grade 12 final Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to being preserved as fossils. providing humans with food. surviving in the environments in which they lived. swimming from South America to the Galápagos Islands. a. b. c. d. 2. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the similarities of the birds’ embryos. a. birds’ different-shaped beaks. b. length of the birds’ necks. c. number of eggs in each bird’s nest. d. 3. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species. a. if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species. b. if all birds on the different islands were finches. c. why all tortoises on the different islands were identical. d. 4. Biologists in Darwin’s time had already begun to understand that living things change over time. How did Darwin contribute to these ideas? He found many fossils that showed that these changes could not possibly happen on a. islands. He figured out and explained how these changes happened and supported his ideas with b. evidence. He made guesses about how these changes happened, and wrote experiments that could be c. used to test these guesses. He was the first person to truly believe that these changes happened, and he worked very d. hard to convince others. 5. Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin’s observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galápagos Islands? artificial selection a. adaptation b. acquired characteristics c. tendency towards perfection d. 6. Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after experimenting with animals. observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species. reading the writings of Wallace. agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution. a. b. c. d. 7. People of Charles Darwin’s time understood that fossils were preserved remains of ancient organisms. available for every organism that ever lived. unrelated to living species. a. b. c. evidence for the evolution of life on Earth. d. 8. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that Earth is several million years old. Earth is several thousand years old. all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years. all rocks on Earth contain fossils. a. b. c. d. 9. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that the human population will outgrow the available food supply. all populations evolve through natural selection. Earth is a few thousand years old. past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today. a. b. c. d. 10. One scientist who attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time was Thomas Malthus. a. James Hutton. b. Charles Darwin. c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. d. 11. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work was important to Darwin because these scientists explained volcanoes and earthquakes. explained all geologic events on Earth. suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred. refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings. a. b. c. d. 12. Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis? Change is the result of survival of the fittest. Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism. A small population size decreases the rate of evolution. Artificial selection is the basis for evolution. a. b. c. d. 13. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population. in the 1700s, England needed more housing. the majority of a species’ offspring die. 14. Darwin realized that the economist Malthus’s theory of population control applied only to humans. could be generalized to any population of organisms. could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions. explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. 15. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of acquired characteristics. a. descent with modification. b. artificial selection. c. natural selection. d. 16. When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for species that are perfect and unchanging. homologous structures. characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the organism. natural variations that are present in a species. a. b. c. d. 17. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the possession of adaptations developed through use. a. possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness. b. lack of competition within the species. c. choices made by plant and animal breeders. d. 18. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT more offspring are born than can survive. population size is very large. fitness varies among individuals. there is heritable variation among members of the population. a. b. c. d. 19. Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection? They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring. a. They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population. b. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment. c. They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species. d. 20. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment diversity. a. fitness. b. adaptation. c. evolution. d. 21. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. a. characteristics that plant and animal breeders value. b. the greatest number of offspring. c. variations best suited to environmental conditions. d. 22. Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection? the natural variation found in all populations unrelated species living in different locations changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time the struggle for existence undergone by all living things a. b. c. d. 23. Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. The number of offspring is not related to fitness. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution. a. b. c. d. 24. The hypothesis that all species are descended from common ancestors was proposed by James Hutton. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. a. b. Thomas Malthus. Charles Darwin. c. d. 25. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how species can become extinct. a. inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring. b. species descend from common ancestors. c. evolution takes place in the natural world. d. 26. Darwin’s concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by the work of Charles Lyell. knowledge about the structure of DNA. his collection of specimens. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle. a. b. c. d. 27. Biogeography is the study of where species and their ancestors live. how extinct species can be related to living species. how different species can interbreed. how animals that live in the same area are closely related. a. b. c. d. 28. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts? Lamarck’s tendency towards perfection a. common descent b. analogous structures c. the inheritance of acquired traits d. 29. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes the nearly universal genetic code. the presence of vestigial structures. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA. a. b. c. d. 30. Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of homologous structures. a. analogous structures. b. Hox genes. c. intermediate fossil forms. d. 31. According to the Grants’ investigation of Galápagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches? Beaks became larger through artificial selection. a. Beaks became smaller when they migrated. b. Beaks became smaller during the finches’ lifespan. c. Beaks became larger over many generations. d. 32. A parasite is a type of carnivore. filter feeder. symbiont. detritivore. a. b. c. d. 33. Some mollusks are detritivores. Their main source of food comes from living animals. living plants. bacteria in the muddy bottom. decaying plant and animal remains. a. b. c. d. 34. Cattle depend on microorganisms in their digestive tract to digest the cellulose in their diets. The cattle and the microorganisms are carnivores. a. mutualistic symbionts. b. herbivores. c. parasitic symbionts. d. 35. In general, more complex animals are more likely to rely on chemical digestion than to rely on mechanical digestion. more likely to perform intracellular digestion than extracellular digestion. more likely to have one body opening than to have two body openings. more likely to have a digestive tract than to have a gastrovascular cavity. a. b. c. d. 36. Intracellular digestion occurs when food is digested inside specialized cells. outside cells in a digestive system. in the spaces between cells. outside the body. a. b. c. d. 37. Carnivores have teeth that are designed to grind. slice. rasp. pulverize. a. b. c. d. 38. Which of the following statements is true about gas diffusion across respiratory membranes? Gases diffuse from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. a. Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. b. Gases diffuse between areas of equal concentrations. c. Concentration has no effect on gas diffusion. d. 39. Which of the following animals has a body covering that allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? clams a. flatworms b. whales c. trout d. 40. By pumping water over their gills, fish and aquatic mollusks keep their gill membranes moist. maintain their body temperature. keep themselves moving through the water. promote diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. a. b. c. d. 41. Which of the following groups of animals has the most efficient gas exchange? amphibians reptiles a. b. birds mammals c. d. 42. Humans have lungs with alveoli. This implies that humans have a lower metabolic rate than amphibians and reptiles. have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians and reptiles. have the same metabolic rate as amphibians. have the same metabolic rate as reptiles. a. b. c. d. 43. Which of the following invertebrates is most likely to have a closed circulatory system? a small sponge with a gastrovascular cavity. an insect that has several tiny hearts. a large, free-swimming mollusk. a cnidarian that has stinging tentacles. a. b. c. d. 44. Both oysters and squid are mollusks. Why is an open circulatory system adequate for an oyster but not for a squid? Oysters are filter feeders, but squid are carnivores. a. Oysters do not move around, but squid are very active. b. Oysters have higher oxygen demands than squid. c. Squid live in waters with lower oxygen levels than oysters. d. 45. Why is double-loop circulation better for larger, more active animals than