1. No category

ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
topics:
 Sustainable Development
 Syrian Refugees
Chaired by the Honorable
Carly Earnest, Abigail Taugher, and Lauren Low
S i n c e
HBHS
April 25th, 2015
1 9 7 8
Novice
hbhsmun.webs.com
Huntington Beach High School Model United Nations
ECOSOC
April 25th, 2015
Welcome to the Economic and Social Council!
Hi delegates! I‟m Carly Earnest and I will be one of your three chairs
for this year‟s Novice Conference. I am currently a sophomore at HBHS
and have been a part of our great MUN program for two years now. I am on
the field hockey team at our school and also enjoy volunteering through
National Honor Society and the UNICEF club. In my spare time between
sports and homework, I enjoy baking gluten-free desserts, going to the
beach, and watching re-runs of The Office. I hope to see innovative
solutions for both topics and am excited to be chairing ECOSOC!
Hello, my name is Abigail Taugher, and I am so excited to be
privileged enough to serve as one of your chairs. I am currently in my
second year of Model United Nations, and love the program dearly. I have
learned so much from this program that I am ecstatic to give back to it in
any form possible. In addition to MUN I also take acting classes through
the Huntington Beach High School APA program as well as taking as many
art classes offered at HBHS. I am very curious as to what solutions you
come up with, and hopefully we will have a wonderful time in committee.
Hi, my name is Lauren Low and I am a junior here at HBHS. I have
been doing MUN for three years at Huntington and this is my second year
chairing novice. I recently had the privilege of traveling to New York City
for the National High School MUN conference and loved it! Outside of MUN
I enjoy doing musical theatre. I hope you all have fun at this conference
and I wish you the best of luck! Feel free to email us with any questions,
comments, or concerns.
Position Papers must be submitted to your Dais’s central email no later than 11:59 PM on
April 19th, 2015 to be considered for a Research Award. Research Awards will be presented
during committee; please be sure to follow the HBHSMUN Position Paper format available on
our website. Your Dais’s central email is: [email protected]
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I. Sustainable Development
Topic Background
environmental issues have resulted.viii In the
World Economic and Social Survey of 2013,
it notes that more than one billion people
live in extreme poverty, inflation makes
basic necessities unaffordable, and that the
gap between high-income and low-income
families is increasing. ix If nations become
economically sustained, over time we can
see a decrease in these specific issues.
Next, social sustainability is the
structure of society between different
cultures, races, genders, and the region as
a whole. This pillar is a lower priority to
many countries, which is dangerous
because it
often times leads to
discrimination against minorities, leading to
disputes between the people of the same
country.x Because social sustainability is the
lowest
priority
out
of
the
three,
discrimination can be seen in almost every
nation, developed and undeveloped.
Gender inequality is a major factor of social
sustainability due to the fact that woman are
still seen as inferior to men in developing
countries.xi It is imperative to achieve social
sustainability because once equal rights are
granted to each race, gender, or culture,
more jobs can be provided for these people
who did not have the right before, therefore
improving economic sustainability.
Lastly, environmental sustainability
focuses on conserving the environment
through using environmentally friendly
products and alternative energy. When
developing nations are improving their
economic
sustainability
many
have
environmental issues, such as pollution
from over production and depleting natural
resources, causing them to have to focus on
environmental sustainability.xii Pollution also
leads to the broad issue of global warming,
which causes a multitude of problems itself.
On top of these issues are deforestation,
species extinctions, and climate change,
The UN definition of sustainable
development is “Development which meets
the needs of the present without
compromising
the ability
of
future
generations to meet their own needs,” which
was created in 1987 by the World
Commission
on
Environment
and
i
Development. By the year 2050, it is
estimated that the world‟s population will
increase to 9 billion, thus resources must be
preserved now in order to support our future
population. ii Sustainability was first
examined at the UN Conference on the
Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972.
