1. No category

2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Nano-Innovation in Construction, A New Era of
Sustainability
Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed

market sectors based on the paradigm of the green high-tech,
[29]. for example improving the performance of traditional
building materials (concrete, steel and glass),increased
strength and durability are also a part of the drive to reduce
the environmental footprint of the built environment by the
efficient use of resources. This is could be achieved prior to
the construction process by a reduction in pollution during the
production of materials and also in service, through efficient
use of energy.
Abstract—Nanotechnology is not just a technology but a very
diverse technological field that covers many application areas. The
construction sector was among the first to be identified as a
promising application area for nanotechnology. The advantages of
using nanomaterials in construction are enormous and promises
more sustainable buildings.
The paper introduce an Analytical study about How do we create
innovation in the intersection between the needs of sustainable
construction sector and the emerging nano-technological
opportunities. Also the paper aims to provide a framework for
addressing relevant issues of sustainable nano-construction, bring
an overview and illustrative examples of current early
developments.
A. RELATED STUDIES
Sustainability is becoming the most important issue in
every field all over the world, in architecture and construction
it is very important to make sustainability, it is the main aim to
achieve protection of human health and environment. Now
nanotechnology offers a lot of materials and applications in
the field of architecture and construction that can affect
positively to achieve sustainable nanoarchitecture (SNA).
Many studies have reported in this area to investigate the
applications of nanotechnology in architecture, many of these
researches are only oriented to inventory nanomaterials which
could be used in architecture in general, such as, Nano
materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design by
Sylvia
Leydecker,
(2008)
[5],
Nano-Materials,
Nano-Technologies and Design, An Introduction for
Engineers and Architects, by Michael F. Ashby et al (2009)
[6], Nanomaterials and their applications in interior design by
Inas Anous(2014) [14].
Other researchers have pointed at nanomaterials that could
support sustainable architecture like Nanotechnology for
Green Building by Elvin, G. (2007) [3], Green
nano-architecture by Fahd Abd-Elaziz (2010) [70],
NanoArchitecture and Sustainability by Faten Fouad (2012)
[69], and Nanotechnology Innovations for the Sustainable
Buildings of the Future by Ayşin Sev& Meltem Ezel(2014)
[10].
However, topics related to nanotechnology impact on
sustainable nano architecture (SNA) throughout construction,
contribution to rise environmental building’s performance,
its level of actuation, and the participation of this technology
in the early stages of the design process are not yet
established.
Index
Terms—
Sustainability,
nanotechnology,
Nanoarchitecture, Construction, Nano-innovation, Sustainable
Nanoarchitecture (SNA).
I.
INTRODUCTION
The next industrial revolution will be nanotechnology;
nanotechnology is about the manipulation of matter at the
nanoscale. Drexler [2], gave one of the earlier definitions of
nanotechnology as - ―the control of matter based on
molecule-by-molecule, control of products and by-products
through high-precision systems as well as the products and
processes of molecular manufacturing, including molecular
machinery‖.
Nanotechnology represents one of the fastest growing
industrial sectors in recent years worldwide. The
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (A/E/C) industry
might accommodate broad applications of nanotechnology
and nanomaterials. The construction industry begins to look
with increasing attention to nanotech innovations, identified
as an important resource to give a new impulse to market
growth. It has been demonstrated that nanotechnology
generated products have many unique characteristics, can
significantly fix current construction problems and may
change the requirement and organization of construction
process.
Nanotechnology applied to building materials represents
an example of how innovation increasingly combines
dematerialization, eco- efficiency and knowledge-based
approach to develop new classes of products – often substitute
of conventional technologies – with the aim of opening new
B. Problematic of study
As above mentioned nanotechnology have huge impacts on
the most applicable fields in our modern society, towards new
building technology. The main reasons which lead to the slow
beneficiary of building sector from nano-technology could be
concluded in the following:
Manuscript received April 1, 2015.
Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed Architectural
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt. Seconded to
Interior Design Department, Faculty of Designs and Home Economics, Taif
University, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(e-mail: [email protected]).
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
95
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
 The strong engagement to traditional building
industry due to costs constrains, or to take the risk of
probation the new material or technology.
 The majorities of architects especially in the
developing country are not familiar with the
applications of nanotechnology in building sector
and they are ignorance with the huge potentiality of
this technology to improve or introduce new
building materials and related building systems.
 The importance of sustainable architecture and
constructions based on the local context through
applications of new technology.
indoor and outdoor environment according to
sustainability.
 Present a framework which could be a guideline for
architects, engineers, contractors and owners to turn
their new or existing building to become sustainable.
II.
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to
develop materials with improved or totally new
properties,[69]. So, Nanotechnology has the potential to
radically alter our built environment and how we live.
Nanotechnology is an exciting area of scientific development
which promises ―more for less‖. It offers ways to create
smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more
and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less
energy,[65][28].
Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size
100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and
involves developing materials or devices within that size.
According to Whatmore and Corbett [34], the subject of
nanotechnology includes ―almost any materials or devices
which are structured on the nanometer scale in order to
perform functions or obtain characteristics which could not
otherwise be achieved‖. Most promising developments of
nanotechnology are fullerene (a new form of carbon, C60)
and carbon nanotubes, [27]. Nanotubes, illustrated by (fig. 1,
a-b), are ―grapheme sheets rolled into a cylinder with specific
alignment of hexagonal rings.‖ [33].
Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel
properties because of their small size. Meaning by novel
properties in nano: the interactions and physics between
atoms display exotic properties that they do not at larger
scales, because at this level atoms leave the realm of classical
physical properties behind, and venture into the world of
quantum mechanics, [9].
C. The aim of study
The main objectives of this paper are:
 Create a basic knowledge for architects about
Nanotechnology in order to pay their attention to the
enormous transformation it promises.
 To meet these aspirations, the scope of the research is
inherently large, seeking to clarify the importance
and great potentiality what nanomaterials and
nanotechnologies are and how they might be applied
in architecture, construction, building technologies,
environment and energy produced through many
applications. (Uses such novel materials and
techniques to offer innovative building materials,
cost saving productive processes, environmental
remediation, and smart building systems).
 Provide guidance on the domain of architecture and
construction of nanotechnology in buildings
research where our new facilities try to keep pace
with the Nano Age.
 Present guidelines, which could help the architects
and the decision makers to turn their buildings
towards nanotechnology and apply those guidelines
to buildings.
 Encourage owners and operators of existing buildings
to implement sustainable nanoarchitecture and
reduce the environmental impacts of their buildings
over their functional life cycles.
 Access to the result that use of nanotechnology in
architecture achieves the principles, dimensions and
performance of sustainability through utilizing
nanotechnology in optimizing the use of building
materials, improving the environmental conditions
of buildings, reducing the consumption of energy,
reducing air pollution and introducing renewable
energy.
 Finally clarify the potential risks of nanotechnology
which should be avoided through developing new
appropriate standards and codes for application of
nanotechnology.
(a)
D. Research Methodology
The methodology of this paper adapted the following
methods to reach its aim:
 Define the nanotechnology generally, then throughout
the architectural vision.
 Review the different experience in NanoArchitecture
practices of construction and materials.
 Study and Evaluate Nanotech products in
Construction throughout (materials& building
protection) in terms of their positive impact on
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
NANOTECHNOLOGY
(b)
Fig. 1. [31], a-Nanotubes. b- Graphite sheet of nanotubes..
A. Nanoscale
Nano is a scale unit, the word nano is derived from Greek
word nano (in Latin nanus), and it means (dwarf), [5]. The
nanoscale, based on the nanometer (nm) or one-billionth of a
96
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
meter (10-9 meter), exists specifically between 1 and 100
nm,[54].
B. Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are usually defined as materials that have at
least one dimension (height, length, depth) smaller than 100
nanometers. A nanometer is approximately 1/80,000th the
width of a human hair or 1/7,000th, the size of a single red
blood cell. Materials at the nanoscale often exhibit physical,
chemical and biological properties that are very different from
those of their normal-sized counterparts, [5][28]. So, the
nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study
materials having unique properties arising from their
nanoscale dimensions.
Fig. 2. [31], Top-down and Bottom-up approaches, [23]..
III.
C. Nanofabrication Techniques and Tools (Production
Approaches)
In architecture two fundamentally different design
approaches prevail when dealing with materials and surfaces
to fabricating at the nano scale [5]: (fig. 2)
1) The top down approach: (Created by processing of bulk
materials, Exploiting properties of nanoscale). An
operator first designs and controls a macroscale machine
shop to produce an exact copy of itself, but smaller in
size. Subsequently, this downscaled machine shop will
make a replica of itself, but also a few times smaller in
size. This process of reducing the scale of the machine
shop continues until a nanosize machine shop is
produced and is capable of manipulating nanostructures,
[6]. This is similar to a sculptor cutting away at a block of
marble - we first work at a large scale and then cut away
until we have our nano-scale product. (The computer
industry uses this approach when creating their
microprocessors), [5].
2) The bottom-up approach: (Designing and manipulating
individual molecules from, bottom - up). The concept of
the bottom-up approach is that one starts with atoms or
molecules, which build up to form larger structures. In
this context, there are three important enabling
bottom-up technologies, namely, [6]:
- Supramolecular and molecular chemistry.
- Scanning probes.
- Biotechnology.
