrals relating to abuse and serious neglect, whether urgent or requiring an assessment will be passed from the
Evaluation Team to the Duty Team. The Duty Team will also deal with cases that have occurred out of normal office hours.
Where the referral is in relation to a child in immediate danger (Section 47), the referral will be passed directly from a Team
Manager on the Evaluation Team to a Social Worker on the Duty Team, which will be processed immediately. For all other
referrals passed to the Duty Team, a decision will be made as to a course of action within twenty four hours, and an Initial
Assessment completed within fifteen days. The Social Worker receiving the referral will retain ownership of the referral until
the completion of the Initial Assessment, or until an Interim Care Order has been granted. The referral will then be passed
on to Safeguarding for completion of a Core Assessment and long term placement/welfare. Walsall MAST process chart is
fully detailed in Appendix Q.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Walsall Local Authority.
Walsall is in the process of appointing a CSE co-ordinator. However, there is a CSE and Missing Operational Group and
Strategic Group that report into the LSCB, there is also a regional protocol for CSE which includes a risk assessment and
there is a CSE services provided by both the Barnardo’s and Street Teams. Dependant on the assessed level of risk will
depend on the response to the referral i.e. high risk and Section 47.
79
The ‘Troubled Families’ Programme
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Between the specified date periods, there were between 2,956 contacts/referrals with MAST; this means MAST are
required to screen on average 16 contacts/referrals every day and 114 each week.
46 per cent of Walsall MAST contacts are for referral and information, 48 per cent are for section 17 referrals and 6 per cent
are for section 47 referrals. 68 per cent relates to requests for service, 8 per cent relates to Domestic Abuse and 7 per cent
relates to family support needs, as detailed in Appendix R. 29 per cent of contact/referrals have been made from ‘other’
(857), followed by 25 per cent from Schools (732) and 13 per cent from the Police, as detailed in Appendix R. Therefore,
there is insufficient data provided to fully assess and establish differing levels of referring organisations and these may have
been classed as ‘other’.
Contacts/referrals made to Walsall MAST vary across Constituencies. Walsall Central has received the highest proportion
of contacts/referrals accounting for 53 per cent of Walsall’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Constituency
Contact/Referral
Per cent
Walsall
Walsall Central
Walsall East
Walsall West
1557
480
736
53
16
25
Figure 44: Walsall MASH Contact/Referrals
The remaining contacts and / or referrals are located outside Walsall Local Authority area.
Of the contacts/referrals received by Walsall MAST, there are two clusters situated across Walsall where there are high
concentrations of referrals/contacts, as shown in the below map:
Figure 45: Walsall MAST Referrals
Hotspot 1 is situated in the area of Willenhall and is located within Walsall West Constituency. Within this area there have
been 1252 contacts/referrals, accounting for 42 per cent of Walsall’s total. In addition, within this area are WMP priority
areas St Matthews Caldmore, Bloxwich and Birchills Blakenall Coalpool.
Hotspot 2 is situated around Walsall town centre and is located within Walsall Central. Within this area there have been
110 contacts/referrals, accounting for 4 per cent of Walsall’s total. In addition, within this area there are no WMP priority
areas.
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Issues and Concerns
The main issues highlighted with the present system, relates to use of a Central Referral Unit by the Police. Walsall MAST
describe service from the Unit as ‘hit and miss’80, with some Section 47 referrals being dealt with quickly, whilst others
required them to call back and take independent action, as no decision had been made. Difficulty was also encountered in
arranging a meeting, with almost all cases being dealt with by phone. As a result Walsall MAST duplicates all enquiries to
the Police, referring them also to the local PPU at Walsall, with whom they have a very good working relationship. It has
also been highlighted that Intelligence is also only forthcoming from the local PPU and at present the Police are the only
partner agencies who do not complete the MARF.
The desire of management at Walsall MAST is for the Police to also be co-located, giving it full Multi Agency Safeguarding
Hub (MASH) status. Approaches have previously been made to the Police by managers at the MAST, but these have not
progressed. It is believed that this is due to continual changes in management of Walsall Police Public Protection Unit.
Current practices and procedures do not enable CSE cases to be identified and highlighted as CSE. There is also a lack of
knowledge from officers attending incidents as do no always have knowledge of individual legislation to effectively deal with
incidents.
Recommendation:
37. WMP to embed itself within Walsall Local Authority MAST.
The Scale of CSE within Walsall Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Walsall Local Authority has provided information in relation to 17 children or young
people experiencing CSE or those at risk of CSE identified through CMOG. However, Walsall LSCB was only able to
identify one case of CSE since 01/01/2014 through their systems and acknowledged this was not a true reflection of CSE
within their Local Authority as they recognise that their current practices and procedures do not enable them to capture and
retrieve CSE cases. In addition, ‘unless the screening tool is used then the case is not logged or tracked on their system as
CSE’ and therefore there is no way they can retrieve this information. Therefore, there was no evidence of data-gathering
regarding CSE by Walsall Local Authority.
Walsall Local Authority has provided CSE data captured through CMOG meeting minutes, highlighting that they do not
capture data in accordance with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset. Walsall Local Authority state ‘the spreadsheet is
not being used to collate and / or capture data as Children’s Services internal information systems now have the scope to
capture CSE referrals’81. Data provided by Walsall was provided on a word document which needed to be copied into Excel
to enable analysis to take place.
Recommendation:
38. Walsall Local Authority MAST to implement a robust system for identifying and retrieving CSE.
80
Head of Walsall MAST
81
WSCB Business Manager
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Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been dealt with and
are being dealt with for CSE. All percentages included within this section have been rounded to the nearest number,
accounting for any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender, Age and Ethnicity
71 per cent of children where a CSE concern has been raised through CMOG are female and 29 per cent are male. Ages
range from XXX to XXX years with an average age of 15 years. XX per cent of children are XXXXXXXXXXX, XX per cent
are XXXXXXXXXXX and XX per cent is XXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Gender
Age
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1
4
4
4
5
17
Female
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Male
1
7
3
5
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Grand Total
Figure 46: Gender, Age and Ethnicity
Walsall has the highest proportion of identified male children that have been sexually exploited. These findings are
comparable to referrals and contacts made to Walsall MAST as 48 per cent of all contacts/referrals relate to females (1,409)
and 51 per cent relate to males (1,523), whilst the remaining are unborn or unknown. Identified CSE victims are also
comparable to contacts and referrals made to Walsall MAST as 70 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to White Skinned
European ethnicities (2,057), 12 per cent relate to Asian (364), 10 per cent relate to Mixed (297) and 5 per cent relate to
Afro-Caribbean (134) ethnicities.
However, ages of contacts/referrals have varied between unborn and 23 years of age in comparison to children that have
been sexually exploited;

39 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years

27 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years

30 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 17 years and 1 per cent relates to 18 plus, in the remaining contacts
and / or referrals the age is unknown.
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
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Learning Disability and / or Learning Difficulty
12 per cent (2) of children where a CSE concern has been raised have been identified as having mil learning disability or
difficulty.

Home Locations
Partial home post codes have been provided for all children were a CSE concern has been raised through CMOG. XX per
cent of children reside in the XXX (XX per cent) and XXXX (XX per cent) postcodes. These postcodes cover the areas of
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Postcode
Total
XXXX
2
XXXX
5
XXXX
5
XXXX
1
XXXX
2
XXXX
1
XXXX
1
Total
17
Figure 47: Home Postcodes
Males identified all reside within the XXXX and XXXX postcodes; however, no further information was provided to enable to
establish the significance of these locations.