Shortly after this conference, nations began
to recognize sustainable development as an
issue that needed to be addressed quickly
due to an expanding population.
Sustainability is needed because
any decision that countries make now will
affect everything in the future.iii With much
longer life spans and quick growths in the
population, if sustainability does not improve
there may be repercussions for the next
generation. iv Three pillars exist underneath
sustainable development: economic, social,
and environmental, which must be equally
achieved to sustain future generations.v Not
one country or powerful organization
focuses on the whole of sustainability, which
may become an issue in the near future,
seeing that if a country focuses too much on
one pillar, more issues will arise from the
other two pillars.vi
Economic development refers to the
improvement of a country‟s economy
through strategies of employment and
making the most out of resources.vii The UN
focuses mainly on this pillar because
developed nations are in favor of this;
however, with much attention directed
towards just this pillar many social and
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making environmental sustainability the
broadest pillar of sustainable development.
In 2000, Millennium Development
Goals
were
created
and
made
environmental sustainability number seven,
seeing that by improving this pillar it
ensures adequate resources, air quality,
and clean water supply for a rapidly growing
population. After recently passing the
deadline
for
MDGs,
Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) have also been
created to ensure that countries focus on
sustainable development as a whole to
prevent conflicts from appearing in the other
two pillars.xiii
goals post-2015. The new guidelines are
currently
being
discussed
through
consultations of the UN General Assembly.
There have been multiple opinions and
views expressed on the SDGs from working
groups in the General Assembly, member
states, and civil society stakeholders. The
UN has been playing a critical role in global
conservation on post-2015 agenda and is in
full support of the consultations taking
place.
Another action taken by the UN is
the UN System Task Team on the Post2015 Development Agenda. The task team
consists of over 60 UN agencies and
international organizations that support the
post-2015 process. The TST, or Technical
Support Team, works under and similarly to
the task team. TST provides technical
support, analytical inputs, background, and
expert panelists and supports sustainable
development financing. In addition, The UN
development Group (UNDP) helps member
states establish a post-2015 development
agenda. The group‟s work aims at assisting
conversation to contribute to development
work. Multiple consultations were held to
provide a space for people to voice their
concerns, and for the UN to reach out to the
poor. They collaborated with governments,
civil society and partners, the World We
Want Web Platform, and My World global
strategy. Through the consultations the
UNDP will be able to broaden the scope of
representation, and action taken to help the
world. xvi
The SDG Fund was created by the
United Nations development Program
(UNDP). The post-2015 plan is set to look
from
an
economic,
social,
and
environmental standpoint when deciding on
opportunities to reduce pressing issues
such as poverty. The SDG fund is a force
paving the way for the post-2015 agenda.
They are currently implementing joint
programs in 18 nations, with a majority of
the budget invested in sustainable
development. The fund will improve more
United Nations Involvement
ECOSOC is a leader in raising
awareness and promoting sustainable
development. ECOSOC has been tasked to
promote the integration of economic, social,
and environmental factors of sustainable
development. They created the Integration
Segment to consult member states, bodies
of council, and the United Nations, to
promote the different aspects of sustainable
development, and to bring together the main
concerns and messages from the council
system. This segment will address the
three branches of sustainable development,
while at the same time tackling any issues
brought up relating to sustainable
development such as gender, science,
technology, finance, and trade and policy
options. Through this segment ECOSOC
hopes to incorporate policy guidelines for
governing programs and agencies who deal
with sustainable development.
The
Economic and Social Council is essentially
a key hub for knowledge sharing, learning,
and review for development committees all
around the world. xivxv
Thankfully there is a post-2015
Sustainable Development Agenda. There
will be a summit in September on the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
bringing together world leaders to discuss
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than one million people‟s lives in Africa,
Latin America, Asia, and the Caribbean.