This can be time-consuming, so a so-called self-assembly
process is employed under specific conditions, the atoms
and molecules spontaneously arrange themselves into the
final product. It looks like the top down approach will be
favored because it tends to provide us with greater
control. [5]. The advantages of self-assembly are those:
- It solves the most difficult steps in
nanofabrication, which involve creating small
structures.
- It can directly incorporate and bond biological
structures with inorganic structures to act as
components in a system.
- It produces structures that are relatively
defect-free.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
NANOARCHITECTURE: NEW VISION OF ARCHITECTURE
As known, nanotechnology can change materials and their
behaviors. So, nanotechnology will unveil more solutions that
are needed to meet some of the biggest challenges of our time,
[51]. The future of architecture is in development today which
creating unique perspectives on how we will fuse new
technologies with building form, [61].
Nanotechnology gives unprecedented power to the
architects and engineers for shaping our world [4], the result
could be buildings that shape us, as well as our relationships
with each other and our environment. At each stage the
personal, social, ethical and environmental consequences are
explored; because these are the real and significant questions
that nanotechnology raises. Nanotechnology will transform
our built environment; it is essential that we use it to shape one
that is healthier, more comfortable and more humane, [7].The
use of nanotechnology in architecture varies from materials,
equipments, to forms and design theories. That influences in
many directions, (fig. 3).
NanoArchitecture
Change the way of
thinking
New forms
Implementing nanotechnology
in buildings
Nanomaterials
Devices/Technologies
Fig. 3. [31], NanoArchitecture: Nanotechnology in buildings, [73].
IV.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN NANOTECHNOLOGY ERA
―Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that is opening
a new world of materials functionalities, and performances.
But it is also opening new possibilities in construction
sustainability. On one hand it could lead to a better use of
natural resources, obtaining a specific characteristic or
property with minor material use. It can also help to solve
some problems related to energy in building (consumption
and generation), or water treatment to mention only a few
matters‖, [75].
The future of construction is in development today - that
creating unique perspectives on how we will fuse new
technologies with building form. So, recent innovations in
construction materials driven by nanotechnologies
97
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
application are based on the design of material properties in
order to obtain the required performances, developing
sophisticated transformation processes that allow to realize
custom-fit products for specific architectural applications,
[28].
Even though advanced materials - and among these, those
developed through the application of nanotechnology and
biotechnology - are capable of offering effective responses to
economic and environmental issues in the industrial sector,
only in recent years the architectural disciplines have begun to
acquire the technical knowledge needed to use them and to
wonder about the implications in the design process.
In the case of many building materials, both those
cement-based and certain types of polymers or composite
materials, the observation of the physical-chemical properties
at the nanoscale allows to test the properties with such a
degree of precision that is possible to ―correct‖ and optimize
the characteristics of material’s nanostructures depending on
the final performance expected, even without the addition of
nanomaterials.
B. Nanotech products for building Construction
The stated objectives of the subjects engaged in research on
nanomaterials and nano-systems mainly concerned with shift
from a materials development based on resources exploitation
to one based on knowledge; that able to transform the
construction sector into an area with a high technological
potential, focused on innovation, competitiveness,
environmental protection and social security, [12] [41]. This
is linked to some key issues, such as a more rational use of raw
materials, the cost reduction in product life cycle, the
production of new materials with high performance levels and
the improvement of product efficiency and durability. The
control of the nanostructures in different building materials
and the possibility of exploiting the special properties of
nanomaterials, make potentially feasible a high variety of
products with different functions: structure, envelope, coating,
equipment and sensors. The main innovative feature is the
possibility to vary the high-performance of products and
systems in an extremely versatile way.
The study introduce an approach to a frame-work contains
how to innovate nano-construction by benefit from most
nanotechnology axes in constructions; which lead to
innovative sustainable construction, (see table1).
A. Nanostructured materials and nanocomposites in
construction
A ―nanostructured material‖ can be defined as a traditional
material – such as steel, cement, glass or polymers – admixed
in mass or surface with nanomaterials (nanocomposites) or
modified in its chemical and physical structure through
observation, testing and characterization of the properties at
the nanoscale (nanoengineering). In both cases the original
characteristics of the materials are modified and improved in
order to obtain specific performances, usually not comparable
to those shown by the original materials, [12] [42].
The new features of construction materials and elements
accordingly change the material usage, force and resistance
calculations of project design and its related field construction
operation and management. The use of nanotechnology is
very important to achieve many goals, the most important
aims that:
- Getting the ―green‖ gains for building.
- Energy savings.
- Higher performance.
- Lower costs.
Materials
Structural materials
Non-structural materials
Nanotech Cement /Concrete
Glass
Steel
Plastics and polymers
Wood
Drywall
New structural materials
Roofing
Filtration, Air purification
(Indoor air quality - Outdoor air purification)
Coatings
Self-cleaning (Lotus-Effect - Photocatalysis), (ETC), Antibacterial
Protection
Nanotechnology axes enable
TABLE 1: NANOTECHNOLOGY AXES ENABLE (INNOVATION OF SUSTAINABLE
NANO CONSTRUCTION)
Lighting
Energy
Reduction of
energy
consumption
Insulation
VIPs - Aerogel - Nanogel and High performance day
lighting - Thin-film Insulation - PCMs
Electronics / Sensors
Energy Production
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
98
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Li, 2004 - found that nanoSiO2 could significantly
increase the compressive for concrete, containing
large volume fly ash, at early age and improve pore
size distribution by filling the pores between large
fly ash and cement particles at nanoscale, [17]. The
dispersion of amorphous nanosilica is used to
improve segregation resistance for self-compacting
concrete, [11][19]. (fig. 4-a)
Cracking is a major concern for many structures.
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is working
on healing polymers, which include a
microencapsulated healing agent and a catalytic
chemical trigger, [12][31]. When cracks form in this
self-healing concrete, they rupture microcapsules,
releasing a healing agent which then contacts a
catalyst, triggering polymerization that bonds the
crack closed, (fig. 4-b).
 Steel: The introduction of new materials with
improved technical properties has also led to
innovative new designs like phase of steel to a
nanosize has produced stronger types, which would
reduce the costs and period of construction, [75]
(fig. 5 - a).
A brand of steel reinforcing bar for concrete
construction, for example is now marketed as
high-strength steel known as Micro-composite
Multi-structural Formable (MMFX) steel. MMFX
steel is, according to its manufacturer, five times
more corrosion-resistant and up to three times
stronger than conventional steel. The added strength
of MMFX steel results in a decrease in the amount of
conventional steel necessary to accomplish the same
task, [45](fig. 5 - b).
1) Materials
a) Structural Materials
 Nanotech Cement / Concrete: Nanotechnology allows
for instance to analyze, modify and control the
hydration of cement in mortar and concrete,
improving overall performance in relation to the
mass, thus allowing to obtain excellent mechanical,
chemical and physical properties with less material.
Moreover, the calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH)
structure generated by the reaction between the
different chemical components in the cement
hydration process - responsible of the physical and
mechanical properties including shrinkage, creep,
porosity, permeability and elasticity - can be
modified to achieve a higher durability or to realize
mixtures characterized by an improved workability
over time, [30] [33] [42].In order to enhance the
final performance, nanoparticles or nano-fillers are
added to the cement mixture. The addition of various
types of nanomaterials to create cement-based
nanocomposites also allows introducing novel
properties, such as the ability to absorb air pollutants
(cement that absorbs more carbon dioxide) or
self-monitor the material behavior over time.
Compared with conventional additives, the addition
of small amounts of nanoparticles can change the
rheological behavior of cement and enhance specific
properties, [16][19][28].
(a)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Fig. 5. a-Nano steel in facades. [45]. b-Sustaining twice the stress with
nano-steel Nano-laminated MMFX steel (yellow) can sustain twice the stress
of ASTM A615 Grade 60 steel (blue).c, d- Deformation pattern of No. 8
MMFX steel reinforcing bars, [71].
(b)
Fig. 4. a- Particle-size & specific-surface- area scale related to concrete
materials, [12]. b- Self-healing concrete, [3].
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
99
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
sheet materials stronger than steel not only holds
tremendous energy-saving potential, it promises to
dramatically transform conventional assumptions
about the relationship between building structure
and skin, (fig. 7).
The addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the
surface unevenness of steel which then limits the
number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking.
Nanoparticles are reducing the effects of hydrogen
embrittlement
and
improving
the
steel
micro-structure through reducing the effects of the
inter-granular cementite phase. The addition of
nanoparticles of magnesium and calcium makes the
HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) grains finer in plate steel
and this leads to an increase in weld toughness. Also
there is Sandvik Nanoflex (produced by Sandvik
Materials Technology), It has got both the desirable
qualities of high strength and resistance to corrosion,
[32] (fig. 5 –c, d).
 Wood: is also composed of nanotubes or ―Nano
fibrils‖; namely, lignocellulosic (woody tissue)
elements which are twice as strong as steel.
Harvesting these would lead to a new paradigm in
sustainable construction as both the production and
use would be part of a renewable cycle. Some
developers have speculated that building
functionality onto lignocellulosic surfaces at the
nanoscale could open new opportunities for such
things as self-sterilizing surfaces, internal
self-repair, and electronic lignocellulosic devices,
[3][14]. These non-obtrusive active or passive
nanoscale sensors would provide feedback on
product performance and environmental conditions
during service by monitoring structural loads,
temperatures, moisture content, decay fungi, heat
losses or gains, and loss of conditioned air.