Risk Assessment
53 of children identified as a concern of CSE through CMOG were identified as high risk, 29 per cent was identified as low
risk and 18 per cent was identified as medium risk. There is no correlation with risk and gender.
No data has been provided on the nature of exploitation of children and young people that have been dealt with or are being
dealt with for CSE or details of any perpetrators.
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7.7 Wolverhampton Local Authority
Child Abuse Referral Process
Overview of the Process
Wolverhampton – Central Referral Team - Assessment and Child Protection Service at Civic Centre Tel 01902 555392
Fax 01902 555329
People, professionals and / organisations that have concerns for a child at risk can make contact with Children Services
Central Hub at Wolverhampton Civic Centre by telephone, e-mail or written correspondence. The Central Hub compromises
of six call takers, two Admin staff, two assessment social workers and six case Social Workers. The details of the person
making the contact are recorded on the ‘Care First’ system and is assessed to whether it is Advice, Early Help, S17 Referral,
S47, or closed by one of the two assessment social workers.
S47 – once placed on the system, manager’s comments and / or recommendations are added to the system and
immediately allocated to a nominated social worker for a strategic discussion where direct action is agreed, this is followed
up by a written referral form within one hour by professionals.
Referrals – Central Hub has two to three days to make a decision for non-urgent referrals. These are then disseminated to
one the eight area teams known as ‘Units’. Units one to three are located in Bilston. Unit four is located in Bushbury
Triangle. Units five and six are located in Pendeford. Units seven and eight are located in Wednesfield, Low Hill Heath Town
and Whitmore Rheans. Each respective area will make an initial assessment known as “The One Assessment”. These have
45 days to be actioned or closed. Wolverhampton Central Referral Team process chart is fully detailed in Appendix S.
The identification of CSE
Inference: There are significant numbers of CSE victims that are not identified by Wolverhampton Local Authority.
At present there is no specific process for identifying CSE. As and when a concern is raised regarding CSE this is then
passed on to the Safeguarding Team whereby the new appointed CSE Co-ordinator is liaised with. In the future
Wolverhampton’s system is changing from November 2014 to encompass CSE as a sub-heading.
Between the specified date periods, there were between 1,411 contacts/referrals with Wolverhampton CRT; this
means CRT are required to screen on average 8 contacts/referrals every day and 54 each week.
95 per cent of contacts and / or referrals relate to CIN and 5 per cent relate to CP. 44 per cent of contacts and / or referrals
have been made by phone, 35 per cent by fax and 12 per cent by email. 27 per cent of contact and / or referrals have been
made from the Police (382), followed by 20 per cent from Schools (278) and 7 per cent from family members, as detailed in
Appendix T.
However, there is a lack of referrals from hospitals and other internal LA although it is has not possible to establish if
Wolverhampton Local Authority has categorised this into any other fields contained within the dataset as this information has
not been provided. The presenting issue or concern predominantly relates to abuse and neglect (50 per cent – 709) and
family dysfunction (8 per cent – 108), as detailed in Appendix T.
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Contacts/referrals made to Wolverhampton CRT vary across Constituencies. Wolverhampton North has received the
highest proportion of contacts/referrals accounting for 53 per cent of Wolverhampton’s total.
Local Policing Unit
Wolverhampton
Constituency
Wolverhampton North
Wolverhampton South
Wolverhampton Business Sector
Contact/Referral
Per cent
743
616
12
53
44
1
Figure 48: Wolverhampton CRT Contact/Referrals
The remaining contacts and or referrals are located outside Wolverhampton Local Authority area.
Of the contacts and / or referrals received by Wolverhampton CRT, there are several clusters situated across
Wolverhampton where there are high concentrations of referrals/contacts, as shown in the below map: However, each
hotspot only contains a minimal number of contacts/referrals.
Figure 49: Wolverhampton CRT Contact/Referrals
Issues and Concerns
There were several issues raised by Wolverhampton CRT including a lack of Trust and Confidence in joint decisions for both
parties when attending the locations of victims (i.e. the Police Protection Order (PPO) of a child). Concerns were raised by
Wolverhampton CRT in relation to a Serious Case Review (SCR) due to a lack of communication between agencies.
Wolverhampton CRT describes that policy of the Police’s CRU lead to inconsistencies in responses to calls and contact. In
addition, there is a lack of consistency in Police management decisions due to constant change of Police managers and the
Police 392 document does not have a field to explain if any children were present during the incident and, if not, where the
child was and no field to explain whether the social services have been informed.
Recommendation:
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39. WMP to implement training to Wolverhampton Local Authority to raise awareness and understanding of
Police 392.
The Scale of CSE within Wolverhampton Local Authority
Overview of the CSE Threat
Between the specified date periods, Wolverhampton LSCB provided information on 14 children and / or young people that
have been or are being dealt with for CSE. Wolverhampton Local Authority has provided evidence of gathering data
regarding the scale and nature of CSE with their Local Authority. Data collected and collated by the Local Authority is not in
accordance with the guidelines of the Bedfordshire dataset but a copy of the dataset was provided to the LSCB and they
populated the data for WMP. This was to enable analysing to take place to establish any gaps in the existing data.
Although the spreadsheet was completed to the best of their ability only basic information on characteristics of sexually
exploited children was provided and no information on the nature of exploitation was provided. Improvements in data
collation within Wolverhampton Local Authority will take place with the imminent introduction of a new CSE co-ordinator.
Recommendation:
40. Wolverhampton Local Authority to consider improvements in data collection in accordance with the
Bedfordshire dataset.
Characteristics of Sexually Exploited Children and Young People
Data was requested and provided on a range of characteristics of children and young people that have been dealt with or
are being dealt with for CSE by Wolverhampton Local Authority. All percentages included within this section have been
rounded to the nearest number, accounting for any disparity in totals contained within this section.

Gender & Age
93 per cent of children that have been dealt with or are being dealt with for CSE are female and 8 per cent are male. Ages
range from XX to XX years of age with an average age of 15 years of age. XX per cent of children are XXXXXXXXXXX and
XX per cent are XXXXXXXXXXX, as shown below.
Gender
Ethnicity
XXX
XXX
Age
XXX
XXX
XXX
Total
Female
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
2
Male
XXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
6
5
1
1
14
Grand Total
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Figure 50: Age and Gender
Data from Wolverhampton’s CRT highlights that 57 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to White Skinned European (810), 12
per cent relate to Mixed ethnicities (169), 10 per cent relate to Afro-Caribbean ethnicity (143) and 9 per cent relate to Asian
ethnicities (127). This highlights that there is a lack of identified children that have been sexually exploited from the Asian
and Afro-Caribbean ethnicities.
Ages of contacts/referrals have significantly varied in comparison to children that have been sexually exploited. Referrals
and contacts range between unborn and 18 years of age;

40 per cent of contacts/referrals relate to the age brackets of unborn to 5 years

27 per cent relate to the age brackets of six to 10 years

32 per cent relate to the age brackets of 11 to 18 years, in the remaining contacts and / or referrals the age is
unknown.

Disability
21 per cent (3) of all children that have been dealt with or are being dealt with for CSE have a disability, 14 per cent (2) have
learning disabilities and 7 per cent (1) have another disability.

Living Situation
The living situations of 93 per cent (13) of children that have been dealt with or are being dealt with for CSE are known. 43
per cent (6) are living with family, 21 per cent (3) are in Local Authority Care, 7 per cent (1) is in fostering, 7 per cent (1) is in
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7 per cent (1) is in a residential school and 7 per cent (1) is in supported accommodation.

Looked after children
Of the 50 per cent of children in local authority care, 29 per cent (4) are on full care order, 14 per cent (2) are on Section 20
care order and 7 per cent (1) are on an interim care order. 64 per cent (9) of children that have been dealt with or are being
dealt with for CSE are identified as CIN prior to CSE risk, 14 per cent (2) have a history of CP, 7 per cent (1) CAF and 14
per cent (2) have an ‘other’ care history.

Home Locations
Home locations of children that have been or are being dealt with for CSE are spread throughout Wolverhampton Local
Authority are but are predominatly situated within XXXX and XXXX postcodes which covers the areas of
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, as shown
below
Home
Postcode
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
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Total
3
3
1
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XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
Grand
Total
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1
1
1
1
1
14
Figure 51: Home Postcodes

Education
57 per cent (8) of all children that have been dealt with for CSE are in full time education.

Missing incidents
28 per cent (4) of all children that have been dealt with CSE have had no missing episodes, 64 per cent (9) have had less
than 10 missing episodes and 7 per cent (1) have had more than 10 missing episodes.