Through
multiple
programs
and
development practices the fund will tackle
gender equality, public-private partnerships,
and sustainability. Some of the ground
work they have been involved with improves
the livelihood for people living in poverty,
vulnerable households, and unforeseen
disasters such as climate changes. The
work that the SDG fund has done will pave
the way for 2015 to be a year of change. xvii
Last summer in Rio de Janerio, the
United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development took place, where world
leaders meet to advance action on
sustainable development. The Rio +20 is
paving the way for a future with more
sustainable developments to benefit the
planet and its people. Those involved with
the conference and agreed on the
advancements in businesses, governments,
and development banks came together to
announce the developments of volunteer
communities to help shape the future. The
announcements made addressed topics
such as clean energy, food security, water,
and sustainable transportation.
World
leaders also approved the document
entitled: “The Future We Want.”
The
document is the result of the conference
and a compromise reached by the 193
member states. The documents calls for
action
on
many
points
including:
establishing sustainable development goals,
strengthening UN environment programs,
promoting corporate sustainability reporting
measures, adopting a framework for
sustainable consumption and production,
engaging civil society, and more voluntary
commitments amongst many other topics.xviii
protection and preventing climate change.
They were the top performer on the 2014
Environmental Performance Index, which
measures protection of human health from
environmental harm and the protection of
ecosystems. xix Between 2009 and 2014,
Switzerland established 15 new national
parks, giving the country a much larger
amount of protected areas than their
neighboring countries. Switzerland also has
a wide range of biodiversity, with over
50,000 species of plant and animals. In
2012, they implemented the Swiss
Biodiversity Strategy, which outlines steps
to be taken to preserve biodiversity
including spatial planning, the conservation
of forests, and sustainable hunting and
fishing.xx
Switzerland has an effective and
heavily used railway system, with 9,000
trains traveling on the Swiss Federal
Railways Network each day and the
average person traveling 2,422 kilometers
by train in 2008. Public transportation along
these railways is only expanding and the
Federal Railways Network is upgrading the
nation‟s railways to meet the increasing
number of people using this service.xxi The
popularity and efficiency of this public
transportation decreases the need for cars.
Switzerland also has an exceptional
recycling program, which has been
accomplished in part by providing free
recycling services while charging one euro
for each bag of trash picked up. The country
recycles 80% of beverage containers,
including aluminum cans and plastic bottles,
which can be easily disposed of at local
supermarkets. xxii There are free monthly
pick-ups for paper waste and pick-ups for
green waste every two weeks, making the
recycling of these waste products easy.
Additionally, Switzerland utilizes a
variety of renewable energy sources, with
almost 58% of their electricity coming from
hydropower and 40% coming from nuclear
power. xxiii Solar, wind, geothermal, and
biomass power are also used. xxiv They
Case Study: Switzerland
Switzerland is one of the most
sustainable countries in the world, due to
their practices in the areas of habitat
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demonstrates the country‟s commitment to
reducing carbon emissions.
Switzerland‟s programs relating to
environmental
conservation,
public
transportation, recycling, and renewable
energy make it one of the most sustainable
countries in the world. Their commitment to
climate change prevention has made them
an international leader in sustainability.
currently plan on gradually phasing out
nuclear power in favor of other renewable
sources. It is predicted that solar power will
provide for 20% of the country‟s electricity
by 2050.xxv In 2000, Switzerland passed the
CO2 Act, which stated that energy based
CO2 emissions must be reduced to 10
points below 1990 levels by 2012. In 2013,
they reset this goal to 20% by 2020.xxvi This
II. Syrian Refugees
Topic Background
known as IDPs or Internally Displaced
Persons, and the other three million fleeing
to neighboring countries that include
Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, and
Jordan.xxxi Within Syria, the government has
done little to aid the refugees by providing
stable shelter and food supply, and even
with sanctions placed by the United States
and the European Union, the government
still refuses to aid their own people.xxxii Each
neighboring
country
has
responded
differently; however, each faces the issue of
determining the status of refugees in their
nation. xxxiii This has become a complex
issue because no country is able to predict
if this will be a temporary or long-term issue,
leaving countries to decide if they should
grant citizenship to Syrians while they are
there, or just temporary work permits until
they can return to Syria.