BASF have developed a highly water repellent
coating based on the actions of the lotus leaf as a
result of the incorporation of silica and alumina
nanoparticles and hydrophobic polymers. And,
secondly, mechanical studies of bones have been
adapted to model wood, for instance in the drying
process, [32] (fig. 6).
Fig. 7. Building with Buckypaper, [3].
b) Non-structural materials
 Glass: Controlling light and heat entering through
building glazing is a major sustainability issue; but
nanotechnology offers new glass products, [27].All
these applications are intended to reduce energy use
in cooling buildings and could make a major dent in
the huge amounts used in the built environment:
- Electrochromatic glass dynamic windows:
electrochromic coatings are being developed that
react to changes in applied voltage by using a
tungsten oxide layer; thereby becoming more
opaque at the touch of a button reducing
undesirable effects such as fading, glare, and
excessive heat without losing views and
connection to the outdoors, [6] [32][10] (fig. 8-a,
b).
- photocatalytic self-cleaning glass coated:
titanium dioxide coating breaks down organic
matter. For the function to work, UV light,
oxygen and air humidity are required. The level
of UV light present in normal daylight is
sufficient to activate the photocatalytic reaction,
organic dirt on the surface of a material is
decomposed with the help of a catalyst - usually
titanium dioxide, [5]. The nanoscale dimension
of Tio2 makes it a highly reactive catalyst,
speeding up the decomposition process rapidly
without being used up so that the effect is lasting,
(fig. 8-c).
- .Thin film coatings: are being developed which
are spectrally sensitive surface applications for
window glass. These thin film coatings have the
potential to filter out unwanted infrared
frequencies of light reduce the heat gain in
buildings, which are effectively a passive
solution, [32].
- Thermo chromic technologies: are being studied,
these technologies react to temperature and
provide thermal insulation to give protection
from heating whilst maintaining adequate
lighting, [60].
- photo-chromic technologies: which are being
(b)
(a)
(c)
Fig. 6. a- a premium product for premium wood species top piece shows new
untreated Teak Second piece was half treated with Teak Guard marine, and
was exposed to 6 months weathering, [46]. b- The Water-repellent
wood,[14].c-The Self Cleaning Wood Project by HESB (Haute écol
espécialisée bernoise), [14].
 New structural materials: Carbon nanotube sheets,
―Buckypaper‖, could help shape the structural
materials of the future, [3].Researchers at the
University of Texas at Dallas together with an
Australian colleague have produced transparent
carbon nanotube sheets that are stronger than the
same weight steel sheets. These can be made so thin
that a square kilometer nanotube sheet would weigh
only 30 kilograms, [27]. The prospect of transparent
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
100
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
studied to react to changes in light intensity by
increasing absorption, [32].
- Fire safety glass: A thickness of only 3 mm of a
functional fill material between glass panels is
sufficient to provide more than 120 minutes of
fire resistance against constant exposure to
flames of a temperature of over 1000°C.(using a
clear intumescent layer sandwiched between
glass panels (an interlayer) formed of fumed
silica (SiO2) nanoparticles which turns into a
rigid and opaque fire shield when heated, [32]
(fig. 8-d).
(a)
than the wavelength of visible light, offer not
only an innovative but also a cost effective and
efficient anti-reflective solution. Their structure
consists of minute 30-50nm large silicon dioxide
(SiO2) balls. A coating thickness of 150nm is
regarded as ideal, (fig. 8-e).
 Plastics and polymers (fig. 9): there are new
alternatives to many conventional plastics; which
result from nano-composite research. For example,
glass microspheres, or microballoons created using a
spray pyrolysis process, can be cast in a polymer
matrix to create syntactic foam with extremely high
compressive strength and low density. Naturally
occurring nanoscale aggregates can also be used in
making nanocomposites, the crystalline structure of
these ceramic materials allows them to be easily
separated into flakes or fibers.
Nano-reinforced polyester provides excellent
thermal and electrical insulation while remaining
strong and lightweight. The material is corrosion
resistant, has a high fatigue limit, good impact
strength, and fine surface finish. It can also be used
as a load-bearing structural material. It has been used
in bridges, doors, windows, facades, and structural
systems, [42].Most properties of polymers are based
on nanostructures, which allowing engineers to
design molecules with more specific properties.
(b)
(c)
Fig. 9. Framing with nano-reinforced polyester Fiberline Composites makes
polyester reinforced with glass nano-fibers that provides thermal and
electrical insulation while remaining strong and lightweight, [42].
 Gypsum Drywall: Nanotechnology shows promise in
the manufacture of lighter yet stronger drywall.
ICBM, (Innovative Construction and Building
Materials), has developed a gypsum-polymer
replacement for gypsum that they say significantly
improves strength-to weight ratio and mold
resistance. Laboratory experiments elsewhere on
man-sized gypsum show significant improvement in
mechanical properties, including an up to three times
higher hardness of nano-gypsum as compared to
conventional micron-sized gypsum, [3][21], (fig
10).
(d)
(e)
Fig. 8. a- Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin nano-coating need only
be switched once to change state, gradually changing to a darkened yet
transparent state. At present the maximum dimension of glazing panels is
limited maximum size is 120*200cm, [40]. b- The electrochromic coatings
are sputter-coated onto float glass. When the user tints the glass, it means
they apply a low-voltage DC charge to it, which causes the nano-particles
within one layer of the coatings to migrate to another layer. The total
thickness of the layers is approximately 1/50th the thickness of a human hair,
[40]. c- Photocatalytic Self-cleaning glass coated, [5]. d- Up, A robust
sandwich panel made of straw and hemp with a glassy coating that serves as
bonding agent and is also fire-resistant. When exposed to fire the product
smolders and extinguishes. Down, gel fill material in the glazing cavity (here
faulty but clearly visible) foams when exposed to fire for an extended period,
[5].e-A photovoltaic module with and without anti-reflective (AR) solar
glass coating, [5].
(a)
- Anti-reflective [5]: Transparent nanoscale
surface structures, where the particles are smaller
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
(b)
Fig. 10. a- Gypsum Drywall. b- Micrograph of nano-gypsum, while (lower
right) shows a pressed nano-gypsum pill, [3].
101
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Through nanotechnology there many technique for
indoor air; the Nano Breeze room air purifier,
utilizes a patented fluorescent light tube coated with
phosphor to produce UVA radiation and blue light.
The outside of the tube features a fiberglass mesh
where each strand is coated with a thin layer of
40-nanometer semiconductor crystals. The air
circulating over the light tube is cleaned by
photocatalytic oxidation, [48].
Also, Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation, NCCO
technology is considered as the safest air purifying
solution with excellent efficiency. It can remove
pollutants such as allergen, virus, bacteria and
TVOC without releasing any oxidant in the air, [55]
(fig. 11).
2) Protection
a) Filtration ( Air purification): nanotechnology makes it
possible to chemically decompose odors into their harmless
constituent parts. Here the molecules are cracked, giving off
steam and carbon dioxide. This approach can also be used to
counteract the sick building symptoms (SBS).so, by using
nanomaterials it is possible to improve the quality of air in two
ways, [5]:
- Pollutants and odors are broken down into their
constituent parts.
- Does not replace ventilation, but improves air
quality.
It enables unpleasant odors and pollutants to be eradicated
(Sustainable Environment). The air-purifying properties of
nanomaterials are beneficial in both cases and play an
important role both for indoor as well as increasingly for
outdoor environments.
 Outdoor air purification: are only a supporting
measure for tackling symptoms and are an adequate
means of reducing existing pollution. The
air-purifying capacity of photocatalytic concrete for
example provides a possible means of combating
existing pollutants. Recently, building facades, road
surfaces and the like, equipped with appropriate
coatings, that have being implemented in test
installations to counteract the effect of industrial and
vehicle exhausts. It transpires that photocatalytic
self-cleaning concrete for example also has an
additional air purifying effect, [24]. Applications are
air-purifying paving stones (fig 12), road surfaces
and paints. At present these materials are still
expensive, but a start has been made.
They do not eradicate the cause of pollution but can
be used to reduce smog and improve the outdoor air
quality. The question is whether a noticeable
difference to the quality of air can be made with the
use of air-purifying surfaces, and how significant
this effect actually is. With regard to reducing air
pollutants, greater attention should be given to
avoiding their emission in the first place, [5].
 Indoor air quality: indoor air purification technology
is increasingly being used, it should be noted that
although it is possible to improve the quality of air,
this does not necessarily make it "good". Other
factors such as oxygen content and relative humidity
also contribute to the air quality and should not be
neglected when using air purifying products, regular
ventilation couldn't be replaced. Insufficient
ventilation leads to an inevitable build-up of relative
humidity and eventually results in mould formation
and further associated problems.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 12. a- Concrete paving panels with photocatalytic properties used as a
design element in a car park, [74]. b- Photocatalytic pavement surfacing, [5].
c- air-purifying paving tiles, [5].
(b)
Fig. 11. [55] a- NCCO air sterilizing and deodorizing system is composed by
5 components. b- NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
b) Coatings: are thin coverings that are deposited on a
base material to enhance its surface characteristics or
appearance. This broad definition includes coatings used to
improve durability or wearing characteristics, provide
corrosion resistance, or otherwise protect the base material.
102
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Furthermore, it is hydrophilic, which allow the water
to spread evenly over the surface and wash away dirt
previously broken down,[10].