Risk Assessment
Children that have been dealt with for CSE have a risk identified but only 79 per cent (11) have a risk assessment, 36 per
cent (5) recorded as high, 42 per cent (6) recorded as medium and 21 per cent (3) the risk assessment is not known.
No data has been provided on the nature of exploitation of children and young people that have been dealt with or are being
dealt with for CSE or details of perpetrators.
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8. Conclusion
This problem profile has demonstrated the complexity associated with undertaking research into CSE. There are significant
gaps in research across the West Midlands and the required information available relating to the issue of CSE is nonexistent, complex or subjective. Generally, there is a lack of evidence in relation to the numbers of the children and young
people who have been sexually exploited across the West Midlands and it is not possible to define the scale.
For instance, it has not been possible to complete a comprehensive victimology or offender profiling on Police data as there
is no comprehensive dataset held by WMP that captures all crimes and incidents where CSE has been a contributing factor.
In addition, information provided by Local Authorities has been inconsistent and there has been considerable variation in the
data captured and provided, and the data has highlighted significant subjectivity with this area of study.
Although Local Authorities have very clear defined processes when a contact or referral is made in relation to any child that
may be suffering or at risk of suffering abuse, neglect or harm, the process of how or if CSE is identified varies across Local
Authority areas. Furthermore, a common theme highlighted across Local Authority areas relates to the recording systems
used for referrals, as they do not enable for each case to be recorded as CSE and cases are often classed as ‘Abuse and
Neglect’, ‘Family Dysfunction, Family in Acute Stress or Absent Parent. For instance, although CSE may be identified as the
case progresses through the Local Authority referral process, other than within the child or young person’s individual case
notes there is nowhere to record CSE as a contributing factor and therefore the retrieval of CSE information is often difficult
and problematic.
Each Local Authority referral process differs and includes MASH, MAST, Children’s Social Care, Children’s Social Work
Services and Central Referral Teams but a common reoccurring issue has been highlighted with Police being the only
professional organisation not to use the MARF form, which causes data quality issues for Local Authorities. In addition,
there have been issues highlighted with the Police not providing relevant information to Local Authorities in a timely manner
but this appears to have been eradicated when the Police are co-located within MASH team.
In addition, Birmingham and Solihull Local Authorities both employ CSE co-ordinators and were able to provide a rich picture
of data, which highlights the function is working as it enables the identification and capture of CSE figures and data.
However, investigation needs to be conducted in order to establish if the recording of CSE data in accordance with the
Bedfordshire dataset helps to safeguard children and young people in comparison to other Local Authority areas where data
is not recorded. Nevertheless, the comprehensive dataset provided by Solihull Local Authority area has enabled for some
key findings on characteristics of children and young people that are experiencing and at risk of CSE and nature of
exploitation, which has not been possible in any other Local Authority area, and this in itself will contribute to the
safeguarding of children and young people within Solihull.
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9. Moving Forward
This problem profile has enhanced our understanding of CSE and has defined the extent of CSE from the perspective of
each Local Authority area within the West Midlands. This profile has established the scale of non-familial CSE as described
by the police and partner data sets and has established how data is currently shared, the main barriers to effective data
sharing and any opportunities for improving data sharing.
Moving forward, data provided by all Local Authorities should be revisited and additional information should be provided on
characteristics of all children and young people sexually exploited and / or at risk of sexual exploitation and nature of
exploitation in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset to enable for a comparison across all the West Midlands. In
addition, the data parameters should be clearly defined to eliminate any subjectivity in the data provided and to enable all
Local Authorities to provide comparable information.
A comprehensive problem profile should include third sector data including health, education, and organisations like NSPCC
and Barnardo’s to name a few, which all collate data pertaining to CSE. Although the terms of reference of this profile have
been met, it would be interesting to ascertain if Local Authorities have an understanding of how many children and young
people under 18 years of age are being or have been treated with a GUM clinic, what does data pertaining to mental health
services, truancy figures, drug and alcohol misuse figures tell us and inform the picture on CSE in the West Midlands.
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Recommendations
1.
Ensure there are clearly defined parameters set for data submissions to allow for comparison across Local
Authorities.
2.
Ensure all datasets from Local Authorities are populated in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset to enable
effective analysis and triangulation to take place against all datasets.
3.
WMP and Local Authorities to develop an engagement strategy with communities where offenders are
disproportionally represented.
4.
WMP to review offender profile as datasets become more available.
5.
WMP to ensure the effective use of the CSE Special Interest Marker on both crimes and non-crime incidents by
the consistent use of an ‘Indicator of Need’ matrix agreed by all agencies.
6.
WMP to ensure the effective usage of the CSE sub-heading on IMS.
7.
Improve CSE intelligence collection.
8.
WMP to ensure the consistent usage of the ‘CSE’ or ‘Child Sexual Exploitation’ free text within the ‘Warning
Markers’ field of COMPACT.
9.
WMP to upgrade COMPACT to Version 5 to facilitate improved analysis of CSE data through Flints & Corvus until
a full review as part of IIP.
10. WMP to inform Local Authorities on all absences and absent found reports in relation to children.
11. A process to be established between WMP and Local Authorities to share and make use of information gained
from home debriefs to better inform the joint risk assessment around individual children where appropriate.
12. WMP to review its recording approach in relation to absent children.
13. Raising awareness among Local Authority professionals that males can also be the victims of CSE.
14. Gain an understanding of Walsall Local Authorities processes that enabled them to identify 29 per cent of CSE
victims as male.
15. Local Authorities to gain an understanding of why there is a decline identified CSE from 16 years of age.
16. Local Authorities to ensure an effective transfer in service provisions from child safeguarding to adult safeguarding
at 18 years of age.
17. Local Authorities to ensure educational methods for children with disabilities or learning difficulties to be adapted
to their level of understanding.
18. Consistency of data to be agreed across Local Authorities to better understand victims, offenders and locations.
19. Local Authorities to improve data sharing in relation to CSE home locations to assist with mapping and the
identification of offenders.
20. Effective liaison between WMP and Partner agencies where placements are made outside the home Local
Authority area.
21. Local Authorities to consider alternative opportunities to capture information on perpetrators.
22. Local Authorities to develop processes to capture on-line CSE.
23. To gain and understanding of the processes Solihull Local Authority have in place to capture the ‘nature of
exploitation’.
24. Local Authorities to consider the development of CSE, OCSE and Online Safety Skills bespoke lesson plans as
part of PHSE.
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25. Birmingham Local Authority to implement staff training to increase CSE awareness.
26. Birmingham Local Authority to improve data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset.
27. Coventry Local Authority to ensure a category is created within the Liquid Logic system to capture CSE.
28. Coventry Local Authority to consider improvements in data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset.