Not only is the status of these
refugees a rising issue, but oftentimes
conditions is refugee camps are unsanitary.
In Jordan, where Syrians make up 9.8% of
the population, nearly half of the refugee
households have no heating, a quarter of
refugees do not have electricity, and twenty
percent do not have a functioning toilet.
Many families cannot afford their own
household and have no other option but to
share an already very small space with two
to three other families to lower the
expense. xxxiv Lebanon also faces similar
challenges in their small and densely
Syrian hostility and protests against
their government began in early March of
2011, when teenagers vandalized a school
wall with revolutionary sayings and were
violently arrested and mistreated by police
forces. Protests spread from this southern
city of Dara‟a to the rest of the country
within days, sparking the now four year long
Syrian civil war. xxvii Police turned violent
against protesters after two weeks of
continuous protests and shot four
protestors, leading to an increase in hatred
towards
their
previously
called
“Authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish
regime” led by President Bashar alAssad. xxviii The government responded to
these protests by saying they had not
ordered the police to open fire and also
announced that they are considering
implementing political reforms including the
creation of new political parties and the
repeal of the country‟s emergency law that
restricts certain rights of individuals when
necessary. xxix The people were still not
pleased because these reforms would
happen gradually and not immediately, thus
protests increased in violence and
expanded.xxx
The ongoing protests between the
people and their oppressive regime has
lead to a total of nine million displaced
Syrians, with six million who have fled their
homes to search for refuge within Syria,
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populated country, with Syrian refugees
making up nearly a quarter of their
population. The Lebanese government
created a visa for Syrian refugees that is
limiting the amount entering, which means
more Syrians will have to remain inside their
own chaotic, dangerous country until they
can obtain a visa. xxxv The UN High
Commissioner of Refugees discovered that
two thirds of Syrians live beneath the
national poverty line, one sixth are
extremely beneath the poverty line, and if
the international community does not
increase aid to Syrian refugees, families will
have to pull their children out of school to
help find an income. xxxvi Countries like
Jordan and Lebanon are having trouble
supporting any more refugees due to their
already weak infrastructure and cannot
continue to house these refugees without
help from the international community.
The IDPs within Syria face similar
issues with unsanitary living conditions,
overpopulation, and poverty; however, on
top of this they also have to deal with the
ongoing violence between other Syrians
and the Assad regime. xxxvii Those who are
still alive have endured chemical weapon
attacks and bombings carried out by their
own government. xxxviii Families attempt to
escape the chaos, but oftentimes men are
abducted along the way and are forced to
combat with the rebels. If they do make it to
a refugee camp they have to live in just as
harsh conditions. In 2011, the government
was accused of purposely delaying access
to food, water, and necessary health
amenities as a war tactic against their own
civilians by not allowing any additional
NGOs to go through the Ministry of Social
Affairs and Labour, which is mandatory a
NGO wants to provide any type of aid in
Syria. xxxix However, last February the UN
Security Council passed a resolution that
forced Syria to start allowing humanitarian
aid. Even Syrian ally Russia supported this
resolution proving that assistance is
necessary within the country.xl
Another issue arising in the refugee
camps is the safety of women and children.
With little security present in refugee camps,
women are easily subject to harassment,
including exploitation, forced underage
marriages, trafficking, rape, and other types
of abuse. xli Children face the issue of
recruitment by rebels or even the
government and camps can be raided easily
due to the lack of protection. Because of a
lack of funding for education, children are
unaware of the threats of abduction and in
certain cases they will voluntarily join
because of the small income it will provide,
the meals, and because they feel like they
have nothing else to live for. Those who
have experienced violence do not have
access to sufficient mental and physical
therapy services and must live with the
trauma and fear.