They might also be used for change adhesion qualities, color,
reflective qualities, or a host of other reasons, [6].The
coatings incorporating certain nano-particles or nano-layers
have been developed for certain purpose. It is one of the major
applications of nanotechnology in construction.
Therefore, coatings are an area of significant research in
nanotechnology and its work is being carried out on concrete
and glass as well as steel. Much of the work involves
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Spray and Plasma
Coating in order to produce a layer which is bound to the
base material to produce a surface of the desired protective
or functional properties. Another advanced application
nano-coating is ―Smart nano-dust‖, which can be sprinkled
(or even painted) on the surface or incorporated into the mix
to provide wide-scale monitoring in a co-ordinated smart
network, [5].Other special coatings also have been
developed, such as anti-graffiti, thermal control, energy
sawing, and anti-reflection coating.
 Self-cleaning "Lotus-Effect": (fig. 13) Lotus leaves
exhibit a microscopically rough water-repellent
(hydrophobic) surface, which is covered with tiny
knobbles or spikes so that there is little contact
surface for water to settle on, [36].Artificial lotus
surfaces, created with the help of nanotechnology,
The Lotus-Effect is most well suited for surfaces that
are regularly exposed to sufficient quantities of
water, e.g. rainwater. The Lotus- Effect drastically
reduces the cleaning requirement and surfaces that
are regularly exposed to water remain clean. The
advantages are self-evident: a cleaner appearance
and considerably reduced maintenance demands,
[5][14].
(a)
(b)
Fig. 14. a- right, before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface. left,
after 224 days of weathering, [63]. b- Photocatalysis can aid in self-cleaning
and antibacterial activity and in the reduction of pollutants in the air, [6].cThin titanium dioxide coatings exhibit photocatalytic and hydrophilic
action. When the coatings are subjected to ultraviolet light, the photocatalyst
is process oxidizes foreign particles and decomposes them. When the
coatings are subjected to washing or rain, the hydrophilic action then causes
dirt particles to be carried away, [6].
(a)
(b)
 Easy-to-clean (ETC):(fig. 15)It is a: confused with
other self-cleaning functions, such as the
lotus-effect, easy-to-clean surfaces are smooth rather
than rough. These surfaces have a lower force of
surface attraction due to a decrease in their surface
energy. As a result it reduces surface adhesion, this
results in water to be repelled and in forming
droplets and running off. Easy-to-clean surfaces are
therefore hydrophobic, water-repellent and often
also oil-repellent, making them well suited for use in
bathrooms, [19].
The easy-to-clean function of surfaces is also often
confused with other photo-catalytic self-cleaning
functions. The primary difference here is that
easy-to-clean surface coatings do not require UV
light to operate, and their hydrophobic surface
properties cause water to run off in droplets rather
than forming a thin film of water, [5].
(c)
Fig. 13. [5]: a- The Lotus plant with its natural self-cleaning. b- Principle of
the Lotus-Effect works. c- The micro-structure of the surface of a Facade
coated with a nanotechnology-engineered Lotus-Effect color coating
emulates that of its natural namesake, [14].
 Self-cleaning: Photocatalysis: (fig. 14) Photocatalytic
coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2)
nanoparticles;
these
nanoparticles
initiate
photocatalysis, a process by which dirt is broken
down by exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays and
washed away by rain. VOCs (Volatile Organic
Compounds) are oxidized into carbon dioxide and
water. Today’s self-cleaning surfaces are made by
applying a thin nano-coating film, painting a
nano-coating on, or integrating nanoparticles into
the surface layer of a substrate material, [6][56].
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
103
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Solid-state lighting, (Light Emitting Diodes) LEDs
(point source) (fig.16-b,c) & OLEDs (sheet),
quantum caged atoms (QCAs). No other lighting
technology offers so much potential to save energy
and enhance the quality of buildings. Also,
Chromogenic materials change their optical
properties when subjected to a change in their
surrounding energy stimuli. Various kinds of
Nano-phosphors are already commonly used in
many lighting devices and LEDs, [6] [59].
(a)
(b)
Fig. 15.[5]: a-The angel of contact determines the hydrophobic degree of a
surface. The contact angle describes the degree of wetting, and is a function
of the relative surface tensions of the solids, water and air. b-―Roll-out
marble‖ impact resistant, fire-resistant, vapor permeable and yet
water-repellent & easy-to-clean. The product consists of 4 layers: (1-flexible
polymer matting as backing 2-colored ceramic material is applied 3-optional
printing 4-ceramised top coat)
 Antibacterial [5]: (fig. 16)
- Bactria are targeted and destroyed.
- The use of disinfectants can be reduced.
- Supports hygiene methods – especially in health
care environments.
Photocatalytic surfaces have an antibacterial side
effect due to their ability to break down organic
substances in dirt, with the help of silver
nanoparticles, [14].In addition, it is also advisable to
equip surfaces with an anti-stick function to prevent
the buildup of a bio-film of dead bacteria from which
new bacteria could eventually grow.
Nano-scalar silver particles contained in the glaze
applied to ceramic sanitary installations lend it
antibacterial properties. Contact surfaces such as
light switches, door grips and handles are typical
germ accumulators. An antibacterial material, such
as that used for this light switch, can prevent germs
spreading, [70].
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 16. [5]: a-Contact surfaces such as light switches, door grips and
handles are typical germ accumulators. An antibacterial material, such as
that used for this light switch, can prevent germs spreading. b- Nanoscalar
silver particles contained in the glaze applied to ceramic sanitary
installations lend it antibacterial properties.
(d)
Fig. 17. [5]: a- OLED structure, [67].b-Quantum dot LEDs, [3].
c,d-Solid-state lighting, Parts of an LED, [37]. e- Light Tree with Nano LED
and Nano solar cell, [49].
c) Energy
 Reduction of energy consumption
- Lighting (fig. 17): nanotechnological light
approaches could lead to a strong reduction of
energy consumption for illumination, [50]. Organic
light-emitting diode (OLED): [43] [59], are a new
and attractive class of solid-state light sources and
they are emerging as a compelling candidate to
replace conventional lighting systems for larger
illumination. OLED insure highly efficient,
long-lived natural light sources that can be
integrated into extremely thin, flexible panels, [43].
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
(e)
- Insulation
Thermal insulation: Vacuum insulation panels
(VIPs): [5] (fig. 18)
 Maximum thermal insulation.
 Minimum insulation thickness.
Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are ideally suited for
providing very good thermal insulation with a much
thinner insulation thickness than usual. In comparison
to conventional insulation materials such as
polystyrene, the thermal conductivity is up to ten times
lower. This results either in much higher levels of
104
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
thermal resistance at the same insulation thickness or
means that thinner insulation layers are required to
achieve the same level of insulation. In other words,
maximum thermal resistance can be achieved with
minimum insulation thinness, [18]. The thickness of
these VIPs ranges from 2mm to 40mm. Vacuum
insulation panels can be used both for new buildings
constructions as well as in conversion and renovation
work and can be applied to walls as well as floors. The
lifetime of modern panels is generally estimated at
between 30 and 50 years. It can be applied not just for
buildings but also to insulate pipelines, in electronics.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 19. a- how Aerogel looks like, [37]. b- Aerogel system, [52].
Nanogel and High performance day-lighting:
When incorporated into the following systems, in both
roofs and facades, Nanogel offers architects and
building owners a multitude of design benefits.
Whether the installation is horizontal, vertical or at an
angle, Nanogel retains its properties, enabling
unflinching thermal efficiency while allowing
exceptional daylight and optimized building aesthetics
without sacrificing, but actually improving, occupant
comfort and productivity, [39] (fig. 20).
(a)
(b)
Fig. 18. [5]: a- Vacuum insulation panels with a protective encasement,
Different sized vacuum Insulation panels in storage. b- VIP insulation must
be made to measure and fitted precisely on site.
Nanogel Aerogel: as a possible remedy, work by
Aspen Aerogels has produced an ultra-thin wall
insulation which uses a nanoporous aerogel structure
which is hydrophobic and repels water so it is mould
free. Another intriguing application of aerogels is silica
based products for transparent insulation that leads to
the possibility of super-insulating windows, [5] (fig.
19). It is sometimes called "frozen smoke". It is made
by Cabot Corporation, which has a plant in Frankfurt,
Germany. It is an aerogel that consists of 95% air, in
nano-sized pores that inhibit heat transfer through the
aerogel. It is made of grades of opaque to translucent. It
can be adapted to different environments, [53].
Aerogel has ALL of the following characteristics,
[52]:
1. High light transmission – 75% per cm
high-quality diffused light and sound
reduction
2. Low thermal conductivity – R-value of 8/inch
(U-value of .71 W/m2K)
3. Reduced solar heat gain
4. Sound attenuation – reduces transmitted noise
5. Permanence – resists color change, mold and
mildew, and performance degradation
6. Green product and manufacturing process
7. Reduced building energy consumption and
carbon footprint
8. Excellent light diffusion and reduction of solar
transmission. Low weight: 60-80 kg/m³
9. Aesthetically appealing, architectural freedom,
UV resistant (no discoloration).
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
(c)
(d)
(e)
Fig. 20. [5]: [39]: a- structural composite panels for skylights and facades .bTensile structures /fabric roofing. c- Unit skylights, roof lights, and smoke
vents. d- Continuous vaults and ridges with ventilation systems. e- nanogel
panels provide translucency and insulation, [3]..
Thin-film Insulation: (fig. 21), Thin films are thin
material layers ranging from fractions of a nanometre
(monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness.