29. Coventry Local Authority to complete a risk assessment on all children and young people that have been raised as
a concern through MASE meeting.
30. Gain an understanding of Dudley’s Children’s Social Care grouping of referral categories.
31. Dudley Local Authority to consider improvements in data collation in accordance with the Bedfordshire dataset.
32. Dudley Local Authority to ensure a standardised approach to data recording.
33. Sandwell Local Authority to ensure a category is created within the referral recording system to capture CSE.
34. Sandwell Local Authority to establish the risk assessment for all cases recorded as ‘Not Known’
35. Sandwell Local Authority to establish how locations of note have been identified.
36. Consideration for WMP to use the MARF form.
37. WMP to embed itself within Walsall Local Authority MAST.
38. Walsall Local Authority MAST to implement a robust system for identifying and retrieving CSE.
39. WMP to implement training to Wolverhampton Local Authority to raise awareness and understanding of Police
392.
40. Wolverhampton Local Authority to consider improvements in data collection in accordance with the Bedfordshire
dataset.
41. WMP to promote FIB email address to Local Authorities to submit their found person debriefs.
42. CSE training to be given to all professionals to include institutionalised assumptions and cultural awareness to
assist in overcoming preconceptions of CSE.
43. Local Authorities and Partnerships to monitor CSE children once identified until CMOG or equivalent meetings.
44. Local Authorities to consider a unified CSE screening tool.
45. WMP and Local Authorities to ensure a process is established to enable victim, offenders and locations to be
identified in Tactical Tasking and Co-ordination Group (TTCG) to be passed to CMOG or equivalent, and for
information obtained through CMOG to be passed to TTCG.
46. Local Authorities to consider a co-located CSE team within MASH arrangements.
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Appendix A
SAFEGUARDER – CSE Warning Signals
S
Sexual Health and behaviour
A
Absent from school or repeatedly running away
Evidence of sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy and termination, inappropriate
sexualised behaviour.
Evidence of truancy or periods of being missing from home or care.
Familial sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, as well as risk or forced
F
Familial abuse or problems at home
marriage or honour based violence, domestic violence, substance misuse, parental mental
health, concerns, parental criminality, experienced of homelessness, living in a care home
or temporary accommodation.
Thoughts of, or attempted, suicide or self-harming, low self-esteem or self-confidence,
E
Emotional and psychical condition
problems relating to sexual orientation, learning difficulties or poor mental health,
unexplained injuries or changes in psychical appearance.
G
Gangs, older age groups and involvement in
crime
community, involvement older individuals or lacking friends from the same age group,
contact with other individuals who are sexually exploited.
U
Use of technology and sexual bullying
A
Alcohol and drug misuse
R
Receipt of unexplained gifts or money
D
Distrust of authority figures
E
Entering or leaving vehicles
R
Relationship of concern
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involvement in crime, direct involvement in with gang members or living in a gang-affiliated
Evidence of ‘sexting’, sexualised communication on-line or problematic use of the internet
and social networking sites.
Problematic substance use.
Unexplained finances, including phone credit, clothes and money.
Resistance to communicating with parents, carers, teachers, social services, health, police
and others.
Getting into vehicles with unknown or known CSE adults or vehicles which intelligence
indicates may be used for transporting children of sexual exploitation.
Associating/relationship with older men or women who encourage emotional dependence,
loyalty and isolation from safe relationships.
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Appendix B
Breakdown of Child Abuse Related Sexual Offences
Offence
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON A FEMALE 13 OR OVER
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD AGED 13‐15
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+ PENETRATION
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON A MALE CHILD U13
CAUSE FEMALE U16 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER 18+
RAPE OF MALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
MAKE INDECENT PHOTOGRAPH OF CHILD
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON A MALE 13+
CAUSE MALE U13 ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY
POSSESS INDECENT PHOTO/PSEUDO PHOTO OF CHILD
DISTRIBUTE INDEC PHOTO OF CHILD
RAPE OF FEMALE 16 OR OVER
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
CAUSE FEMALE CHILD U13 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE U13 ‐ OFFENDER UNDER18
CAUSE FEMALE U16 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN PRESENCE OF CHILD U13 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
VOYEURISM
ASSAULT ON FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY PENETRATION
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
MEETING A FEMALE U16 FOLLOWING SEXUAL GROOMING, OFFENDER 18+
ASSAULT ON A FEMALE 13+ BY PENETRATION
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE CHILD U13 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE CHILD U13 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
ABUSE OF TRUST: SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE 13‐17 OFFENDER 18+
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE U13 ‐ OFFENDER U18
CAUSE FEMALE CHILD U13 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY‐OFFENDER U18‐ NO PENETRATION
RAPE OF MALE CHILD AGED 13‐15
CAUSE CHILD U13 TO WATCH SEXUAL ACT ‐ OFFENDER 18+
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN PRESENCE OF CHILD 13‐15 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER 18 OR OVER
CAUSE FEMALE U13 ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY ‐ NO PENETRATION
ATTEMPT RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
CAUSE CHILD U16 TO WATCH SEXUAL ACT ‐ OFFENDER U18
MEETING A MALE U16 FOLLOWING SEXUAL GROOMING, OFFENDER 18+
EXPOSURE
ATTEMPT RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD AGED 13‐15
INCITEMENT TO DISTRIBUTE CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY MALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
CAUSE CHILD U16 TO WATCH SEXUAL ACT ‐ OFFENDER 18+
POSSESS IND PHOTO CHILD DISTRIBUTION
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER 18 OR OVER
ATTEMPT RAPE OF MALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
DO ACT PROHIBITED BY SEXUAL OFFENCES PREVENTION ORDER
ASSAULT ON A MALE CHILD U13 BY PENETRATION
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY MALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
COMMIT ACT OUTRAGE PUBLIC DECENCY
CAUSING OR INCITING CHILD PROSTITUTION OR PORNOGRAPHY U13
CAUSE MALE U13 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY ‐ NO PENETRATION
ABUSE OF TRUST: CAUSE FEMALE 13‐17 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY OFFENDER 18+
ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN PRESENCE OF CHILD U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
Total
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Undetected
31
18
22
22
14
13
12
10
11
7
5
6
3
6
6
4
4
3
6
2
4
2
1
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
Detected
20
17
6
5
12
11
6
5
1
4
6
4
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
254
148
Total
51
35
28
27
26
24
18
15
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
402
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Appendix C
Breakdown of all Incidents Allocated the CSE Special Interest Marker
Incidents Allocated a CSE Special Interest Marker
CHILD ABUSE INCIDENT ‐ NON CRIME
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+ PENETRATION
POSSESS INDECENT PHOTO/PSEUDO PHOTO OF CHILD
RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD AGED 13‐15
MAKE INDECENT PHOTOGRAPH OF CHILD
RAPE OF FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
INTIMIDATE WITNESS / JUROR
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON A FEMALE 13 OR OVER
SEXUAL ASSAULT ON FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13
EXPOSURE
POSSESS IND PHOTO CHILD DISTRIBUTION
MALICIOUS WOUNDING
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER U18
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH FEMALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER 18 OR OVER
PERVERT COURSE OF PUBLIC JUSTICE
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
