An Initiative on Low-Cost Monitoring of Haze Air Quality Disaster in Rural Communities in Thailand Apinun Tunpan1, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh2, Giovanni Pau3 1 Internet Education and Research Laboratory (intERLab) 2 School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand 3 LIP6, France 26 May 2015 Agenda • Who we are • Motivation • The Haze Problem in Northern Thailand • Our Initiative & Invitation intERLab’s ICT4D : Community Wireless Mesh Network (CWMN) Our CWMN operates as a multi-hop village wireless mesh network, providing Wi-Fi services to rural households CWMN deployment in rural villages in Thailand Rural villagers can then do VoIP calls, watch video-ondemand (VoD) and share Internet access CWMN Abstract Arts ! Wireless Sensor Network @ AIT Wireless Sensor Network Testbed @ AIT Wireless Sensor Network Testbed @ AIT Monitoring : pieces of “Big Data” 11 Motivation At our two Community Wireless Mesh Network (CWMN) deployment s i t e s : Ta k a n d C h i a n g R a i p r o v i n c e s , v i l l a g e r s e n c o u n t e r h a z e e v e r y y e a r. S A M P L E P I C T U R E S W H I L E O N O U R W AY T O A D E P L O Y M E N T S I T E IN 2014 Haze in northern Thailand is typically caused by post-harvest field burnings Image credit: ThaiPBS Haze and Particulate Matter PM10 — coarse particulate — smaller than 10 micrometers typical dust PM2.5 — fine particulate — smaller than 2.5 micrometers Haze, smoke Image credit: https://dec.alaska.gov/air/anpms/pm/pm_health.htm Why is PM dangerous ? Large PM causes airway irritation, aggravation of lung, heart, asthma diseases Fine PM can pass through body’s defense mechanisms (e.g. nose hairs, mucous) and goes deep down into your lungs, into your blood stream. Image credit: http://mde.maryland.gov/programs/ResearchCenter/ReportsandPublications/Pages/ResearchCenter/publications/general/emde/ vol1no12/particlepollution_photo.aspx 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1/1/2007 Fires seen as hotspots in MODIS, Chiangmai episode, March 07 2/12/2007 2/19/2007 2/12/2007 2/19/2007 1/29/2007 1/29/2007 2/5/2007 1/22/2007 1/22/2007 2/5/2007 1/15/2007 1/15/2007 NAAQS 24h PM10 = 120 ug/m3 1/8/2007 2/26/2007 3/5/2007 3/12/2007 3/19/2007 3/26/2007 4/2/2007 4/9/2007 4/16/2007 4/23/2007 3/5/2007 3/12/2007 3/19/2007 3/26/2007 4/2/2007 4/9/2007 4/16/2007 4/23/2007 PM-10 2/26/2007 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1/8/2007 1/1/2007 Air quality in Chiangmai in 2007 CO (24 h) CO, ppm (24h) CO, 1h NAAQS = 30 ppm Episode Source: raw data from PCD website Chiangmai Haze Episode ! ! Re-occurring event annually observed in the city (around March each year) Severe episodes occurred due to combination of many factors: ◦ Mountain-valley topographical type! limited dispersion of air pollutants ◦ Surrounded by forest and agricultural area ! prone to receive smoke from forest fire and agro-residue open burning in dry season ◦ Intensive local emission build-up typical for urban area ! Affects tourisms (cancelled/diverted flights), economy and health How bad it is? ! ! ! ! ! Example of severe haze episode in March 2007 Whole Chiangmai city was blanketed by haze for few weeks Chiangrai was declared as “disaster zone” 24 hour average of PM10 was observed around 396 µg/m3 (NAAQS of Thai: 120 µg/m3) (Kim Oanh and Leelasakultum, 2012) Increased number of respiratory patients recorded from 23 public hospitals in March 2007 (CMPHO, 2008) Available air quality monitoring station in Chiangmai ! 2 automatic ambient monitoring stations in the city operated by PCD (Yupparaj School and City Hall) ! 1 AERONET station is dedicated for aerosol and optical properties observation ! No station is available at remote area ! There is a need to have more air quality monitoring stations in many places ! support for haze warning system, but such devices are normally expensive PCD Automatic Monitoring Station in Chiangmai ! City hall station ! ! Air quality parameters: CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, PM10 ! ! Meteorological parameters: wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, and rainfall intensity ! Yupparaj School Air quality parameters: CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, PM10 Meteorological parameters: wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, and rainfall intensity Source: http://aqnis.pcd.go.th/station/ Problem 1: Too few Government Weather Stations that monitor Haze http://air4thai.pcd.go.th/web/index.php Problem 2: Lack of ‘local’ Information Air Quality Index (AQI) information is measured from somewhere else (i.e. not in the rural neighborhood). AQI information barely reaches the rural polulation. Lack of awareness contribute to continued burning of crop fields. This is mainly a man-made disaster ! Image credits: http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/pdfs/pm-color.pdf http://air4thai.pcd.go.th/ O U R I N I T I AT I V E We n e e d ‘Down-to-Earth’ ‘Easy-to-Deploy’ ‘Easy-to-Understand’ low-cost technology for haze monitoring in rural communities Some Technologies to Identify Haze Satellite Imaging Ground Image Processing Air Quality Sensors Some PM sensor models Price: $$$$ Image source: http://www.metone.com Price: $$$ Image source: http://www.shinyei.co.jp Price: $ Image source: http://www.samyoungsnc.com Our Invitation : Join us, Make it happen • Low-Cost Technology & Methodology Development : • • Field Experiments • • • IoT-style, “open” and aimed for rural applications As a part of our ongoing and new CWMN deployments In rural villages Data Calibration, Collection, and Correlation • Validation is the key! Thank you & Contact Us Apinun Tunpan, Ph.D. [email protected]
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