Electronic semiconductor devices and optical coatings
are the main applications benefiting from thin film
construction, [70]. Insulating nanocoatings can also be
applied as thin films to glass and fabrics. Heat
absorbing films can be applied to windows as
wellbenefits include the ability to block solar heat and
up to 99 % of UV rays while allowing visible light to
pass through, [66].
105
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
 Energy Production (fig. 23): nanotechnology offers
most promises for renewable energy technologies.
Currently available nanotechnology solar cells are not
as efficient as traditional ones; however their lower cost
offsets this. In the long term nanotechnology versions
should both be lower cost and, using quantum dots,
should be able to reach higher efficiency levels than
conventional ones. By using nanoparticles in the
manufacture of solar cells have the following benefits:
Reduced manufacturing costs as a result of using a
low temperature process similar to printing instead
of the high temperature vacuumed position process
typically used to produce conventional cells made
with crystalline semiconductor material, [14].
Reduced installation costs achieved by producing
flexible rolls instead of rigid crystalline panels. Cells
made from semiconductor thin films will also have
this characteristic, [10].
Building solar cells containing nano-layers or
nano-rods could significantly increase the amount of
electricity converted from sunlight by using
nanostructured surfaces as more effective light
absorbers (variation of the absorbing wavelengths by
quantum dots) and Nano porous electrodes. These
same Nanomaterials are combined with plastic
electronics to develop semiconductor polymer
photovoltaic and they are especially advantages for
their lightweight and flexible properties
(a)
(b)
Fig. 21. a- thin film sheets, [70]. b- nano-film control of heat and energy
loads in building, [66].
Temperature regulation: Phase change material
(PCMs) [5] (fig. 22)
1. Passive temperature regulation.
2. Reduced heating and cooling demand.
Regulating the temperature of buildings consumes
vast quantities of energy for both heating and cooling,
in the process producing CO2 emissions. With the help
of nanotechnology, the energy consumption can be
significantly reduced (Sustainable Energy). Latent heat
storage, also known as phase change material
(PCM)[25], can be used as an effective means of
regulating indoor room temperatures.
PCMs are invariably made from paraffin and salt
hydrates. Minute paraffin globules with a diameter of
between 2 and 20 nm are enclosed in a sealed plastic
sheathing. These can be integrated into typical building
materials, whereby around 3 million such capsules fit in
a single square centimeter, [25] [13]. The predefined,
so-called switching temperature, in which the phase
change from one physical state to another occurs in
latent heat storing materials designed for construction,
is defined as 25°C, as above this temperature the indoor
air temperature is generally regarded as being
unpleasantly warm. Depending upon the PCM used, to
regulate a 5°C increase in temperature only 1 mm of
phase change material is required in comparison to
10-40 mm of concrete. The PCM has a far greater
thermal capacity, [13]: a concrete wall warms up much
more quickly whilst the temperature of a PCM remains
unchanged.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 23. a-Nanosolar combines a host of innovations to deliver a distinct
overall cost reduction, [62]. b- Thin-film solar nanotechnology products of
nanotechnology solar cells, [3]. c- Making solar smaller and stronger, [3].
(b)
d) Electronics / Sensors (fig. 24): nano and
micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors have
been developed and used in construction to monitor and/or
control the environment condition and the materials/structure
performance.
(c)
Fig. 22. [5]: a- Close-up of a phase-changing material embedded in glazing.
b- Right; an image of an opened microcapsule embedded in a concrete
carrier matrix, taken using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Left; an
image of minute paraffin-filled capsules in their solid state, taken using light
microscopy. They exhibit an exceptionally high thermal capacity and during
a phase change turn to liquid. c- Layer composition of a decorative PCM
gypsum plaster applied to a masonry substrate. Although only 15mm thick, it
contains 3KG of micro-encapsulated latent heat storage material per square
meter.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
One advantage of these sensors is their dimension, nanosensor
ranges from 10-9 m to 10-5m. The micro sensor ranges from
10-4 to 10-2 m, [72]. These sensors could be embedded into
the structure during the construction process. Nanosensors
embedded in building materials will gather data on the
106
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Nanotechnology is opening new possibilities in Sustainable
building through products like Structural materials&
non-Structural materials. These materials are opening new
frontiers in green building, offering unprecedented
performance in energy efficiency, durability, economy and
sustainability, [64].
environment, building users, and material performance, even
interacting with users and other sensors until buildings
become networks of intelligent, interacting components, [10].
Smart aggregate, a low cost piezoceramic-based
multi-functional device, has been applied to monitor early age
concrete properties such as moisture, temperature, relative
humidity and early age strength development, [22] [26]. The
sensors can also be used to monitor concrete corrosion and
cracking. The smart aggregate can also be used for structure
health monitoring. The disclosed system can monitor internal
stresses, cracks and other physical forces in the structures
during the structures' life. It is capable of providing an early
indication of the health of the structure before a failure of the
structure can occur.
By comparing the development in nanotechnology with the
need for sustainability in construction will come up with six
nano-thematic pillars, which are, [64]:
1. Nanostructured materials
2. Nanostructured surfaces
3. Nano-optics
4. Nanosensors& electronics
5. Nano-related integrated environmental
remediation
6. Nano-related integrated energy production &
storage
These pillars form the basis to start linking these up with
specific construction requirements, but this task needs more
work. It entails developing new problem definitions in a
longer
dialogue
between
nanotechnology
and
construction,(innovation
trends
and
dynamics
of
nanotechnology in construction).Nanotech innovations
currently available seem therefore not only able to have a
significant impact on the characteristics and performance of
building components, but also, in perspective, to bring
changes in the relationship between the designer and the
conventional ―palette‖ of materials used in architectural
design.
Fig. 24. Smart environments integrate nanosensors and microsensors, [3].
Initially, building components will become smarter, gathering
data on temperature, humidity, vibration, stress, decay and a
host of other factors. This information will be invaluable in
monitoring and improving building maintenance and safety.
Dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be
expected as well, as, for instance, environmental control
systems recognize patterns of building occupancy and adjust
heating and cooling accordingly, [10] [7]. Similarly, windows
are self-adjusted to reflect or let pass solar radiation.
Eventually, networks of embedded sensors will interact with
those worn or implanted in building users, resulting in ―smart
environments‖ that self-adjust to individual needs and
preferences. Everything from room temperature to wall color
could be determined based on invisible, passive
correspondence between sensors.
In nanotech architecture, new materials will allow the
realization of that buildings are able to create a dynamic
relationship with environmental factors and with electrical
and electronic impulses activated by man, modifying their
performance, their appearance and even their shape in relation
to external stimuli, in order to ensure comfort and energy
savings, but also to use the architecture itself as a
communication ―interface‖, enhancing the possibilities of
information exchange and mutual interaction, [35][16]. One
of the main aspects concerning the contribution of
nanotechnology to the architectural design is in fact linked to
the possibility of creating a new generation of green buildings
characterized by the use of innovative materials able to
connect the needs of low environmental impact together with
aesthetic and communicative aspects of architecture.
The study introduce a new methodology for Sustainable
NanoArchitecture Architecture (SNA) – new vision. (fig. 25).
V.
NANO INNOVATION IN CONSTRUCTION, A NEW ERA OF
SUSTAINABILITY (FUTURE CHALLENGE AND DIRECTION)
A key factor to consider in relation to the increasing
transfer of nanotechnology in the construction industry is the
need to control environmental and social impacts.
Sustainability and environmental issues caused by growing
economic development has gained intensive worldwide
attention. Since the construction industry is heavily involved
in the economic development and consumes great amount of
resources and energy, its impact on environment is
significant, [1][68]. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to
regulate the construction and its related performance to
sustainable manners. Sustainable buildings are much cheaper
to heat, cool, and light, because they consume so much less
energy and they produce correspondingly less pollution. Last
but not least, they are healthier spaces in which to work or
live, the ultimate goal is to humanity, [1][6].
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
107
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Sustainable NanoArchitecture Architecture (SNA)
(GNA) Green Nano
Architecture
Applications of NEMS to
reinforced concrete structures
Building Life Cycle
Nano Tech. innovation for (SNA)
Positiveimplementatio
n from SNA & nano
tech. innovation
Sustainable NanoArchitecture Architecture (SNA)
Benefits
Eco NanoArchitecture
Adaptability to Existing Buildings
Bio NanoArchitecture
Smart NanoArchitecture
Reduced Processing Energy
Nanosensors and Smart Environments
Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) Linked with DNA
Fig. 25.New vision of (SNA).
A. Green NanoArchitecture:
GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY + ARCHITECTURE =
GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE
Green nanotechnology is the development of clean
technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and
human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of
nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of
existing products with new nano-products that are more
environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle.",
[11][20].
Promoters of green nanotechnology intend to apply the
principles of sustainability. It also refers to the use of
nanotechnology to enhance the environmental, sustainability
of processes currently producing negative externalities. It is
about doing things right in the first place -about making green
nano-products and using nano-products in support of
sustainability.
 The second: goal of green nanotechnology involves
developing products that benefit the environment either
directly or indirectly. Nanomaterials or products
directly can clean hazardous waste sites, desalinate
water, treat pollutants, and monitor environmental
pollutants, [1].Indirectly, nanotechnology-enabled fuel
cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could reduce
pollution from energy generation and help conserve
fossil fuels; self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings
could reduce or eliminate many cleaning chemicals;
and enhanced battery life could lead to less material use
and less waste.