ABDUCTION OF CHILD BY OTHER PERSON
OTHER CRIMINAL DAMAGE
CAUSING OR INCITING CHILD PROSTITUTION OR PORNOGRAPHY U13
CAUSE SEXUAL ACTIVITY FEMALE U16 ‐ OFFENDER 18+
RAPE OF FEMALE 16 OR OVER
SEXUAL ACTIVITY WITH MALE CHILD U16 ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER 18 OR OVER
CAUSE FEMALE CHILD U13 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY
ASSAULT ON FEMALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY PENETRATION
CAUSE FEMALE U16 TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY ‐ NO PENETRATION ‐ OFFENDER U18
VULNERABLE ADULT ABUSE/INCIDENT‐NON CRIME
RAPE OF MALE CHILD AGED 13‐15
RAPE OF MALE CHILD UNDER 13 BY A MALE
Grand Total
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Total
195
7
7
5
5
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
254
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Appendix D
Breakdown of Victim Details with a CSE Marker
Victim Gender
Victim Age
Total
%
1
1
0
2
2
1
Total
%
4
1
0
Female
222
87
8
1
0
Male
15
7
9
1
0
Unknown
17
6
10
1
0
Grand Total
254
100
11
3
1
12
12
5
13
26
10
14
35
14
15
63
25
16
43
17
17
42
17
18
2
0
19
2
0
Unknown
19
7
Grand Total
254
100
Victim Ethnicity
Total
%
White Skinned European
137
54
African-Caribbean
49
19
Asian
20
8
Other
6
2
Unknown
42
17
Grand Total
254
100
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Appendix E
Breakdown of Offender Details with a CSE Marker
Total
%
Age
Total
%
Male
70
92
9
1
1.3
Female
6
8
11
3
3.9
Grand Total
76
100
13
5
6.5
14
5
6.5
15
4
5.2
16
7
9.1
17
6
7.8
19
1
1.3
Offender Gender
Offender Ethnicity
Total
%
White Skinned European
37
49
Asian
21
28
20
4
5.2
African-Caribbean
8
11
21
1
1.3
Arab
2
3
22
1
1.3
Other
1
1
23
2
2.6
Dark European
1
1
24
2
2.6
Mixed – White & Afro-Caribbean
1
1
25
3
3.9
Unknown
5
7
26
3
3.9
29
1
1.3
30
3
3.9
31
1
1.3
32
1
1.3
33
2
2.6
35
1
1.3
36
2
2.6
37
1
1.3
39
1
1.3
40
2
2.6
41
1
1.3
43
1
1.3
44
1
1.3
45
1
1.3
49
1
1.3
Grand Total
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76
100
50+
7
9.1
Unknown
2
2.6
Grand Total
77
100
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A
Appendix F
W
West Midlands Poolice Process Chaa rt
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D but may be
ussed for police and partner purposes only.
R
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A
Appendix G
B
Birmingham MASH
H Process Chart
This report is RESTRICTED
D but may be
ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix H
Birmingham MASH
Referring Organisation - Bham
E-Mail
Fax
Meeting
Personal
Caller
Telephone
Unknown
Police
1784
72
1
3
1228
Schools
1163
44
1
12
Other - Inc. Children's Centres - Vol Orgs
777
45
8
White
Mail
Grand
Total
%
12
3100
22.3
768
4
1992
14.4
41
210
7
1093
7.9
775
4
1
186
2
2
1
5
A&E - Ambulance Service
75
203
Other Health Services - (e.g. hospice)
Legal Agency - Court CAFCASS Prison
etc.
509
265
774
57
36
2
870
6.3
Education Services
526
30
159
5
720
5.2
Other primary health services
309
180
1
169
3
665
4.8
External LA Services
368
7
4
55
3
438
3.2
Other Internal L A Inc. YOS
334
7
2
Unknown
199
14
Anonymous
72
Individual - Family member/relative/carer
27
Internal Social Care Provider Inc. Adults
218
3
24
30
5
Acquaintance Inc. neighbour/child minders
28
2
2
242
6
Housing (LA / Housing Association)
170
12
6
37
1
GP or GP Practice
93
42
71
Health Visitor
113
17
Self
12
Other Individual Inc. strangers, MPs
51
School Nurse
3
1
7.6
965
7.0
55
3
402
2.9
163
21
2
399
2.9
291
3
5
371
2.7
350
2.5
292
2.1
280
2.0
2
228
1.6
1
2
209
1.5
154
1.1
119
3
1
153
1.1
10
42
1
104
0.7
25
3
5
33
0.2
7627
1013
3
11
1
10
320
1
23
8
Health Other
Grand Total
1
1057
1
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used for police and partner purposes only.
39
104
4985
86
22
1
0.0
13876
100
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Page 102 of 125
Presenting Issue
Total
%
Absent Parenting
Asylum Seekers
CAFCASS Check
Childcare
Children with Disabilities
Court Assessment
Domestic Violence
Emotional Abuse
Family Dysfunction
Family in Acute Stress
Historical Issues
Homelessness
Information Required
Information Supplied
Low Income
Mental Health
Neglect
No Recourse to Public Funds
Occupational Therapy
Other
Parental Illness - Disability
Physical Abuse
Private Fostering
Relinquished Baby
Sexual Abuse
Sexual Exploitation
Socially Unacceptable
Behaviour
Special Educational Needs
Unknown
19
16
5
6458
183
111
2001
85
564
623
18
173
99
367
17
275
548
44
227
416
103
826
6
12
258
106
0.1
0.1
0.0
46.5
1.3
0.8
14.4
0.6
4.1
4.5
0.1
1.2
0.7
2.6
0.1
2.0
3.9
0.3
1.6
3.0
0.7
6.0
0.0
0.1
1.9
0.8
133
28
155
1.0
0.2
1.1
Grand Total
13876
100.0
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Outcomes
Total
%
Contact - Advice or Information Provided
Contact - C A F Requested
Contact - Family Support Referral
Contact - Signposted Externally
Contact - Signposted to Family Information Service
Referral - Access to Records Request
Referral - Children with Disabilities Assessment
Referral - Court Report
Referral - Occupational Therapy Assessment
Referral - P. Fostering / S. Guardianship
Referral - Receiving in Conference
Referral - Safeguarding Hub
Referral - The Bridge
Referral - The Bridge - Emergency Intervention
Unknown
4577
127
536
64
4
1
140
164
304
9
47
6867
1008
13
15
33.0
0.9
3.9
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.2
2.2
0.1
0.3
49.5
7.3
0.1
0.1
Grand Total
13876
100.0
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A
Appendix I
C
Coventry RAS / M ASH Process Chart
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D but may be
ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix J
Coventry RAS / MASH
Referring Organisation - Coventry
E-mail
Fax
Education
61
71
Police
116
3
Other City Council Department
105
Home
Visit
Letter
Meet/
Dis
3
4
Other
Tel
Call
Visit to
SS
office
Grand
Total
%
2
778
2
917
24.6
1
22
4
254
404
10.8
20
1
21
10
222
379
10.2
Police (JDST)
2
354
7
1
364
9.8
Hospital
5
121
32
1
1
200
360
9.7
Anonymous
89
4
1
4
Other
17
21
7
8
21
4
1
3
Parent
1
2
Other Local Authority
34
7
Primary Health Care Team
204
3
305
8.2
34
111
4
223
6.0
1
136
13
7
21
1
1
22
161
4.3
39
87
2.3
46
69
1.9
14
62
1.7
Probation
26
Housing
21
13
23
58
1.6
Ambulance Service
4
31
18
53
1.4
Voluntary Organisation
3
7
28
38
1.0
36
1.0
1
Other Relative
3
NSPCC
27
GP
1
CAFCASS
14
In Person
Neighbour/Friend
5
1
1
2
CAMHS
7
Family
4
1
3
6
33
0.9
24
30
0.8
14
28
0.8
25
0.7
9
9
3
15
20
0.5
1
9
17
0.5
1
13
16
0.4
10
0.3
School Nursing Service
1
Refugee Centre
30
2
9
4
8
0.2
2
5
0.1
Charitable Organisation
5
5
0.1
UK Border Agency
4
4
0.1
Court
4
2
1
Compass
4
Victim Support
1
4
0.1
1
0.0
Carer
1
1
0.0
Third Party Enquiry - Adopted Person
1
1
0.0
3724
100
Grand Total
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used for police and partner purposes only.
530
361
16
54
438
65
2224
36
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Page 105 of 125
Category of Need for Referral
Total
%
N1 - Abuse or neglect
N2 - Child’s Disability
N3 - Parental illness or disability
N4 - Family in acute stress
N5 - Family dysfunction
N6 - Socially Unacceptable Behaviour
N7 - Low income
N8 - Absent Parenting
N9 - Cases other than children in need
Not Recorded
3462
42
13
52
70
17
19
19
28
2
93.0
1.1
0.3
1.4
1.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.1
Grand Total
3724
100.0
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Serving our communities, protecting them from harm
R
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A
Appendix K
D
Dudley Children’ss Social Care Pro
o cess Chart
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D but may be
ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix L
Dudley Children’s Social Care
Tel
Call
Email
Fax
Education/Training/Workplace
5
5
118
4
Police
13
1
62
3
2
Internal SSD
27
1
100
6
5
49
Other
5
2
67
3
59
2
50
Referring Organisation - Dudley
Anonymous
22
Relative / Friend
3
Hospital
Family Member
1
Meeti
ng
Not
Know
n
Letter /
Written
Grand
Total
%
318
450
27.4
114
195
11.9
3
191
11.6
1
137
8.3
93
35
44
7
77
4.7
71
4.3
63
3.8
32
48
2.9
30
45
2.7
Probation
24
19
43
2.6
GP
11
19
30
1.8
28
1.7
24
1.5
2
Social Worker / Social Care Staff
10
West Midlands Ambulance
7
Neighbour
Community Health Professional
Housing
1
2
2
18
115
13
Other LA
14
22
35
1
Health / Nurse
Visit
6
5
7
17
4
18
22
1.3
6
14
21
1.3
3
15
0.9
Friend / Neighbour
10
14
14
0.9
Court
2
14
0.9
Independent Provider
3
10
0.6
Voluntary Agency
7
7
0.4
NHS Staff
6
6
0.4
1
5
0.3
5
0.3
Not Recorded
3
1
Self
4
1
Hospital ED/CDU/EAU
2
2
0.1
Acute Clinics
2
2
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1643
100
Social Care Staff Other
1
Immigration
1
Primary / Community Health Staff
Grand Total
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used for police and partner purposes only.
56
18
543
17
17
940
52
RESTRICTED
Contact Reason
Child Care Issues
Child Care Concerns
EDT - Child Care Issues