Seeing
that
an
international
intervention into Syria does not seem
plausible, focusing on protecting refugees is
essential to this conflict. Syrians will need to
find more permanent, sanitary, and safe
home until fighting in Syria ends. The
international community must decide how to
approach this problem effectively and
efficiently to save the lives of Syrian
refugees.
United Nations Involvement
The conflict in Syria has caused for
7.6 million people to be displaced, 12.2
million people to be in need of aid, and 3.2
million to become refugees. There are many
organization and member states who are
involved with helping the refugees from
Syria. One such mission was announced
on March 1st of 2015 by the SecretaryGeneral‟s Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan
de Mistura, which entails the potential of a
UN envoy dispatch mission into Syria.
Staffan is engaging in discussions with the
Syrian Government to „freeze‟ hostiles in the
city of Aleppo. The mission will serve as an
assessment and firsthand look at the
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continuous fighting throughout the Middle
East. After the freeze is announced, the
mission will carry out an increase in
humanitarian aid and any follow ups to
potential and surfaced hostile issues. While
many peace talks in Geneva last year
ended without an agreement, many other
organizations have stepped up to halt the
growing number of deaths caused by this
conflict.xlii
In addition, the United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
in the Near East (UNRWA) has been
working closely with the Syrian government.
The UNRWA has successfully completed a
humanitarian food and aid distribution in
Yarmouk.
Since December 2014, the
UNRWA has been sending in food parcels.
UNRWA calls for cooperation for the
immediate cessation of armed hostiles.
However, they are short approximately $2
million US dollars for emergency relief. This
puts thousands at risk for not receiving cash
assistance. Through 30 distribution points
the
UNRWA
can
reach
470,000
refugees.xliiiAlso, the UNRWA has helped to
education and ship 67 students out of
Yarmouk to take the national exams. They
provide primary education to 46,000 refugee
students in Syria. Besides education, they
provide health services to over 480,000
refugees with help from 14 health centers,
11 health points and a temporary one in
Yarmouk.
The UNRWA also supports
people with shelter assistance, regular
health care, food, and facilities.
Last
January, the group distributed 1,870
hygiene kits.xliv
There have been also multiple
attempts by the General Assembly to pass
resolutions pertaining to the Syrian conflict,
two of which are A/RES/66/253 and
A/RES/66/176. A/RES/66/176 entails the
human rights issues in Syrian.
The
document
calls
upon
a
stronger
enforcement of Syria treating all citizens
and refugees under the international human
rights laws.
This document puts in
perspective what poor state the nation is in
and includes all the refugees in and from
the nation not receiving proper care and
safety.
A/RES/66/253 summarizes and
highlights the main disputes and situations
in the Syrian Arab Republic. The document
calls upon support from other member
states, but ultimately cries out for peace.xlv
On March 6, 2015, it was brought to
the public‟s attention that the United Nations
World Food Program (WFP) was in a critical
need for funding, and as an unfortunate
result would have to scale back food aid to
Syria. Since 2001, the WFP has been
providing Syrian refugees in Turkey with
food assistance using e-food cards, but due
to a shortage of funds the program will not
work as it has before.
They need
approximately $71 million in donations for
the whole year of 2015. Turkey currently
has an estimated 1.7 million Syrian
refugees spread throughout their 20 camps.
WFP works in Turkey and inside Syria with
their crisis emergency response program.