single-loop? Pumping the blood twice actually requires less energy than pumping the blood only once. Single-loop circulatory systems make animals more susceptible to circulatory system diseases. With double-loop circulation, blood can flow into spaces that are outside of blood vessels. It is difficult for single pump to force blood through the entire system of a large animal. a. b. c. d. Figure 27–3 46. As shown in Figure 27–3, the ventricle in a single-loop circulatory system is responsible for receiving blood from the body. a. pumping blood out to the gills. b. pumping blood out to the body. receiving blood from the gills. c. d. 47. Which of the following animals has a three-chambered heart? garter snake. dog. African bullfrog. trout. a. b. c. d. 48. Kidneys process nitrogenous wastes by separating water from nitrogenous wastes by passive diffusion. using cells to actively pump water across a membrane. storing the wastes as uric acid until they can be eliminated. pumping ions across membranes to separate water from waste products. a. b. c. d. 49. What do freshwater flatworms use to remove excess water from body fluids? flame cells nephridia excretory pores kidneys a. b. c. d. 50. Which of the following excretory processes do saltwater and freshwater fishes share? They both conserve water by producing small amounts of concentrated urine. They both actively pump salt across their gills. They both avoid drinking water. They both produce lots of watery urine. a. b. c. d. 51. Butterflies and house flies convert ammonia to uric acid in their nephrons. nephridia. kidneys. Malpighian tubules. a. b. c. d. 52. A kangaroo rat conserves water by excreting uric acid as a paste with their feces. excreting highly concentrated urine and very dry feces. excreting excess salt through special glands in their noses. drinking saltwater. a. b. c. d. 53. What excretory characteristic does a garden spider share with a sparrow? They both convert nitrogenous wastes to uric acid. They both produce lots of dilute urine. They both excrete very concentrated salt solutions. They both produce very dry feces. a. b. c. d. 54. The brain, lungs, testes, and small intestine are each examples of a nerve. an organ. a tissue. an organ system. a. b. c. d. 55. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a disease that affects the structure and support systems of the body. Which type of tissue does the disease target? epithelial connective nerve muscle a. b. c. d. 56. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the process of sweating? Sweating is more likely to occur on hot days than cool days. Sweating is likely to occur after strenuous exercise. Evaporation of sweat warms the body. Excessive sweating can lead to dehydration. a. b. c. d. 57. The energy available in food can be measured in a lab by determining its mass. burning the food to release heat. analyzing its chemical structure. calculating its volume. a. b. c. d. 58. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of the body by 1° Celsius. raise the temperature of 1 g of fat by 1° Celsius. raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1° Celsius. raise the temperature of 1 gallon of water by 1° Celsius. a. b. c. d. 59. An example of foods high in fiber is whole grain bread. butter. eggs. fish. a. b. c. d. 60. Which of the following foods are a good source of water-soluble vitamins? eggs dairy products vegetable oils citrus fruits a. b. c. d. 61. When a doctor suggests following a diet low in saturated fats, which of these products is preferred when cooking? oils with single bonds between their carbon atoms a. oils with double bonds between their carbon atoms b. animal fats, which are solid at room temperature c. butter, which is solid at room temperature d. Figure 30–1 62. Look at Figure 30–1. 1. In which structure is water extracted from digested food? B D G H a. b. c. d. 63. Where does the process of chemical digestion begin? stomach esophagus small intestine mouth a. b. c. d. 64. Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the digestive process with its description? absorption; the physical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules. a. ingestion; the process of getting food into the opening of the digestive tract. b. elimination; the movement of small molecules from the digestive tract into the blood. c. Digestion; undigested materials pass out of the body. d. 65. What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve? absorption of nutrients by villi pepsin and bile smooth muscle contractions bile and pancreatic fluid a. b. c. d. 66. After complex organic molecules have been absorbed in the small intestine, what materials are left behind? protein and carbohydrates a. water and cellulose b. fats and starches c. chyme and bolus d. Figure 30–2 2. Filtered blood leaves the kidney and returns to circulation through the 67. Look at Figure 30–2. renal artery. a. b. renal vein. urinary bladder. c. d. urethra. 68. Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron? urethra Loop of Henle glomerulus Bowman’s capsule a. b. c. d. 69. In the kidneys, both useful substances and wastes are removed from the blood by reabsorption. excretion. dialysis. filtration. a. b. c. d. 70. What role does skin play in the excretory system? secretes excess water as sweat protects against pathogens absorbs water through osmosis facilitates gas exchange a. b. c. d. 71. A patient is diagnosed with kidney failure and visits a clinic to receive dialysis treatments three times a week. What does the process of dialysis do? carries urine to the urinary bladder a. pumps blood throughout the body b. filters waste from the blood c. forces water into cells and tissues by osmosis d. 72. When the kidneys detect an increase in salt, they respond by excreting less salt in urine. a. returning more salt to the blood by filtration. returning more salt to the blood by reabsorption. returning less salt to the blood by reabsorption. 73. Which of these is a function of the circulatory system? removing wastes from tissues delivering carbon dioxide to cells for cellular respiration transferring impulses from one cell to another all of the above b. c. d. a. b. c. d. 74. Simple animals are able to supply their cells with nutrients through diffusion and active transport across cell membranes because they have complex circulatory systems. a. their cells are in direct contact with the environment. b. their cells are not in direct contact with the environment. c. their blood transports oxygen and other materials through a series of blood vessels. d. 75. During a heart attack, some of the cells in the thick layer of muscle in the heart walls die. This layer of muscle is called the epithelial tissue layer. a. pericardium. b. connective tissue layer. c. myocardium. d. 76. Which of the following pathways is the largest of the circulatory system? systemic circulation pulmonary circulation capillary beds coronary circulation a. b. c. d. 77. In the heart, the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is prevented by the mitral valve. tricuspid valve. septum. pericardium. a. b. c. d. 78. Compared with the walls of arteries, the walls of capillaries are thicker. are thinner. lack valves. have more resistance. a. b. c. d. 79. Through which path does blood typically flow through the circulatory system? arteries → capillaries → veins veins → capillaries → arteries arteries → veins → capillaries capillaries → arteries → veins a. b. c. d. 80. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart? veins arteries capillaries lymph nodes a. b. c. d. 81. Which of these is NOT an effect of exercise on veins? Exercise helps force blood through the veins. Exercise helps keep blood from accumulating and stretching veins. Exercise helps keep the walls around veins strong. Exercise allows blood to pool in veins. a. b. c. d. 82. Which of the following is true about blood pressure? It is not affected by atherosclerosis. It is typically lower in veins than in arteries. It drops a great deal when traveling through arteries. Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure. a. b. c. d. 83. When an infection occurs, the number of red blood cells increases. red blood cells decreases. white blood cells increases. white blood cells decreases. a. b. c. d. 84. Which blood cells are most numerous in the body? red white platelets plasma a. b. c. d. Figure 33–1 85. What is occurring in Step A of Figure 33 33–1? Platelets have released the clotting factor, triggering a series of reactions. Platelets are coming in contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel. A clot has sealed the damaged area preventing further bl blood loss. An enzyme has converted soluble plasma proteins into insoluble sticky filaments. a. b. c. d. 86. In Figure 33–1, 1, what does Step B show? B cells fighting infection the capillary wall breaking the clumping of platelets the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin a. b. c. d. 87. Swollen lymph nodes might indicate an infection. high blood pressure. varicose veins. an irregular heartbeat. a. b. c. d. 88. Which of these organs removes old or damaged blood cells from the blood that flows through it? pancreas a. lymph node b. thymus c. spleen d. Figure 33–2 2, what is happening in diagram A? 89. In Figure 33-2, A cap has ruptured in the wall of a blood vessel. Plaque has built up in the wall of a blood vessel. A blood clot has formed inside an artery. Bacteria have invaded a blood vessel in the heart. a. b. c. d. 90. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to heart attack. stroke. kidney damage. a. b. c. all of the above. 91. The sudden death of brain cells when their blood supply is interrupted is called a heart attack. a stroke. hypertension. atherosclerosis. d. a. b. c. d. 92. Which of these structures provides the muscle cells in the heart with a constant supply of oxygen? the superior vena cava a. the pulmonary artery b. coronary arteries c. systemic veins d. 93. Cholesterol, which is part of animal cell membranes, is what type of molecule? carbohydrate lipid protein nucleic acid a. b. c. d. 94. Which of these organs manufactures cholesterol? stomach kidneys liver heart a. b. c. d. 95. Which of the following activities is the best analogy for respiration? swapping gifts with a classmate giving a gift to a sibling receiving a gift from a friend buying gifts for relatives a. b. c. d. 96. Because there is more oxygen in an alveolus than in the blood around it, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into