Request For Assessment
Domestic Violence - Police Report
C - Dart Notification
Advice/Information
Financial Difficulties
Backlog
Grand Total
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Page 108 of 125
Count of Contact
Reason
1102
431
47
22
19
11
7
3
1
1643
%
67.1
26.2
2.9
1.3
1.2
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1
100.0
Serving our communities, protecting them from harm
R
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A
Appendix M
S
Sandwell MASH P rocess Chart
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ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix N
Sandwell MASH
Source Name - Sandwell
School(C)
Police
Within the dept.
Other Sandwell Dept. (Not Housing)
Hospital
Primary Health (Not GP)
Relative
NSPCC(C)
Other Local Authority
Probation
Anon
Voluntary Agency
Private/Independent Provider
Housing (LA or Housing Association)
Comm Health Worker
Gov Dept./Stat Agency
EDS
Friend/Member of the Comm
GP
Other Agency (C)
Self
BST
Grand Total
ICS Referral Reason
Absence of any parent(C)
Abuse or Neglect(C)
Acute Family Stress(C)
Adoption Support (C)
Adult Assessment(A)
CAFCASS Request (C)
Child with a Disability(C)
Domestic Violence - Level 3 (C)
Domestic Violence - Level 4 (C)
Family Dysfunction(C)
Low Income(C)
Not Recorded
Private Fostering Notification (C)
Request to become a Carer (C)
Schedule One Offender(C)
Socially Unacceptable behaviour(C)
Grand Total
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used for police and partner purposes only.
E-mail
71
98
61
19
19
13
81
20
32
ICS
Workflow
11
11
605
413
10
In
Person
Letter
10
42
11
10
8
9
9
82
51
83
61
10
82
73
19
57
39
10
21
MARF
1347
29
19
73
281
190
10
29
40
424
Total
10
786
22
3
10
2
7
78
126
14
15
60
5
5
17
2
1162
9
1089
%
0.9
67.6
1.9
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.6
6.7
10.8
1.2
1.3
5.2
0.4
0.4
1.5
0.2
100
81
162
2422
Telephone
239
1251
50
69
210
47
193
46
51
122
10
8
61
11
11
41
11
20
10
2461
Grand
Total
1668
1399
716
627
530
256
223
218
154
144
122
92
81
80
67
60
42
41
40
40
20
19
6639
%
25.1
21.1
10.8
9.4
8.0
3.9
3.4
3.3
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
100
R
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A
Appendix O
S
Solihull CSWS Proocess Chart
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ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix P
Solihull CSWS
Contact By - Solihull
Legal Agency (eg Police,
Probation)
Con
Centre
1
Other Depts of own or other LA
Secondary Health (eg A&E,
Hospital)
Family/Friend/Neighbour
Tel
Call
Grand
Total
%
26
71
911
44.7
Email
Face to
face
discussion
Fax
770
2
41
133
7
337
14
5
1
13
4
514
25.2
15
1
177
1
5
1
15
2
217
10.6
12
5
140
6.9
5
101
5.0
43
2.1
1
42
2.1
21
1.0
3
16
0.8
6
15
0.7
5
10
0.5
Internal
Corres
Letter
Online
Web
Form
Writ
ten
Noti
ficat
ion
3
1
119
1
83
4
5
Independent Provider Agency
LA Housing Dept or Housing
Assoc
Other Agency (eg Voluntary
Agency)
11
29
1
2
Internal (ie own SSD)
7
Other Individual
2
Primary Health (eg GP)
3
18
6
Self-Referral
Central Government Agency
Grand Total
2
980
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used for police and partner purposes only.
3
14
2
2
6
1
1
23
709
2
1
1
1
2
4
5
4
14
2
3
21
19
3
195
86
10
0.5
2040
100
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Topic of Contact
Total
%
Accommodation
Advice or Info
Assessment
Intervention
Other
Personal Support
Referral
Registrations
Residential Rehab
Safeguarding/Protection
4
884
5
7
2
1
1116
2
2
17
0.2
43.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.0
54.7
0.1
0.1
0.8
Grand Total
2040
100.0
Referral Outcomes
Total
%
ATM Decision
Information Only
Professional Conversation
Referral - Social Work Assessment
Referral - Strategy Discussion
Referral to LINCS
Signpost to Single Agency
923
405
42
438
156
52
24
45.2
19.9
2.06
21.5
7.65
2.55
1.18
Grand Total
2040
100
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Presenting Issue
Accommodation Problems
Advice or Information
Behavioural Problems
Bereavement
Carer(s) can't cope
Child Sexual Exploitation
Concern
Criminal Involvement
Difficulties in Family
Disabilities / Illness
Domestic Abuse
Financial Problems
Inappropriate Sexual Behaviour
MARAC - Domestic Abuse
Medical Conditions
Mental Health
Missing From Home
Other reason for contact
Risk
Seeking Asylum
Suspicion of Abuse
Grand Total
Total
49
15
47
5
7
7
604
17
105
9
775
2
57
62
43
70
20
14
7
3
122
2040
Serving our communities, protecting them from harm
%
2.4
0.7
2.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
29.6
0.8
5.1
0.4
38.0
0.1
2.8
3.0
2.1
3.4
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.1
6.0
100.0
R
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A
Appendix Q
W
Walsall MAST Proocess Chart
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D but may be
ussed for police and partner purposes only.
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Appendix R
Walsall MAST
Source of Referral - Walsall
OTHER
SCHOOLS
POLICE
INDIVIDUAL - FAMILY/REL/CARER
ANONYMOUS
LA SERVICES - SOCIAL CARE
LA SERVICES - OTHER INTERNAL
HEALTH SERVICES - OTHER
LA SERVICES - EXTERNAL
HEALTH - HEALTH VISITOR
EDUCATION SERVICES
HEALTH SERVICES - A&E
HEALTH - OTHER PRIMARY SERVICE
HEALTH SERVICES - GP
HOUSING (LA OR HOUSING ASSOC)
HOSPITAL STAFF (OTHER)
INDIVIDUAL - OTHER
A & E STAFF
INDIVIDUAL - SELF
HEALTH SERVICES - SCHOOL NURSE
POLICE OFFICER
OTHER LEGAL AGENCY
RELATED PERSON
HOSPITAL WARD
OTHER LOCAL AUTHORITY
INDIVIDUAL - AQUAINTANCE
AMBULANCE
ADVISOR
NURSE (CLINIC)
OTHER LOCAL AUTHORITY PERSON
GP
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATION
Grand Total
This report is RESTRICTED but may be
used for police and partner purposes only.
Total
857
732
389
132
112
108
102
91
65
59
40
39
32
28
26
23
22
20
13
11
9
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
1
2956
%
29.0
24.8
13.2
4.5
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.1
2.2
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
100
Reason
REQUEST FOR SERVICE
DOMESTIC ABUSE
FAMILY SUPPORT NEEDS
SUSPECT CHILD PROTECTION
NOTICE-OTHER AGENCY CONTACT
EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIOUR DIFFICULT
ABUSE / NEGLECT
ALCOHOL & DRUG MISUSE - PARENT
FAMILY DYSFUNCTION
ACUTE FAMILY STRESS
ABUSE ALLEGATION
FINANCE/MATERIAL/HOUSING
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
OTHR AGNCY CHCK IF KNOWN TO SS
REQUEST S7/S37 COURT REPORT
NEGLECT
TO BE ASSESSED
ALCOHOL & DRUG MISUSE - CHILD
PPRC
INFORMATION RECEIVED
ABSCONDING
DELIBERATE SELF HARM
FAMILY IN ACUTE STRESS
TRANSFER - CP PROCESS/CONF
HOUSING ISSUES
RETURNING EDUCATION/TRAINING
Grand Total
Total
1995
230
213
115
104
92
50
48
28
18
11
10
9
8
6
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2956
%
67.5
7.8
7.2
3.9
3.5
3.1
1.7
1.6
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100
R
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A
Appendix S
W
Wolverhampton C
Central Referral Team Process Chaa rt
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Appendix T
Wolverhampton Central Referral Team
Source Contact
Total
Blank
1a) Individual - Family member/relative/carer
1b) Individual - Acquaintance (neighbour/minders)
1c) Individual - Self
1d) Individual - Other (including strangers, MPs)
2a) Schools
2b) Education Services
3a) Health Services - GP
3b) Health Services - Health Visitor
3c) Health Services School Nurse
3d) Health Services - Other Primary Health Service
3e) Health Services - A&E (Emergency Dept)
3f) Health Services - Other (e.g. Hospice)
4) Housing (LA Housing or Housing Association)
5a) LA Services - Social Care e.g. Adults SC
5b) LA Services - Other Int Dept not SC or Housing
5c) LA Services - External (Other LA's Adult SC)
6) Police
7) Other Legal Agency (Court/Probat/Immigration)
8) Other (Indep agency/Provider/Voluntary Org)
9) Anonymous
3
98
4
5
6
278
44
16
25
9
80
54
39
27
68
44
59
382
91
42
37
0.2
6.9
0.3
0.4
0.4
19.7
3.1
1.1
1.8
0.6
5.7
3.8
2.8
1.9
4.8
3.1
4.2
27.1
6.4
3.0
2.6
Grand Total
1411
100
Reason for Referral
Totals
a) Abuse or neglect (N1)
b) Child's disability or illness (N2)
c) Parental disability or illness (N3)
d) Family in acute stress (N4)
e) Family Dysfunction (N5)
f) Socially unacceptable behaviour (N6)
g) Low income (N7)
h) Absent parenting (N8)
i) Cases other than Children in Need (N9)
j) Not stated (N0)
709
48
13
96
334
108
8
12
74
9
50.2
3.4
0.9
6.8
23.7
7.7
0.6
0.9
5.2
0.6
Grand Total
1411
100
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Appendix U
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
Information used in this document has been sourced from CRIMES, Corvus, IMS, COMPACT & Oasis and data provided by
each of the seven local authorities within West Midlands. The data period covered by this profile is 01/01/2014 –
30/06/2014 unless otherwise specified.
The data collated to write this profile has been compiled by various methods;