So, Green Nanotechnology will lead to Sustainable
Nanotechnology; which takes a broad systems view of
nanomaterials and products, ensuring that unforeseen
consequences are minimized and that impacts are anticipated
throughout the full lifecycle.
Green Nanotechnology goals:
 The first: nanomaterials and products are produced
without harming the environment or humanhealth,
also
producing
nano-products
that
provideinnovative solutions for the growing
environmental challenges. It usesexisting principles
of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering to make
nanomaterials and nano- products without toxic
ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy,
renewable inputswherever possible, using lifecycle
thinking in all design and engineering stages,
[20][35].
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
B. Applications of NEMS to reinforced concrete Structures
The application of NEMS (Nano Electronical Mechanical
Systems) in reinforced concrete structures is a particularly
interesting innovation aimed at achieving a better
understanding of the behavior of concrete. NEMS devices
integrate electrical and mechanical properties at the nanoscale
and could allow measuring the basic characteristics of the
material (density and viscosity, shrinkage, temperature,
humidity, CO2 concentration, pH) over time, as well as
monitoring the stress states, the reinforcement corrosion or
108
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
other structural damages, [12][16]. NEMS are currently
tested as admixtures, but the goal is to apply them on existing
structures through paints or sprays, also to get a better
distribution on the surfaces to be monitored. In addition to the
potential lowering of maintenance costs, the possibility of a
continuous monitoring of concrete structures would result in a
more comprehensive knowledge of internal forces
distribution, thus optimizing structural shape and section,
reducing the amounts of material used.
the new skin provides us with every necessary source. The
membrane will move around in order to get into the best
position to make use of as much energy as possible, (fig. 27).
C. Building life cycle (sustainable nanoarchitecture vision)
A ―cradle-to-grave‖ analysis of building products, from the
gathering of raw materials to their ultimate disposal, provides
a better understanding of the long-term costs of materials.
These costs are paid not only by the client, but also by the
owner, the occupants, and the environment. The principles of
Life Cycle Design provide important guidelines for the
selection of building materials, [1][70]. Each step of the
manufacturing process, from gathering raw materials,
manufacturing, distribution, and installation, to ultimate reuse
or disposal, is examined for its environmental impact. A
material’s life cycle can be organized into three phases:
Pre-Building, Building, and Post-Building. These stages
parallel the life cycle phases of the building itself, (fig.26).
Manufacture




Extraction
Processing
Packaging
Shipping




Use
Construction
Installation
Operation
Maintenance
Post-building
Phase
Waste
Disposal
 Recycling
 Reuse
Fig. 26. Three phases of the building material life cycle, [8].
VI.
NANO TECH. INNOVATION FOR (SNA)
A. Eco NanoArchitecture (Ecological NanoArchitecture)
Eco-systems can help us to formulate strategies for a
sustainable urban future with Nanotechnology; that will be
achieved by combining electronics with bio-chemical
functionalities which lead to a new material that acts like a
sensitive functional skin that is ―alive‖ and it harnesses
energy.
One
of
the
most
creative
innovations
of
Eco-nanoarchitecture is; the shifting from the current state
where the building surfaces are benign inert ―dumb‖ materials
only used for construction and shielding purposes to sensitive
functional skins that are ―alive‖ and act as membranes to
harness energy. A membrane creates a strong link between the
exterior and interior of the building and is used as a
transporter collecting and channelling the elements of air
water and light - from the outside feeding into the inside
space. The membrane supplies the building with all necessary
sources to be able to live off the grid, [58]. This means that it
is possible to forget about our dependence on the grid because
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
(c)
(d)
B. Bio NanoArchitecture: Biological NanoArchitecture&
(NVS)
Using nano-manufacturing with bioengineered organisms
as a production method, absorb and transform natural energy
from the environment (Sunlight and Wind.). The fact of using
nano-bioengineering and nano-manufacturing as means of
production is to achieve an efficient zero emission material
which uses the right kind and amount of material where
needed. These micro-organisms have not been genetically
altered; they work as a trained colony where each member has
a specific task in this symbiotic process.
(NVS), Nano Vent-Skin is a personal project aimed to
trigger new approaches into greener and more energy efficient
structures. It tries to make objects greener with a skin made
out of micro wind turbines. A scale model was developed in
order to test the wind turbines and do changes that might
improve the design. Each wind micro turbine is 25mm long by
10.8mm wide. NVS is not trying to reinvent or reshape nature.
It’s just acting as a merger of different means and approaches
into energy absorption and transformation, which will never
happen in nature, [57][44] (FIG. 28).
Reuse
Building
Phase
(b)
Fig. 27. [58]: a- Off the Grid: Sustainable Habitat 2020. b- The skin
interaction strategy. c-The active skin moves to channel light and generate
energy. d-generating the energy and filtering the air to provide clean air
inside the building.
Recycle
Pre-Building
Phase
(a)
(d)
Fig. 28. [57]: a- Nano Vent-Skin, the ultimate green wall. b- NVS Structure
panel. c- Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures. d- NVS
interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2.
109
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
C. Smart NanoArchitecture
Buildings that exist in Symbiotic Harmony with Nature,
created from the subatomic level without the use of natural
resources, waste-producing factories or laborious physical
labor, these masterfully-programmed buildings will not outdo
the modesty of the natural world. They will exist in symbiotic
harmony with the natural environment, adjusting their forms
to the needs of people and the seasonal changes of light,
temperature and humidity, [4] (fig.29)
Also, nanoparticle paint from Ecology Coatings will reduce
the energy used in coating application by 25 % and materials
costs by 75 %, [3].
3) Nanosensors and Smart Environments: Initially, building
components will become smarter, gathering data on
temperature, humidity, vibration, stress, decay and a host of
other factors. This information will be invaluable in
monitoring and improving building maintenance and safety.
Dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be
expected as well, as, for instance, environmental control
systems recognize patterns of building occupancy and adjust
heating and cooling accordingly, [10] [7]. Similarly,
windows are self-adjusted to reflect or let pass solar
radiation. Eventually, networks of embedded sensors will
interact with those worn or implanted in building users,
resulting in ―smart environments‖ that self-adjust to
individual needs and preferences. Everything from room
temperature to wall color could be determined based on
invisible, passive correspondence between sensors. The
self-healing house walls will be built from novel load
bearing steel frames and high-strength gypsum board, and
will contain nano polymer particles that will turn into a
liquid when squeezed under pressure, flow into the cracks to
harden and form a solid material
Fig. 29. Exist in symbiotic harmony with the natural, [4].
D. Benefits OF SNA
1) Adaptability to Existing Buildings: application of
insulating nanocoatings to existing buildings will be one
of the greatest contributions of nanotechnology to the
reduction of carbon emissions worldwide in the 21st
century. Insulating nanocoatings could exceed the
insulating values of conventional materials through the
much simpler application of an invisible coating to the
building envelope.
Aerogels could play a major role in insulating existing
structures. Further study is needed to determine the exact
insulating value of nanocoating products and improving
their energy conservation capabilities, [10].
Thin-film organic solar technology enabled by
nanotechnology; thin-film solar cells can be produced on
plastic rolls, bringing dramatic price reductions over
traditional glass plate technology. In addition, flexible
plastic solar cells are much more adaptable to building
facades than rigid glass plates, making building
integrating photovoltaic more affordable and adaptable,
[69].
VII. MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY (MNT) LINKED
WITH DNA
MNT represents a new phase in the evolution of manmade
structures. The molecular building process is not biological,
but mechanical; living cells are replicated by dividing,
assemblers replicate mechanically, by building others.
Nanotech does not use living ribosome's but robotic
assemblers, not veins but conveyor belts, not muscles but
motors, not genes but computers, not dividing cells but small
factories producing products and additional factories.
Advanced studies link the processes of DNA with molecular
growth. It has been discovered that DNA governs the
continuity and growth of all living things, [4].
It is possible at this time to transfer the exact pattern of
DNA to an artificial code; the artificial genetic code enables,
growth, adaptation, evolution, and replication of buildings
permitting architecture to design itself. Artificial DNA, or
coding, is essential to the process of molecular
nanotechnology. If molecular structures are to reproduce and
build products; they must be given directions as to what to
build, how, when, and where. "It is important to know that
molecular assemblers cannot build anything by themselves,"
writes Bill Spence. "All products familiar today and
inventions of future products to be built by MNT must be
re-designed, engineered, molecularly modeled and translated
into functional software.", [61] (fig. 30).
2) Reduced Processing Energy: Because buildings typically
use five times as much energy in their operation as in all
other phases of their life cycle. Energy saving strategies
focus primarily on reducing operating energy costs.
However, nanotechnology is demonstrating considerable
savings during the manufacturing of building-related
products as well, [10].
Energy savings from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and
organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) will also be
substantial, given their dramatically superior efficiency as
compared to conventional lighting.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
110
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
 Innovative technologies such as nanotechnology give
us the opportunity to move into new
highvalue-added areas both by creating new
architecture
and
by
radically
changing
traditionalones.
 The applications of the nanotechnology in
architecture can vary widely from early stages
of design to the final touches of finishes and
throughout the building's lifecycle.
 Nanotechnology remains in its pre-exploration stage;
it is just emerging from fundamental research to the
industrial application. Therefore, full-scale
applications, especially in construction, are limited.
