Appendix 1 Calculation of Stoichiometric Weight of Curing Agent Epoxy Equivalent Weight (EEW) Epoxy Equivalent Weight (EEW) is a ratio of the weight of a polymer molecule (molecular weight) to its number of epoxy groups. Since molecular weight is a very small quantity, we express it in terms of “mole”. All substances will have 6.023 x 1023 molecules in a mole. Weight of a polymer molecule EEW = g / mol (1) Number of epoxy groups in that polymer molecule When EEW is expressed in terms of mole, it becomes, EEW = Weight of a polymer molecule Number of epoxy groups in that polymer molecule 6.023×1023g/mol (2) Similarly, Amine Hydrogen Equivalent Weight (AHEW) in terms of mole is, AHEW = Weight of a curing agent moleculepolymer molecule ×6.023×1023g/mol (3) Number of hydrogen groups in that molecule To maintain stoichiometric equivalency (proper cross-linking), the number of moles of epoxy should be same as the number of moles of curing agent. Calculation of stoichiometric weight of curing agent Single epoxy resin system Let, weight of epoxy resin = wm1 g, weight of curing agent = wcu g, EEW of epoxy resin = EEWm1 g/mol, AHEW of curing agent = AHEWcu g/mol To maintain stoichiometric equivalency (proper cross-linking), the number of moles of epoxy should be same as the number of moles of curing agent. Therefore, Wcu Wm1 (4) EEWm1 AHEWcu When WE, EEWE and AHEWC are known, the weight of curing agent required can be calculated from the equation, AHEWcu Wcu= wm1 (5) EEWm1 226 Appendix 2 Calculation of Volume fraction of nanofillers In this analysis, four constituents are considered. Properties of these materials are represented by subscripts: f for filler, m1 for matrix1, m2 for matrix2 and cu for curing agent. Let, Vc = volume of composite, Vf = volume of filler, Vm1 = volume of matrix1, Vm2 = volume of matrix2, Vcu = volume of curing agent, c=density of composite, f = density of filler, m1 = density of matrix1, m2 = density of matrix2, cu = density of curing agent, Wf = weight fraction of filler, Wm1 = weight fraction of matrix1,Wm2 = weight fraction of matrix2, Wcu = weight fraction of curing agent, Vf = volume fraction of filler, Vm1 = volume fraction of matrix1, Vm2 = volume fraction of matrix2 and Vcu= volume fraction of curing agent. The volume of composite is defined as the sum of the volume of four constituents - filler, matrix1, matrix2 and curing agent. vc = vf + v m1 + v m2 + vcu (1) Equation 1 can be rewritten as, wc wf w w w = + m1 + m2 + cu ρc ρf ρ m1 ρ m2 ρcu (2) Dividing equation 2 by wc, w cu wf w m1 w m2 1 = + + + ρ w cρf w cρ m1 w cρ m2 w cu ρcu (3) Now, Wf = wf w m1 is the weight fraction of filler, Wm1 = is the weight fraction wc wc of matrix1. Wm2 = w cu w m2 is the weight fraction of matrix2 and Wcu = is the weight wc wc fraction of curing agent. Therefore, the density of the composite is, c = 1 Wf Wm1 m1 f Wm 2 Wcu m2 (4) cu The volume fraction of filler is defined as the ratio of volume of filler to the volume of composite. This is represented as, Vf vf vc Equation 5 can be written as, vf Vf vc (5) wf / wc / f (6) f 227 Since, Wf wf , equation 6 becomes, wc Vf Wf c (7) f Knowing the weight fraction of filler in the composite (Wf), density of filler (ρf) and the density of composite (ρc) as calculated from equation 4, the volume fraction of filler in the composite can be calculated from equation 7. Designation of fabricated nanocomposite samples ID in the present research work Sample epoxy epoxy - SiO2 epoxy - Al2O3 epoxy - ZnO Designation epoxy/0 wt.% epoxy-5 wt.% SiO2 epoxy-10 wt.% SiO2 epoxy-15wt.% SiO2 epoxy-20wt.% SiO2 epoxy-5 wt.% Al2O3 epoxy-10 wt.% Al2O3 epoxy-15wt.% Al2O3 epoxy-20wt.% Al2O3 epoxy-5 wt.% ZnO epoxy-10 wt.% ZnO epoxy-15 wt.