This food distribution program has helped
millions, and has proven to be successful.xlvi
Case Study: Jordan
According to the UNHCR, there are
approximately 624,500 Syrian refugees
located in Jordan, making up nearly 10% of
the country‟s population.xlvii Around 80% of
these refugees live in urban areas, with the
rest residing in refugee camps. xlviii The
largest of these camps within Jordan,
Za‟atari, currently has nearly 84,000
residents, making it the second largest
refugee camp in the world. xlix There have
been multiple protests held by the residents
of the camp, mostly motivated by a lack of
food and other supplies, as well as
discontent about the levels of crime within
the camp, such as drug dealing and
prostitution. l There are many security
issues within the camp, including clashes
with Jordanian forces and an abundance of
gang activity. Since its foundation in 2012,
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the camp has evolved into an informal city,
with many refugees creating their own
unlicensed businesses. This development
may even be beneficial to Jordan‟s
economy in the long run, although the large
number of Syrian refugees stealing utilities
and power are currently a burden on the
country, particularly lower income citizens.li
Another major refugee camp inside Jordan
is the Azraq refugee camp, which was
opened in 2014 and currently has 14,600
residents. It is designed to potentially hold
up to 130,000 people.
Its location is
extremely isolated and it has no power due
to its distance from other communities. The
camp is significantly better planned and
more organized than Za‟atari and includes
health clinics, schools, a supermarket, and
even paved roads. lii The camp was built
based on suggestions from residents of
Za‟atari with the goal of overcoming the
problems encountered there.
However,
Azraq lacks much of the potential for future
development and opportunity seen at
Za‟atari.liii
Despite the presence of these large
camps, the majority of Syrian refugees in
Jordan live in urban areas. Syrian refugees
are not permitted to work within the country,
but many find jobs illegally within cities,
where they oftentimes find work in the
black-market for extremely low wages. liv
Children are particularly vulnerable and are
oftentimes forced to work in order to sustain
their families‟ financially. A survey by the
NGO CARE International found that 60% of
refugee children within Jordan are not being
educated and 50% of refugee boys between
the ages of 13 and 17 in urban areas were
working to support their families.lv Women
also face many challenges and are
oftentimes sexually exploited or forced into
marriages for financial reasons.
Urban
refugees oftentimes live in inadequate
housing and are frequently indebted due to
a rise in rental prices. On average, 6.2
Syrian refugees are cramped together in a
single home. lvi Because refugees living in
cities are decentralized, they are harder to
aid than those living in camps.
The large numbers of Syrian
refugees in Jordan has overall been a
burden to the country, both economically
and security wise. The country has limited
resources, including a limited water supply,
which refugees have put a significant strain
on. Jordan‟s hospitals and other facilities
have not been able to adequately handle
the influx of refugees and do not have the
resources to provide for them. The cost of
providing for the refugees has hampered
Jordan‟s economic growth. In order to
accommodate Syrian refugees, Jordan was
forced to take a $2 million loan from the IMF
and has been unable to reduce their large
deficit. lvii In order to sustain the refugee
population, Jordan requires foreign aid and
economic reform. Additionally, criminals,
smugglers, and armed fighters who enter
the country as refugees pose security
concerns.lviii Because of these issues, the
Jordanian people oftentimes act hostilely
towards Syrian refugees, with a poll
conducted by Jordan‟s Centre for Strategic
Studies showing 73% of respondents
against hosting refugees.
Refugees in Jordan, both in camps
and urban areas, face many struggles both
financially and socially as they attempt to
rebuild their lives.
Jordan has had
difficulties providing for these refugees and
a significant strain has been put on the
country‟s
resources.
The
issues
surrounding refugees in Jordan are
representative of the problems faced by
Syrian refugees in all countries.
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Questions to Consider
Sustainable Development:
1. What types of energy are used in your country? Are they renewable or nonrenewable?
How have renewable energy sources been implemented in your country?
2. What are the social factors that allow a country to develop sustainably? What roles do
inequality and poverty play?
3. What pillar does your country focus the most on and why might this be an issue for the
future? How can this be changed?
4. How do the different pillars of sustainability affect each other?
Syrian Refugees:
1. How has your country handled refugees within their nation in the past? Have they
provided aid to assist refugees in other countries?