the veins. from arteries into the capillaries. from alveoli into capillaries. from veins into the alveolus. a. b. c. d. 97. Which of these is the correct order through which oxygen enters the body? lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, blood lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, blood, alveoli blood, alveoli, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles a. b. c. d. 98. What body system has final control over breathing? the nervous system the circulatory system the respiratory system the lymphatic system a. b. c. d. 99. How does tobacco smoke affect the body? It blocks hemoglobin from binding to oxygen, thus affecting gas exchange in the lungs. It paralyzes cilia in the trachea allowing inhaled particles to enter the lungs. a. b. It causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. all of the above c. d. 100. What gas, found in cigarette smoke, blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood? nitrous oxide a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. methane d. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. According to Lamarck, geological forces acting today are the same ones that have been acting in the past. _________________________ 2. According to Lamarck’s hypothesis, an organism could change parts of its genotype and pass those changes to its offspring. _________________________ 3. Lyell hypothesized that human populations are kept in check by war, famine or starvation, and disease. _________________________ 4. Artificial selection as practiced by farmers is also called selective breeding. _________________________ 5. According to the concept of natural variation, living and extinct species evolved from the same ancestors. ______________________________ 6. The wings of birds and the flippers of dolphins are vestigial structures. ______________________________ 7. Detritivores in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats get nutrients by consuming plants or parts of plants. ____________________ 8. Digestion in sponges is intracellular because it takes place inside specialized cells . 9. Herbivores have rumina that are adapted for tearing cell walls to expose cell contents for digestion. _____________________ 10. Stale air does not get trapped in amphibian lungs because it flows through a system of tubes and air sacs. ________________________ 11. Gas exchange in mammals takes place in the trachea. 12. Hearts are a characteristic of open circulatory systems, but not a characteristic of closed circulatory systems. _____________________ 13. Oxygen diffuses directly into body tissues from blood in animals with an open circulatory system. 14. A freshwater fish regulates its salt levels by pumping salt outward across its gills. ______________________ 15. Spiders and scorpions are ideally suited to living in a desert environment because they excrete uric acid. 16. Muscle tissue enables you to lift your arms. _________________________ 17. Organs of the nervous system include the brain and spinal cord. _________________________ Figure 30–3 18. Figure 30–3 shows the amount of dietary “Calories,” or kilocalories, per serving. The number of actual calories in this product is 110. _________________________ 19. A diet high in saturated fats and trans fats decreases the risk for developing heart disease._________________________ 20. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. _________________________ 21. Oxidizing a gram of fat releases more energy than does oxidizing a gram of carbohydrate. _________________________ 22. The gallbladder is a pouch-like organ responsible for storing bile. _________________________ 23. After chyme is produced in the large intestine, it moves through the duodenum. _________________________ 24. If too little water is absorbed from the large intestine, constipation results. _________________________ 25. After the AV node produces impulses, blood flows into the ventricles, which contract. _________________________ Figure 33–3 3, when a dancer stands on her toes, her contrac contracting ting skeletal muscles relax the veins 26. According to Figure 33–3, that run through them. ______________________________ 27. The enzyme hemoglobin converts soluble plasma proteins into insoluble, sticky filaments that form a clot. _________________________ 28. HDL is the cholesterol ol carrier that is most likely to cause trouble in the circulatory system because it becomes part of plaque. _________________________ 29. When cholesterol levels are high,, liver cells take cholesterol from the blood and do not make it. _________________________ 30. Nicotine is an addictive stimulant that decreases heart rate and blood pressure. _________________________ Completion Complete each statement. 1. ____________________ is the process of change over time. 2. James Hutton and Charles Lyell held similar views about Earth’s age. Both thought that Earth was ____________________ of years old. 3. Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a scientific explanation for ____________________. 4. Charles Darwin applied Thomas Malthus’s thoughts about human population growth to all ____________________. 