A search conducted on West Midlands Police (WMP) CRIMES system based on all offences (recordable offences
only), which were recorded and committed during the specified periods with an offence type of Child Abuse (CA).
This proportion of offences where then grouped by offence and title to allow for a calculation of the number of
sexual related offences. All sexual offences were then filtered to remove all intra-familial abuse leaving only the
crimes that were non-familial CA of a sexual nature.

A search was conducted on the WMP CRIMES system based on all incidents (crimes and non-crimes) which were
recorded and committed during the periods of 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2014 and were allocated a CSE
Special Interest Marker. The CSE marker is used for any offences which falls within the following definition; ‘The
sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18. This includes exploitative situations, contexts
and relationships where young people (or a third person) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation,
drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of performing, and/or other performing on
them, sexual activities’.

A search was conducted on WMP IMS based on all intelligence which were submitted between the periods of 1st
January 2014 to 30th June 2014 with a CSE sub-heading.

A search was conducted on WMP COMPACT system by PNC bureau on all missing person reports between the
periods of 1st January 2014 and 30th June 2014 for all persons under the age of 18 across the Force area.

A search was conducted on Oasis between the periods of 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2014 for any log closures
with a child cruelty/neglect/risk qualifier.

Any data provided from Local Children’s Safeguarding Boards (LCSB) within each of the seven Local Authorities
within West Midlands including Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall and Wolverhampton on
known non-familial CSE cases between the periods of 01st January 2014 to 30th June 2014.

Any data provided from Local Authorities within each of the seven Local Authorities within the West Midlands
including Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall and Wolverhampton on all contacts and / or
referrals on any child suffering or at risk of suffering from abuse, neglect or harm.
LIMITATIONS
There have been a number of limitations highlighted within this document;

There are data quality issues due to CRIMES, COMPACT, Corvus, IMS and Oasis not being linked and not having
data that can be referenced against another.

There is reluctance for some victims to share their experiences with the Police and Local Authorities.
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Page 119 of 125
CSE is not a crime type and it remains difficult to quantify how many crimes or incidents are actually occurring
within the West Midlands.

There is a lack of intelligence in relation to CSE.

The definition of CSE data provided by Local Authorities has varied;

Birmingham, Dudley and Wolverhampton Local Authorities have provided information on children and
young people that have been or are being dealt with for CSE between the specified date periods.

Coventry, Sandwell and Walsall Local Authorities have provided information on children and young
people where a CSE concern has been raised as a consideration.

Solihull Local Authority has provided information on children and young people at risk of CSE and
experiencing CSE.

The content of CSE data provided by Local Authorities has varied;

Birmingham, Solihull and Wolverhampton Local Authorities have provided information in accordance
with the Bedfordshire dataset.

Coventry and Sandwell Local Authorities have provided information in accordance with WMP
Safeguarder matrix.


Dudley and Walsall Local Authorities have furnished datasets in their own format.
The Bedfordshire university dataset tool produced by Solihull Local Authority has provided the offender details in
‘free text’ fields. Furthermore, vulnerable or frequented locations information has also been provided in ‘free text’
data fields.

It is not a prerequisite in the Bedfordshire dataset for Local Authorities to record offender details or suspect
information.

Birmingham Local Authority has provided CSE information in the form of meeting minutes and strategy discussion
notes.

Information provided on children and young people has predominantly been anonymised by Local Authorities.

Due to the timescales for this document being brought forward, every effort has been made to ensure the process
flow charts reflect the key process required. The process flow charts are not intended to be definitive charts.
Many systems are currently in a process of change so may not show current processes as of 08/09/2014 but were
accurate at 08/09/2014.
LEGISLATION AND THE LAW
Sexual Offences Act - The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced a range of offences that recognised the grooming,
coercion and control of children.

Section 14 arranging or facilitating a child sex offence (child under 16)

Section 15 meeting a child following sexual grooming (child under 16)

Section 47 paying for the sexual services of a child

Section 48 causing or inciting child prostitution or pornography

Section 49 controlling a child prostitute or a child involved in pornography

Section 50 arranging or facilitating child prostitution or pornography

Section 57, Section 58 and Section 59 trafficking into, within or out of the UK for sexual exploitation.
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The Act includes three broad categories of sexual offences against children (Below table).
Offences against children under the age of 13 (sections 5 to 8)
Sexual activity with a child under the age of 13 is an offence regardless of consent or the defendant’s belief as to the child’s age.
The offences are:

Rape

Assault by penetration

Sexual assault

Causing or inciting a child under 13 to engage in sexual activity.
These offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 14 years’ imprisonment, depending on which offence applies.
Offences against children under the age of 16 (sections 9 to 15)
These offences apply regardless of whether the child consented to the sexual activity but, unlike the offences relating to children under 13, an
offence is not committed if the defendant reasonably believed that the victim was 16 years or over. The offences are:

Sexual activity with a child

Causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity

Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child

Causing a child to watch a sexual act

Arranging or facilitating the commission of a child sex offence

Meeting a child following sexual grooming (under section 15 an offence is committed if an adult communicates with a child on child on at
least two previous occasions, and then meets the child, arranges to meet the child or (the adult or child) travels for such a meeting, where the adult
intends to commit a sexual offence).
These offences carry a minimum sentence of 10 or 14 years’ imprisonment, depending on which offence applies. Where the offender is under 18,
the maximum sentence is 5 years’ imprisonment. If any of these offences is committed against a child under 13, the defendant’s belief as to the age
of the child is irrelevant.
Offences against children under the age of 18
There are a number of sexual offences in the Act that apply to all children under the age of 18. These include sexual offences where there is abuse
of a position of trust (sections 16 to 24) and familial child sex offences (sections 25 to 29) 82.
The Act also provides for offences specifically to tackle the use of children in the sex industry, where a child is under 18
(sections 47 to 50). These offences are:

Paying for sexual services of a child

Causing or inciting child prostitution or pornography

Controlling a child prostitute or a child involved in pornography

Arranging or facilitating child prostitution or pornography.
Other legislative Acts and orders
82
http://intranet2/content/publicprotection/CSE_Documents/CSE_Draft_Guidance_(June_2013).pdf
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The following Orders, Warnings and Notices can be used to help disrupt the exploitation of children and young people:

The Magistrates’ Court (Risk of Sexual Harm Orders) Rules 2004 – see also sections 123 to 129 of the Sexual
Offences Act 2003.