However,
the
tremendous
potential
of
nanotechnology to improve the performance of
conventional materials and processes is most
promising. So, the time is now to change our thought
of sustainability. Because the dreams now are true,
that by using Nanotechnology and Nanotech
Materials we will achieve Truly Sustainable
Construction in this era of nanoinnovation
 Nanotech Innovations and Sustainable Building
- The contribution of nanotech innovations to the
different types of construction materials and
products represents an important resource to
drive the choice of technology options and the
building’s design in an eco-efficient perspective.
It is already possible to identify in certain types
of
nanostructured
materials
and
nano-nonstructured materials a significant
response to the need of reducing the
environmental impacts of industrial processes in
the construction field.
- Nanotechnologies
determine
interactions
between design and manufacturing process, with
possible implications on common design
practice, introducing not only new materials but
also new architectural concepts.
- The more the ability to control matter at the
molecular level will be increased, the more it will
be potentially possible its design and its
manipulation; but because of the complexity of
the ―molecular design‖, without an adequate
support of knowledge it will be increasingly
difficult for architects and designers to know the
exact composition of materials used in buildings
or the potential consequences in the various
phases of the life cycle.
- Considering the wide range of application fields,
the risk factors associated with the use of
nanotech-based products must be extremely
clear, pushing for a regulation at the international
level which, combined with a greater awareness
of designers, will allow toorient the construction
industry toward innovations based on
increasingly safe and efficient nanotechnology
applications.
- The architectural disciplines must then be able to
support and guide the innovations produced in
the field of nanotechnology, understanding the
complexity of these processes in order to provide
a cultural and technical support that may lead to a
gradual diffusion of nanotechnology in
(b)
(a)
VIII.
(c)
Fig. 30. a- Artificial DNA double helix nanostructure, [4]. b- Molecular
DNA Growth –Molecular Building Process, [23].c- Detail of
molecular-engineered Multistory Apartment Building, [23].
IX.
NANOTECHNOLOGY RISK
There is no doubt that nanotechnology has great potential
to bring benefits to society over a wide range of applications,
but it is recognized that care has to be taken to ensure these
advances come about in as a safe manner as possible, [47].
Some engineered nanoparticles, including carbon
nanotubes, although offering tremendous opportunities also
may pose risks which have to be addressed sensibly in order
that the full benefits can be realized. We have all learned how
to handle electricity, gas, steam and even cars, airplanes and
mobile phones in a safe manner because we need their
benefits. The same goes for engineered nanoparticles. Mostly
they will be perfectly safe, embedded within other materials,
such as polymers, [65].
There is some possibility that free nanoparticles of a
specific length scales may pose health threats if inhaled,
particularly at the manufacturing stage. So, industry and
government must be very conscious of this, are funding
research into identifying particles that may pose a hazard to
health or the environment, and how these risks may be
quantified, and minimized over the whole lifecycle of a given
nanoparticles.
X.
CONCLUSION
 Nanotechnology has changed and will continue to
change our vision, expectations and abilities to
control the materials world.These developments will
definitely affect construction and construction
materials.
 The task of the architect has always been to find a
balance between art and science.
 Nanotechnology will result in a unique next
generation of materials-based products that
havehyper-performance and superior serviceability
when used in severe environments.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
111
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
construction, minimizing the possible risk factors
and maximizing the benefits achieved through
their conscious application in the field of the
materials and the design of the architecture
[11]
XI.
FUTURE CHALLENGE AND DIRECTION:
While nanotechnology based construction products
provide many advantages to the design and construction
process, the production of these products, however, require a
lot of energy. Also, the nanotubes might cause a lung problem
to construction workers. In other words, it creates an
environmental challenge to the construction industry as well.
Sustainability and environmental issues caused by growing
economic development has gained intensive statewide and
worldwide attention. Since the construction industry is
heavily involved in the economic development and consumes
great amount of resources and energy, its impact on
environment is significant. Therefore, it is necessary and
urgent to regulate the construction and its related performance
to sustainable manners. The nanotechnology becomes a
double-edge sword to the construction industry. More
research and practice efforts are needed with smart design and
planning, construction projects can be made sustainable and
therefore save energy, reduce resource usage, and avoid
damages to environment. It is necessary to establish a system
to identify the environmentally friendly and sustainable of
construction nanomaterials and to avoid the use of harmful
materials in the future.
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
REFERENCES
[19]
(Books)
[1] Daniel, E. W. (2007). Sustainable Design: ECOLOGY,
ARCHITECTURE, AND PLANNING, published by John Wiley&
sons, Inc., Hobkon, New Jersey, USA.
[2] Drexler, K.E., Peterson, C. & Pergamit G. (1991), Unbounding the
Future: The Nanotechnology Revolution, William Morrow, New York,
USA.
[3] Elvin, G. (2007), Nanotechnology for Green Building, Green
Technology Forum, Published by Wiley and Princeton Architectural
Press, USA.
[4] Johansen, J. M. (2002), Nanoarchitecture: A New Species of
Architecture. Princeton Architectural Press New York, USA.
[5] Leydecker, S. (2008).Nano Materials in architecture, Interior
architecture and Design, Springer Science & Business Media,
Birkhäuser, Berlin, Germany.
[6] Michael, F. A., Paulo J. F., Daniel L. S. (2009).NanoMaterials,
Nano-Technologies and Design, An Introduction for Engineers and
Architects, Elsevier Ltd., Uk.
[7] Ritter, A. (2007). Smart Materials in architecture, interior architecture
and design, Springer Science & Business Media, Birkhäuser, Berlin,
Germany.
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
(Ebooks)
[8] Jong, J. K., Brenda R., Jonathan G. (2009). Sustainable Architecture
Module: Qualities, Use, and Examples of Sustainable Building
Materials College of Architecture and Urban Planning The University
of
Michigan,
http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/A
RCHsbmIntro.pdfRetrieved July,.
[9] Bookers, R., Boysen, E. (2005). Nanotechnology for the Dummies,
The hitchhiker's guide to Nanotechnology. Wiley Publishing Inc.,
Hobkon, New Jersey, USA.
http://blogs.cimav.edu.mx/daniel.glossman/data/files/Nanotecnolog%
C3%ADa/Nanotechnology%20for%20Dummies.pdf
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
(Journals)
[10] Ayşin, S., Meltem, E. (2014). Nanotechnology Innovations for the
Sustainable Buildings of the Future, World Academy of Science,
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
112
Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil,
Architectural, Structural and Construction Engineering Vol:8 No:8,
2014
International
Science
Index
Vol:8,
No:8.
http://waset.org/publications/9999095/nanotechnology-innovations-f
or-the-sustainable-buildings-of-the-future
Bigley, C., Greenwood P. (2003). ―Using Silica to Control Bleed and
Segregation in Self-Compacting Concrete.‖ Concrete, vol. 37, no. 2,
p.43-45. http://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2910
Florence, S., Konstantin, S. (2010), Nanotechnology in concrete – A
review, Construction and Building Materials, volume24,
2060–2071.www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
Hasan, A., et al (2010). Evaluation of phase change materials for
thermal regulation enhancement of building integrated photovoltaics.
Solar Energy, vol. 84,no 9, pp. 1601-1612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.06.010
www.elsevier.com/locate/solener
Inas, H. I.A. (2014).Nanomaterials and their applications in interior
design, American International Journal of Research in Humanities,
Arts and Social Sciences, 7(1), June-August, pp. 16-27.
http://www.iasir.net
Konstantin, S., Miguel, F. G. (2005), How Nanotechnology Can
Change the Concrete World, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol.
84,
No.
10
,
October.
https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/sobolev/www/SobolevP1.pdf
Leone, M.F. (2011) Nanotechnology for Architecture. Innovation and
Eco-Efficiency of Nanostructured Cement-Based Materials.
Architectural
Engineering
Technology.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2168-9717.1000102
Li, G. (2004). ―Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete
Incorporating Nano-SiO2.‖ Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34,
p.1043-1049.http://www.researchgate.net/researcher/81122207_Geng
ying_Li
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.013
M. Alam et al. (2011), Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) for building
construction industry – A review of the contemporary developments
and future directions Applied Energy 88, 3592–3602.
www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.040
Monica, J. H, Andrew, T. H. (2013). Nanotechnology innovations for
the construction industry, Progress in Materials Science 58
1056–1102. www.elsevier.com/ locate/pmatsci
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.04.001
Matthew, J., Julie, B., Paul, T. (2008) Toward Green Nano. E-factor
analysis of several nanomaterial syntheses. Journal of Industrial
Ecology
12:
316-328.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00043.
x/pdf
Oster, w. et.al (2007) ―Preparation of Nano-Gypsum from Anhydrite
Nanoparticles: Strongly Increased Vickers Hardness and Formation of
Calcium Sulfate Nano-Needles,‖ Chemistry and Apllied Biosciences,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Wolfgang-Pauli
Strasse 10, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI E 105, Zurich 8093, Switzerland,
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Volume 9, Number 2, April , pp.
275-281(7).
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-006-9149-7#pag
e-1
Saafi, M., Romine, P. (2005).‖ Nano- and Micro-technology.‖
Concrete
International,
Vol.
27
No.