5. Homologous structures are evidence for Darwin’s idea that all life on Earth is connected through _________________________. 6. In studying Galápagos finches, the Grants found that ____________________ can take place frequently and over relatively short periods of time. 7. Leeches are classified as __________________ because they obtain food by feeding on the blood of animals to which they are attached. 8. Carbon dioxide cannot diffuse into the blood from an animal’s cells unless the blood has a ___________ concentration of carbon dioxide. 9. The _______________ is the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body. 10. To conserve water, an animal’s kidneys can pump ions across cell membranes, allowing water to move by _____________________. 11. Small freshwater invertebrates excrete ammonia from their bodies through the process of _______________________. 12. Specialized ____________________ are the basic unit of structure in living things that are uniquely suited to perform a particular function. 13. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. 14. In simple animals, diffusion and active transport across cell membranes supply the cells with ____________________ and nutrients, and remove waste products. Figure 33–4 15. In Figure 33–4, 4, the area labeled B represents the capillaries of a ____________________. 16. Medical workers use a sphygmomanometer to measure ____________________. 17. The iron-containing containing protein called ____________________ binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where the oxygen is released. 18. Plasma consists mostly of ____________________. 19. When your doctor feels your neck for “swollen glands” he or she is checking for swelling in the _________________________. 20. Your ability to sing along to music on the radio come comess from two highly elastic folds of tissues called the vocal cords, located within the ____________________. Short Answer 1. Summarize Thomas Malthus’s ideas about population growth. 2. How did the farmers observed by Charles Darwin take advantage of natural variation to improve their livestock? 3. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? 4. Adaptations can be physical traits or they can be behaviors. Give an example of an organism with each type of adaptation, and explain how the he adaptation affects the organism’s fitness. Figure 16–1 5. Many modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur, such as is shown in Figure 16 16–1. 1. What does this evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales? 6. What does the continued presence of vestigial structures like the whale pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16–1 16 suggest about the impact vestigial structures have on fitness? 7. What can be concluded from the similarity in the Hox genes that control limb development in many types of organisms? 8. What did the Grants discover about Galápagos finches? 9. Does a parasite have a beneficial or harmful effect on its host? Explain. Figure 27–7 10. Study the teeth in Figure 27–7. 7. What kind of diet are these teeth adapted for? 11. What are three main requirements needed for a gas gas-exchange exchange membrane in a respiratory system to function efficiently? 12. What would happen if the relative concentrations of oxygen inside the lung and in the blood became equal to each other? 13. Gills can contain thousands of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Explain why this allows for more gas exchange than having a single, large blood vessel. 14. An earthworm tunnel floods during a rainstorm, and the earthworm washes out onto the grass. Why will the earthworm die if it cannot get back into a tunnel quickly? 15. What is one way that a saltwater fish controls the concentration of salt in its body? 16. Why do more active people need to consume a diet higher in Calories than do people who get little exercise? 17. What is fiber and why is it important? 18. Using the following terms, design and label a flow chart showing the path through which blood and waste flow in the kidney: ureter, renal vein, renal artery, glomerulus, nephron, and collecting duct. 19. What are a person’s two options for survival if both of his or her kidneys are unable to function? 20. Explain the relationship between an animal’s body size and the likelihood that it has a circulatory system? 21. Why are white blood cells the “army” of the circulatory system? 22. Suppose a person receives an injury that causes bleeding. Briefly describe the possible role each type of cellular blood component (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) might play in helping that person recover. 23. If the lymphatic vessels were blocked, what would be the immediate effects on the human body? 24. As a doctor, develop a series of questions that you would ask a patient in order to determine whether he or she is at risk for heart disease and stroke. 