% ZnO Nanofiller 5% 10% 15% 20% 5% 10% 15% 20% 5% 10% 15% Filler size 21nm 21nm 21nm 21nm 21nm 30-45nm 30-45nm 30-45nm 30-45nm 30-45nm 30-45nm 228 Appendix 3 List of Acronyms ζac Ea ATH AlN Al2O3 ASTM AHEW NH4Cl A AFM BN BaTiO3 BST BTDA C CO cm CTE CTI G XLPE ρdc dB ρ DES DSC DGEBA DA DM tanδ DMONT DMA EP EDAX EEW ESHR ac conductivity Activation energy Alumina trihydrate Aluminium nitride Aluminium oxide or alumina American society for testing and materials Amine hydrogen equivalent weight Ammonium chloride Ampere(s) Angular frequency Atomic force microscopy Boron nitride Barium titanate Barium strontium titanate Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride Capacitance Carbon monoxide Centimeter(s) Co-efficient of thermal expansion Comparative tracking index Conductivity Conductance Cross-linked polyethylene dc electrical resistivity Decibel(s) Density Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Differential scanning calorimeter Diglycidylether of bisphenol A Dimensional analysis Direct mixing Dissipation factor or loss tangent Dodecyl-montmorillonite Dynamic mechanical analysis Electrode polarization Energy dispersive X-ray Epoxy equivalent weight Epoxy silica hybrid resins 229 EPR EPDM EVA E-Ion1.150 FEA FTIR f FDS FS GaN GPa Tg HDT Hz HTV h -OH ″ Z IPT IGBT IVM LMD PZT LC LDPE LFD E" MQT MgO MA MLE MPa m m mm min MMT AEAPS nm N Ω Ethylene propylene rubber Ethylene propylene diene monomer Ethyl vinyl acetate Na-ionic-graft-copolymer Finite element analysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Frequency Frequency domain spectroscopy Fumed silica Gallium nitride Giga Pascal Glass transition temperature Heat deflection temperature Hertz High temperature vulcanized Hours Hydroxyl groups Imaginary dielectric constant Impedance Inclined plane tracking Insulated gate bipolar transistor Interface volume model Langmuir-type model for diffusion Lead zirconate titanate Leakage current Linear density polyethylene Low frequency dispersion Loss modulus Macroscopic quantum tunneling Magnesium oxide Maleic anhydride Maximum likelihood estimation Mega Pascal Meter(s) Micrometer(s) Millimeter(s) Minute(s) Mobility Montmorillonite N-(2-aminoethyl)3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane Nanometer(s) Newton Ohm(s) 230 OTMS SPN oMMT OMLS o-Ps PD phr ε0 PA PLA PBT PE PMMA PP PS PALS PDC PC PDMS PET PEO PVDF PVA PVP PTFE KBr PMDA o QDC RF ' RH rpm RTV η s S SEM Si-OH Octyltrimethoxysilane Oligo(oxypropylene) diethyl methyl ammonium chloride Organomodified montmorillonite Organically modified layered silicate Ortho-positronium Partial discharge Parts per hundred gram Permittivity of vacuum Phase angle Polyamide resin Polyactide Poly butylene terephthalate Polyethylene Poly methyl methacrylate Polypropylene Polystyrene Positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer Polarization and depolarization current Polycarbonate Polydimethylsiloxane Polyethylene terephthalate Poly (ethylene oxide) Poly vinylidene fluoride Poly vinyl alcohol Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) Poly tetra fluoro ethylene Potassium bromide Pyromelliticdianhydride Pre-exponential factor Quasi - direct conduction Radio frequency Real dielectric constant Relaxation time Relative humidity Revolutions per minute Room temperature vulcanized Scale parameter Second(s) Siemens Scanning electron microscopy Shape parameter Silanol groups 231 SiO2 SiC SiR Ks E´ s Shore D s T TGA TMA TSC TiO2 TI TR TEM TETA UTM USB VMT V ζV Vf ρV Wf H2O WAXD XRD ZnO Silicon dioxide or silica Silicon carbide Silicone rubber Specific wear rate Storage modulus Surface conductivity Surface hardness Surface resistivity Temperature Thermal conductivity Thermal gravimetric analysis Thermal mechanical analysis Thermally stimulated current Titanium dioxide Tracking index Tracking resistance Transmission electron microscope Tri-ethylene-tetra-amine Universal testing machine Universal serial bus Vermiculite Volts Volume conductivity Volume fraction Volume resistivity Weight fraction Water Wide-angle-x-ray diffractometer X-ray diffraction Zinc oxide 232 Appendix 4 Research publications International journals/ National journal/ International conferences/ National conferences 1. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, J.M. Raj, C. Ranganathaiah, K.N. Shivakumar, “Characterization of Nano-Silica Filled Epoxy composites for Electrical and Insulating Applications”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol.21(5), pp.2752-2760, 2011. 2. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, B. Suresha, K.N. Shivakumar, “Tribological and Electrical Properties of Silica-Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites”, Polymer Composites, Vol.32 (12), pp. 2038-2050, 2011. 3. M.G. Veena, Kunigal N. Shivakumar, N.M. Renukappa, B. Suresha, “Influence of SiO2 content in epoxy-SiO2 nanocomposites on mechanical and electrical resistivity behavior”, American Institute of Physics, Conference Proceedings, Vol.1276, pp.219-226, 2010. 4. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, S. Seetharamu, P. Sampathkumaran, “Effect of nanofiller at low frequency behavior of dielectric insulator”, IEEE Proceedings (ICPADM), pp. 745-748, 2009. 5. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, Siddaramaiah, R.D. Sudhakersamuel, “Electrical conducting behavior of hybrid nanocomposites containing polyaniline, carbon nanotube and carbon black”, SPIE Proceedings, Vol.7267, pp. 1-6, 2008. 6. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, P. B. Chethan, C. Ranganathaiah, “Evaluation of Dielectric Properties of epoxy nanocomposites by NDT Approach”, Journal of material science: materials in electronics (submitted), 2012. 7. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, P. B. Chethan, Siddaramaiah, K.N. Shivakumar, “Effect of seawater ageing on dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites”, Journal of materials and design., (submitted), 2012. 8. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, K.N. Shivakumar, S. Seetharamu, “Study of interface behavior on dielectric properties of epoxy-silica nanocomposites”, IEEE Proceedings (ICPADM), pp. 72-76, 2012. 9. N.M. Renukappa, M.G. Veena, Kunigal N. Shivakumar , B. Suresha, J. Sundara Rajan, “Effect of addition of Nanopox F400 filler on Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites” IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, Bologna, Italy, July 1-4, 2013 (Accepted). 10. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, P.B. Chethan, Rashmi, “Effect of seawater absorption on surface degradation of epoxy-alumina nanodielectrics for outdoor insulation applications” International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials Processing Technology, 2013. 11. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, J. Sundara Rajan, “Effect of Filler on Arc, Tracking Resistance and Dielectric Strength of Epoxy-Silica 233 Nanocomposites”, Second International Conference on Materials for the Future, 2011. 12. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, K.N. Shivakumar, S. Seetharamu, “Dielectric properties of nanosilica filled epoxy nanocomposites”, International Conference on Composites in Future Trends, pp. 65, 2011. 13. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, Kunigal N. Shivakumar, “Study of Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical properties of Nanopox F400/SC79 epoxy composites”, International Conference on Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Management, and Thermal Sciences, 2010. 14. M.G. Veena, Kunigal N. Shivakumar, N.M. Renukappa, Gowthaman Swaminathan, “Dielectric properties and Breakdown strength of uniformly dispersed Nanosilica/Epoxy nanocomposites”, International Conference on Electro ceramics, pp. 347, 2009. 15. M.G. Veena, B. Suresha , R.M. Devarajaiah, Kunigal N. Shivakumar “Effect of silica sand and quartz abrasives on three-body abrasive wear behavior of SiO2 filled epoxy nanocomposites”, International symposium on National Metallurgist Day - Annual Technical Meeting, 2009. 16. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, Siddaramaiah “Studies on impedance and susceptance behavior of insulator-conductor composites”, International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials, Processing and Technology, pp. 184-188, 2009. 17. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, Kunigal N. Shivakumar, S. Seetharamu, “Dielectric properties of nanosilica filled epoxy nanocomposites”, Indian Academy of Sciences, (Under review), 2012. 18. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, “Impedance and dielectric Strength of Silica Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites for Electrical Insulation”, 5th National Conference on Plastic and Rubber Technology, 2011. 19. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, “Impedance Property and Morphology of Silica Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites”, Workshop and National Conference on Monte Carlo Simulation, at School of Physics, 2010. 20. M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, “An effect of resistivity behavior on epoxySiO2 nanocomposites”, National Conference on NANO-CRYSTAL-2009, pp. 82, 2009. 234
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