12,
p
28-34.http://www.concrete.org/Publications/InternationalConcreteAb
stractsPortal.aspx?m=details&i=14949
Sammar, Z. M. (2014). Nano Science and nano technology in
Architecture International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, November,. http://www .ijser.org
Selvam, R. (2006), ―Potential Applications of Nanotechnology for
Improved Performance of Asphalt Pavements,‖ Transportation
Research
Board,
July
1,
http://rip.trb.org/browse/dproject.asp?n=13660
Sharma, et al. (2009), Review on thermal energy storage with phase
change materials and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 13, 318–345. www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005
Song, Gl, Gu, H., Mo,Y. (2008). ―Smart Aggregates: Multi-Functional
Sensors for Concrete Structures—a Tutorial and a 001.pdf
Steve, M. (2005), ―U. T. Dallas-Led Research Team Produces Strong,
Transparent Carbon Nanotube Sheets,‖ UT Dallas News Release, Aug.
18,
http://www.utdallas.edu/news/archive/2005/carbon-nanotube-sheets.h
tml
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
[28] V.R.Rathi,C.D.Modhera. (2014). An overview on the Influence of
NanoMaterials on Properties of Concrete, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3,
Issue
2,
February.
http://www.ijirset.com/upload/2014/february/20_Anoverview.pdf
[51] Nanoarchitecture
http://sensingarchitecture.com/1347/the-future-of-architecture-with-n
anotechnology-video/ 2007
[52] Nanogel
benefits
http://www.architects24.com/products/product-daylighting/231-cabot
-corporation-nanogel-aerogel/index.html 2011 Retrieved on: 2011
[53] Nanogel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanogel_(insulation) 2010
[54] Nanotechnology.
http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/faqs.html.
Retrieved December, 2009.
[55] NCCO http://www.rht.com.hk/ncco.php retrieved on: 2010
[56] Next
Generation
Building
Cleaning
Solution
.
http://www.edgecryojetics.com/pages/selfcleaning.html . Retrieved
July, 2009.
[57] NVS, http://nanoventskin.blogspot.com/ retrieved on: 2009
[58] Off
the
Grid.
Sustainable
Habitat
2020
http://www.yatzer.com/1095_off_the_gridsustainable_habitat_2020
[59] Research and Markets, "Nanotechnologies for Sustainable Energy:
Reducing Carbon Emissions through Clean Technologies and
Renewable
Energy
Sources
(Portable
Electronics
Sector)‖http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c58018
[60] SmartGlass
International,
―About
SmartGlass
International,‖http://www.smartglassinternational.com/
[61] The
Future
of
Architecture
with
Nanotechnology.
http://sensingarchitecture.com/1347/the-future-of-architecture-with-n
anotechnologyvideo/. Retrieved March, 2010.
[62] Thin-Film Solar http://www.nanosolar.com/technology. Retrieved
March, 2010.
[63] TiPE Worldwide, Advanced nanotechnology, the power drives the
future, www.tipe.com.cn
[64] Walsh, B. (2007), ―Environmentally Beneficial Nanotechnologies,‖
Oakdene Hollins for Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs,
May,
www.defra.gov.uk/environment/nanotech/policy/pdf/envbeneficial-re
port.pdf
[65] What’s
nanotechnology.
http://www.nano.org.uk/whatis.htm.
Retrieved September, 2014.
[66] Window
thin
Filmhttp://www.saflex.com/en/DownloadLibrary.aspx?f1=archi
retrieved on: 2010
[67] www.HowStuffWorks.com
(Published conference proceedings)
[29] Feynman, R. (1960),―There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom‖ (reprint
from speech given at annual meeting of the West of the American
Physical
Society,
Eng.
Sci.,
23,
22–36.
http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/47/3/ES.23.5.1960.0.pdf
[30] Garcia-Luna, A., and Diego R B., (, 2005). ―High Strength
Micro/Nano Fine Cement,‖ 2nd International Symposium on
Nanotechnology in Construction, Bilbao, Spain, November 13-16, pp.
285-292. http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/527445371.pdf
[31] Ge, z., Gao, Z. (2008), Applications of Nanotechnology and
Nanomaterials in Construction, First International Conference on
Construction In Developing Countries (ICCIDC–I), ―Advancing and
Integrating Construction Education, Research & Practice‖, August
4-5,
Karachi,
Pakistan.http://civil.neduet.edu.pk/ICCIDC-I/Conference%20Proceed
ings/Papers/025.pdf
[32] Mann, S. (2006). ―Nanotechnology and Construction,‖ Nanoforum
Report, May 30. Nov. http://www.nanotechproject.org/publications
[33] Sobolev, K. and Gutierrez, M. F., (2005). ―How Nanotechnology can
Change the Concrete World,‖American Ceramic Society Bulletin, vol.
84,
no.
11,
p.
16-20.
https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/sobolev/www/SobolevP2.pdf
[34] Whatmore, R.W. and Corbett, J. (1995), ―Nanotechnology in the
Marketplace,‖ : Computing & Control Engineering Journal,Volume 6,
Issue 3,June 1995, p.106 – 107.
http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/cce_1995030
1
[35] Winandy, J. E., ―Achieving Resource Sustainability and Enhancing
Economic Development through Biomass Utilization,‖ in International
Workshop on Prefabricated Housing From Bamboo Based Panels,
November24-25,
2005,
Beijing.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237260801_Achieving_Reso
urce_Sustainability_and_Enhancing_Economic_Development_throu
gh_Biomass_Utilization
(Electronic sources)
[36] AG, E. (2006), ―Erlus Lotus,‖, http://www.erlus.de/index.php?lg=en
[37] David S., ( 2008) Nanotech Materials for Truly Sustainable
Construction,
February
13.http://www.remington-partners.com/images/NanotechMaterials.pd
f
[38] David S., John F. (2007). Sustainability: Glimpses of 21st Century
Architecture,
http://www.entretechforum.org/pdfs/Entretech-Nano%2012.18.07%2
0David%20Sykes-pdf.pdf
[39] Daylighting systems http://www.cabot-corp.com/Aerogel/Daylighting
2011
[40] Derek M., Neil S. (2013), The Benefits of Dynamic Glazing, SAGE
Electrochromics,
Inc.
July.
http://sageglass.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SAGE-benefits_of
_dynamic_glazing.pdf
[41] European Commission (2009) Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies:
an
action
plan
for
Europe
2005-2009.
Bruxelles.
http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/pdf/nano_action_
plan_en.pdf
[42] Fiberline
Composites,
―Plastic
Composites,‖
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/home/index.asp
[43] Grabowski, S. (2009), "Introduction to OLEDs", Philips Technologies,
http://www.oled100.eu/pdf/OLED100Newsletter_v3final.pdf
[44] http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/06/19/nanoventskin/index
.html
[45] http://www.mmfxsteel.com/index.shtml
[46] http://www.nanovations.com.au/wood.care.UV.htm
[47] http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1007.php
[48] K
&
W
Products
Inc.
(2006),
―NanoBreeze‖,
http://www.nanobreeze.com/index.html
[49] Light
Tree
http://www.evolo.us/architecture/light-tree-a-very-green-solution-to-p
edestrian-lighting/#more-3336 Retrieved on: 2012
[50] List of nanotechnology applications - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
(Reports)
[68] Andersen, M., Molin, M. (2007), NanoByg – a survey of
nanoinnovation in Danish construction, Risoe National Laboratory
Information
Service
Department,
Denmark.
www.realdania.dk/.../nanobyg_report_may_2007.pdf
[69] Faten. F.F. (2012), NanoArchitecture and Sustainability, (M. Thesis),
University of Alexandria, Arch. Dpt. Jun.
[70] Fahd. A. H. (2010). "GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE" (M. Thesis),
University of Alexandria, Arch. Dpt., 2010
[71] Hatem S., Amr, H., Sami, R. (2007). EVALUATION OF BOND
CHARACTERISTICS OF MMFX STEEL, Constructed Facilities
Laboratory Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental
Engineering,
North
Carolina
State
University,
june.(
http://mmfx.com/doc2/Evaluation_Bond_Characteristics_Seliem.pdf)
[72] Liu, R., Zhang, Z., Zhong, R., Chen, X., Li, J.(2007), ―Nanotechnology
Synthesis
Study:
Research
Report‖.
http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5239-1
.pdf
[73] Maged. F. (2008), ―NanoArchitecture: Nanotechnology and
Architecture‖ (M. Thesis), University of Alexandria, Arch. Dpt., 2008
[74] Mohamed, M. F., (2010). Nanomaterials & Architecture
"SUSTAINABLE NANOARCHITECTURE, (M. Thesis), University
of Alexandria, Arch. Dpt
[75] nanoforum.org, European Nanotechnology Gateway, Nanoforum
report: Nanotechnology and Construction. November 2006.
http://nanotech.law.asu.edu/Documents/2009/10/Nanotech%20and%
20Construction%20Nanoforum%20report_259_9089.pdf
Associate Prof Dr. Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed
was born in El- Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Bachelor
of architecture (very good with Honours degree,
1997). Obtained M.Sc. Degree in Architectural
Engineering in 2001, Obtained Doctor of Philosophy
Degree (Ph.D.) in Architectural Engineering in 2004.
All from department of architectural engineering,
faculty of Engineering, Tanta University. The major
field is building Technology. She is an Associate
113
2015 International Conference on Environment And Civil Engineering (ICEACE’2015) April 24-25, 2015 Pattaya (Thailand)
Professor in Department of Architectural engineering, faculty of
Engineering, Tanta University. Also she is an Architect consultant in faculty
of engineering, Tanta University, she made many project in the university
and her own. She had done over 15 international research in all building
technology fields from 2006 until now.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IAE.IAE0415416
114