2. What can be done to help Syrian refugees restart their lives and provide for themselves?
3. How can violence against women and children be prevented within camps?
4. How can sufficient humanitarian aid be permitted into Syria seeing that they only allow
limited assistance in their country?
http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/climatechange/shared/gsp/docs/GSP16_Background%20on%20Sustainable%20Devt.pdf
ii http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/sustainability.shtml
iii http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/whyissustainabilityimportant/
iv http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Why_Is_Sustainable_Development_Important
v http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/issues/sustdev.shtml
vi http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ThreePillarsOfSustainability.htm
vii http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-sustainability.html
viii http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ThreePillarsOfSustainability.htm
ix https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2843WESS2013.pdf
x http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/sustainability.shtml
xi http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/public
ations/2014/unwomen_surveyreport_advance_16oct.pdf
xii http://www.globalissues.org/article/425/poverty-and-the-environment
xiii https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals
xiv http://sustainabledevelopement.un.org/intergovernmental/ecosoc
xv http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/integration
xvi http://sustainabledevelopemnt.un.org/post2015
xvii
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2015/3/11/Bridging-the-GapHow-the-SDG-Fund-is-paving-the-way-for-a-post-2015-agenda.html
i
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ECOSOC
April 25th, 2015
http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/angel-hsu/the-2014-environmentalpe_b_4797786.html
xx http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=ch
xxi http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/rail-network-modernises-to-stay-on-track/33124756
xxii http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4620041.stm
xxiii http://www.alternet.org/environment/12-ecologically-sustainable-countries-and-whythey-should-be-admired
xxiv http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/?lang=en
xxv http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/00497/?lang=en
xxvi http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_switz
erland_case_study_may_2013.pdf
xxvii http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/01/world/meast/syria-crisis-beginnings/
xxviii http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/29/whos-who-in-the-syrian-opposition-2/
xxix http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2061730,00.html
xxx http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1781371/Syrian-Civil-War
xxxi http://syrianrefugees.eu
xxxii
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wpcontent/uploads/pdf/Syria_Sanctions_Fact_Sheet.pdf
xxxiii
http://muftah.org/closed-borders-live-ammunition-syrias-neighbors-starting-treatrefugees/#.VPtTY1pbSlJ
xxxiv http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30815084
xxxv
http://www.voanews.com/content/unhcr-says-lebanon-new-syrian-refugee-rulesraise-concern/2606223.html
xxxvi http://www.unhcr.org/54b635b49.html
xxxvii http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/14/millions-of-refugees-from-syrias-war-are-clinging-to-life-in-toxic-conditions.html
xxxviii http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868
xxxix http://www.intrac.org/data/files/resources/746/Briefing-Paper-30-The-NGO-sectorin-Syria.pdf
xl
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/world/middleeast/un-orders-both-sides-insyria-to-allow-humanitarian-aid.html?_r=0
xli
http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resourcefile/IRC_WomenInSyria_Report_WEB.pdf
xlii http://www.unrwa.org/syria-crisis
xliii
http://www.businessinsider.com/food-aid-in-yarmouk-syria-2014-2#ixzz3U1zewkOx
xliv http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
xlv http://www.un.org/
xlvi http://www.un.org/apps/news/story
xlvii http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=107
xlviii http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=87
xlixhttp://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=176&region=77&country=107
l http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp
li
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/05/world/middleeast/zaatari-refugee-camp-injordan-evolves-as-a-do-it-yourself-city.html
xviii
xix
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ECOSOC
April 25th, 2015
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/30/syrian-refugees-azraq_n_5239130.html
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27205291
liv http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/30/syrian-refugees-azraq_n_5239130.html
lv http://www.careinternational.org.uk/news-and-press/latest-press-releases/2335-globalcommunity-failing-syrian-refugee-children-care-warnslvi
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/04/syrian-refugees-urban-jordan201441712570581988.html
lvii
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-meast-investment-jordanidUSBRE99S0PN20131029
lviii http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2014/06/syrian-refugees-jordan
lii
liii
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