The Magistrates’ Court (Sexual Offences Prevention Orders) Rules 2004 – see also sections 104 to 113 of the Sexual
Offences Act 2003.

The Magistrates’ Court (Foreign Travel Orders) Rules 2004 – see also sections 114 to 122 of the Sexual Offences Act
2003.

The Magistrates’ Court (Police Information Notices) Rules 2004 – see also ACPO (2009) Guidance on Stalking and
Harassment.

Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003.

Child Abduction Warning Notices (formerly known as Harbourers Warning Notices) – for further information, see CPS
guidance on child abduction.

Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 - see also sections 116 to 118
DEFINITIONS
Child Sexual Exploitation Definition
For the purpose of this profile, non-familial child sexual exploitation (CSE) refers to the exploitation of a child committed by
an offender other than a family member.
The nationally agreed ACPO definition of CSE is:

‘Sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative situations, contexts and
relationships where the young person (or third person/s) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs,
alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of them performing, and / or / others performing on them,
sexual activities.

Child sexual exploitation can occur through the use of technology without the child’s immediate recognition; for
example being persuaded to post images on the internet/mobile phone without immediate payment or gain’.
Violence, coercion and intimidation are common. Involvement in exploitative relationships is characterised by the child or
young people’s limited availability of choice, as a result of their social, economic or emotional vulnerability.
A common feature of CSE is that the child or young person does not recognise the coercive nature of the relationship and
does not see themselves as a victim of exploitation.
The characteristics of a child’s or young person’s vulnerability to CSE are not always their age, ethnicity, disability or sexual
orientation, but their powerlessness and vulnerability. Identifying and linking offences relating to CSE at an early stage
ensures that effective safeguarding and risk management processes can be implemented.
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General Definitions
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, which is a group of behavioural symptoms that include
inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness and can include a short attention span or being easily
distracted, restlessness, constant fidgeting or over activity and being impulsive83.
ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a condition that affects social interaction and communication (problems
understanding and being aware of other people’s feelings, inability to start conversations and take part
in them properly) and interests and behaviour, which includes restricted and repetitive patterns of
thought, interests and physical behaviours (movements, such as hand tapping or twisting, and being
upset if these routines are disrupted)84.
AUTISM
A lifelong development disability that affects how a person communicates with, and relate to, other
people and affects how they make sense of the world around them85.
CAF
A four step process whereby practitioners can identify a child’s or young person’s needs early, assess
those needs holistically, deliver coordinated service and review progress.
CAHMS
Child and Adolescent Mental Health is split into community and inpatient care that provides a
multidisciplinary service team of professionals who work with children and young people, who are
experiencing severe and persistent mental health, or emotional/behavioural difficulties86.
COMPASS
Commissioned to provide personalised behavioural change support to young people systematically
identified as being at risk of substance misuse, poor sexual health, poor/coercive/abusive relationships
and teenage pregnancy to avoid the escalation of risks that may require greater level of intervention at a
later stage87.
CRASAC
Coventry Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre, which offers counselling services to 5-18 year olds88.
RAD
Reactive Attachment Disorder is a rare but serious condition in which children and young people do not
establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers and may develop is the child’s basic needs for
comfort, affection and nurturing are not met and loving, careering, stable attachments with others are not
established89.
Section 17
Defines a child as being in need in law if; they are unlikely to achieve or maintain or to have the
opportunity to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development without provision of
services from the Local Authority; their health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or
further impaired, without the provision of services from the Local Authority or if they have a disability.
83
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx
84
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autistic-spectrum-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx
85
http://www.autism.org.uk/about-autism/autism-and-asperger-syndrome-an-introduction/what-is-autism.aspx
86
http://www.lotsonyourmind.org.uk/professionals
87
http://www.compasscoventry.org.uk/eis.html
88
http://www.crasac.org.uk/children-and-young-peoples-counselling.html
89
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder/basics/definition/con-20032126
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Section 20
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A Local Authority can provide accommodation to a child in need away from his/her family under Section
20 of the Children Act 1989.
Section 47
Section 47 places a duty on the Local Authority to investigate and make inquiries into the circumstances
of children considered to be at risk of ‘significant harm’ and, where these inquiries indicate the need, to
decide what action, if any, it may need to take to safeguard and promote the child’s welfare. The
investigation will form a core assessment, which is an in-depth assessment of the nature of the child’s
needs and the capacity of his or her parents to meet those needs within the wider family and community
context.
The Bridge
The Bridge is a non-profit organisation bringing hope to men and women recovering from drug and
alcohol addictions while also being able to serve the needs of those exiting prostitution. The Bridge
provide supported accommodation houses in Birmingham, providing support in recovery, right through
to re-engaging with employment and establishing independent living90.
TESS
The Therapeutic and Emotional Support Service is an ‘emotional well-being service’ for children looked
after by Birmingham City Council. Tess provides support to young people in three ways: Direct work
with children and young people, support for carers and support for social workers and professionals91.
NRM
The National Referral Mechanism is a process set up by the government to identify and support victims
of trafficking in the UK and is a framework for identifying victims of human trafficking and ensuring they
receive the appropriate protection and support. The NRM is also a mechanism through which the UK
Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) collects data about victims92.
ABBREVIATIONS
ACPO
Association of Chief Police Officers
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder
CA
Child Abuse
CAF
Common Assessment Framework
CAMHS
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
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CIN
Child in Need
CMOG
Multi Agency Meeting of Local CSE and Missing Operation Group
CMT
Core Management Team
COMPACT
Missing Person Management System used by West Midlands Police
90
http://www.thebridge.uk.net/
91
http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/tess
92
http://www.ecpat.org.uk/content/national-referral-mechanism
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COMPASS
Personalised behavioural change support
CP
Child Protection Plan
CRASAC
Coventry Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre
CRT
Central Referral Team
CRU
Central Referral Unit
CSE
Child Sexual Exploitation
CSEGG
Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups
CSP
Community Safety Partnerships
CST
Crime Service Team
CSWS
Children’s Social Work Services
CSWT
Children’s Social Work Team
DART
Duty Assessment Referral Team
DfE
Department for Education
DV
Domestic Violence
EWS
Education Welfare Support
fCAF
Family Common Assessment Framework
GUM
Genitourinary Medical Clinic
HA
Hate Crime
HEP B
Hepatitis B
IM
Instance Messages
IMS
Intelligence Management Systems
LAC
Looked After Children
LPU
Local Policing Unit
LSCB
Local Safeguarding Children’s Boards
MARAC
Multi-agency Risk Assessment Conference
MARF
Multi-Agency Referral Form
MASE
Multi-Agency Sexual Exploitation Meeting
MASH
Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub
MASP
Multi-Agency Safeguarding Panel
MAST
Multi-Agency Safeguarding Team
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MFH
Missing from Home
NRM
National Referral Mechanism
OCC
Office Children’s Commissioner
OCG
Organised Crime Groups
OCSE
On-Line Child Sexual Exploitation
OT
Other (Crime Type)
PNC
Police National Computer
PND
Police National Database
PPO
Police Protection Order
PPU
Public Protection Unit
PSHE
Personal, Social and Health Education
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
RAD
Reactive Attachment Disorder
RAS
Referral and Assessment Service
RSVP
Rape and Sexual Violence Project
SGT
Sergeant
STI
Sexually Transmitted Infections
TACSEA
Threat Assessment of Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
TESS
Therapeutic Emotional Support Services
TTCG
Tactical Tasking and Co-ordination Group
UKHTC
UK Human Trafficking Centre
VA
Vulnerable Adult
WMP
West Midlands Police
YISP
Youth Inclusion and Support Panel
YOS
Youth Offending Service
YPSE
Young People at Risk of Sexual Exploitation
YPSEM
Young Person Sexual Exploitation Meetings
YTD
Year to Date
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