25. Why is it better to inhale through your nose than through your mouth? grade 12 final Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. C B A B B B A A D B C B B B C D B B C B D C A D B B A B A A D C D B D A B B B D 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. C B C B D B C D A B D B A B B C B C A D B D D B C B B A D A C D A B D A C B A B D B C A B C A 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. D B D B C B C A C B A D C MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. F, Lyell 2. F phenotype body 3. F, Malthus 4. T 5. F, common descent 6. F, homologous 7. F, Herbivores 8. T 9. F, mouthparts, teeth 10. F, bird 11. F, alveoli 12. F Sinuses Spongy cavities 13. T 14. F, inward 15. T 16. T 17. T 18. F, 110,000 19. F, increases 20. T 21. T 22. T 23. F, stomach 24. F, diarrhea 25. T 26. T 27. F, thrombin 28. F, LDL 29. T 30. F, increases COMPLETION 1. Evolution 2. many millions millions 3. evolution 4. organisms living things 5. common descent common ancestors 6. natural selection adaptation 7. parasites 8. lower 9. atrium 10. osmosis 11. diffusion 12. cells 13. Homeostasis 14. oxygen 15. lung 16. blood pressure 17. hemoglobin 18. water 19. lymph nodes 20. larynx SHORT ANSWER 1. Malthus concluded that if human population growth was not “checked” by factors like disease, there would not be enough resources to sustain it. 2. Farmers bred only animals with desirable traits, which resulted in improved offspring. 3. In artificial selection, humans do the “selecting”—that is, they choose which traits they want to appear in future generations. In natural selection, the environment does the “selecting.” 4. Sample answer: A nonpoisonous snake that closely resembles a poisonous species has a physical adaptation that may help to keep predators away. A bird that spreads its wings wide to try to scare away a predator is using an adaptive behavior. 5. Ancestors of modern whales probably had functional legs and lived on land. 6. It suggests that there is no disadvantage to fitness associated with the vestigial structures. If there were a disadvantage, then the structures would be selected against and you’d expect them to no longer be present. 7. The similarity of Hox genes in many types of organisms is evidence that the organisms all evolved from a common ancestor. 8. The Grants documented changes in the finch population consistent with Darwin’s ideas of natural selection. Through their work, they discovered that natural selection can occur often and frequently. 9. A parasite has a harmful effect on its host because it feeds on the host’s blood and tissues. In some cases the parasite can cause disease in the host. 10. These teeth are adapted for a carnivorous diet, for cutting and slicing meat into small pieces. 11. It needs to be moist, have a large surface area, and be selectively permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. 12. Oxygen would stop diffusing into the blood. 13. The presence of the thousands of tiny capillaries increases the surface area through which gas exchange occurs. Larger surface areas allow more diffusion. 14. The earthworm’s skin will dry out if it remains exposed to air. If its skin dries out, oxygen and carbon dioxide will not be able to diffuse across it. The earthworm will die from lack of oxygen. 15. It actively excretes salt across its gills. It drinks. It produces very small amounts of concentrated urine. 16. Calories measure the energy in food. Active people need more energy than do people who get little exercise. 17. Fiber is a complex carbohydrate called cellulose. It is important because it helps muscles move food and wastes through your digestive system. 18. The flow chart should show an understanding that waste-filled blood enters the kidney through the renal artery into the nephron. Inside the nephron it is filtered in the glomerulus. Cleaned blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein. Waste products leave the kidney through the collecting duct, then the ureter. 19. The person can have a kidney transplant or use a kidney dialysis machine. 20. Larger organisms need a circulatory system because their cells are not in direct contact with the environment. They require delivery of nutrients and oxygen. In addition, the circulatory system transports substances that are made in one part of the organism to another part of the organism where they may be needed. 21. White blood cells are the “army” of the circulatory system because they guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. 22. Platelets will cause clotting, which will help to stop the flow of blood from any wounds. White blood cells will help to fight infection that may set in due to pathogens that have entered through the wounds. Red blood cells will help to continue a constant supply of oxygen to any organs that may have been affected. 23. The body would swell with fluid, a condition called edema. 24. Answers should include questions that relate to diet and exercise. They should also include questions such as: Do you smoke? What is your weight? Do you have diabetes? Do you have high cholesterol? Do you have high blood pressure? What is your age? What is your gender? Is there anyone in your family who has suffered a stroke or who has heart disease? 25. The combination of hair and mucus in the nose filters out solid particles. The moisture in the nose helps to moisten the air. This moist air helps to prevent the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system from drying out. When air enters the respiratory system through the mouth, much less filtering occurs.
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