IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Fault Detection in Power Line Using Wireless Sensor Network Sushil Chavhan1, Vaibhav Barsagade2, Abhijit Dutta3, Shubhangi Thakre4 1 Eighth Semester Electrical Engg Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research Nagpur, Maharashtra 2 Eighth Semester Electrical Engg Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research Nagpur, Maharashtra 3 Assistant Prof. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research Nagpur, Maharashtra 4. Deputy Executive Engineer, MSETCL, Nagpur Division ABSTRACT Detecting and locating fault in power line is very necessary for healthy operation of power system. In electrical power line fault often occur many times making the power system unreliable. In this paper a novel concept using wireless sensor for detecting fault which includes phase to phase, short circuit and mainly line to ground fault in power line for better reliable and optimum operation of the system is presented. In the proposed concept power line is divided by WNS (wireless sensor network) nodes that could sense the faulty condition in power line, display to operator as well as send SMS through GSM modem to service engineer. This is well demonstrated with the help of hardware model and the results obtained shows that WNS have several features that make them an attractive instrumentation solution in electrical distribution networks and also a viable tool for detecting fault in power transmission line for its accurate fault detection. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Optimum operation, Arduino, hall-effect current sensor, sensor nodes. 1.INTRODUCTION In development of nation power sector provides one of the most important input especially in moderately developing nation. In India the consumption of electricity is increasing at much faster rate. Therefore a need has aroused to generate, transmit & distribute electric power at most economical way. [3] Electrical power system is been divided into generation, transmission & distribution. Losses in distribution system are much higher than losses in transmission side and also fault are more frequent in distribution side. In distribution system most of the losses are caused by fault and theft. In this paper the focus is on single phase to ground fault in power line. When single phase to ground fault occurs, it becomes significant to detect fault quickly and with accuracy. It becomes challenging for the power company to detect and repair the fault as quickly as possible. Protection systems are designed to identify the location of faults and isolate only the faulted section in order not to damage the whole equipment in power system. In the proposed concept with the use of wireless sensor network exact location of fault can be diagnosed. There by providing optimum operation of electric power. The objective of this paper is to provide with a simple way to detect the fault and show the exact location of occurred fault which will ultimately lead to optimum operation of the whole system and to improve the reliability of distribution network. In the proposed concept the electric distribution network is into the pieces of wireless sensor node which will constantly interact with primary node which will be in server room. Each sensor node comprise of three components namely A] ACS712 hall-effect current sensor B] Arduino mini pro C] nRF24l01 transceiver. Each sensor node is given a unique address on different electric pole. During the normal operation the sensor node communicate with the main primary node giving conformation that the operation of power line is normal. Any fault occurred in between any node will be sensed by the sensor node and it will send the report to primary node. Then the arduion will compare the data and if difference in data then the condition is termed as faulty. Thus giving us the exact location of fault occurred. Repair team will be send to the faulty location. After a delay a SMS will be send to service engineer in case the operator did not corresponded. Proto type hardware is been by our team. Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 8 IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X Figure 1 Conceptual Diagram 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 2 Block Diagram Block diagram of our proposed concept is shown in figure 2. We take on one side a source and on another side destination and in between sensor node is deployed. Sensor node will measure the current value through power line and will send it to primary sensor node which is interfaced with arduino uno. Arduino will execute the program embedded it in and will compare the value of s1 and s2 for any fault in power transmission line it will sense and send SMS to service engineer with the help on GSM modem incorporated. 3.COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 3.1 ARDUINO It’s a great tool for developing interactive objects which takes input from various sensors, actuators, switches and controls the output for obtaining desired result. [4] Arduino is a tool for making computer that can sense and control more physical world than your desktop computer. It’s an open source physical computing platform based on simple microcontroller board and a development environment for writing software for board. There are many advantages [5] using arduino: (a)It is open-source hardware. The arduino software is also open-source accessible to all without prior permission to use. Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 9 IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 b) One of the greatest advantage of using arduino is that it can be runned on any operating system such as windows, Macintosh, Linux unlike other micro controllers which are limited to windows. c) As arduino is open-source software platform so you can get lots of source code available on online forum & communities related to arduino. Here we use two different arduino namely arduino uno & arduino pro mini. The main difference between both of them is its microcontroller chip arduino uno uses Atmega328 & arduino mini pro uses ATmega168. Figure 3 PIN LAYOUT OF ATmega328 3.2.nRF24l01 LOW POWER TRANSCEIVER As shown in the figure 4 [6] The nRF24L01 integrates a complete 2.4GHz RF transceiver, RF synthesizer, and baseband logic including the Enhanced ShockBurst™ hardware protocol accelerator supporting a high-speed SPI interface for the application controller. The nRF24L01 module is worked at 3V voltage level. Figure 5 shows the interfacing of arduino with nRF24L01 transceiver. GND of arduino is connected to GND of nRF24L01, VCC of arduino is connected to VCC of nRF24L01, CE of nRF24L01 is connected to pin 13 of arduino, CSN of nRF24L01 is connected to pin 10 of arduino, CSK of nRF24L01 is connected to pin 13 of arduino, MOSI of nRF24L01 is connected to pin 12 of arduino. Figure 4 nRF24L01PIN LAYOUT Figure 5 INTERFACING OF ARDUINO & NRF24L01 Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 10 IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X 3.3 ACS712 HALL-EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR The ACS712 is a bi-directional hall-effect current sensor. That means that it will detect positive and negative flowing currents. Since the module runs on 5V, the output of the ACS712 is set to 1/2Vcc or approximately 2.5V to represent zero current flow. So a negative current flow will go from 2.5V down and a positive current will go from 2.5V up. Allegro ACS712 device which provides an economical and precise way of sensing AC and DC currents based on Halleffect. It uses the principle of Hall-effect, which was discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall in 1879. We use ACS712 hall effect current sensor to measure the current flowing from power line. As shown in figure 6 ACS712 is connected in series to power line. And corresponding voltage is given through output pin. Table 1 and table 2 shows the forward and reverse direction current flowing through the hall-effect current sensor. [7]The sensitivity of the current is 185 mV/A. i.e. if 1 amp current flows through ACS712 then 185 mV will be the corresponding voltage through output pin. Figure 6 ACS712 hall-effects current sensor Table 1: Forward direction current through acs712 Current Voltage +2.5 1 0.185 2.685 2 0.370 2.870 3 0.555 3.05 4 0.740 3.24 5 0.925 3.42 Table 2: Reverse direction current through ACS712 Current Voltage -2.5 1 0.185 2.315 2 0.370 2.130 3 0.555 1.945 4 0.740 1.760 5 0.925 1.575 3.4 GSM MODULE Here we have used SIM900A GSM MODEM which is Compatible with ARDUINO, RASPBERRY PI, ARM, AVR, PIC, 8051, etc. directly connected to computer via Serial Port, Best suited for GSM based Microcontroller Projects, better than SIM300 and other GSM Modems. 4.WORKING Power line carrying power through will be measured by the hall-effect current sensor ACS712. ACS712 is interfaced with arduino mini pro which will convert the analog measured current value into digital form and then it will transmit the data to the main primary node through nRF24l01 transceiver. This process will happen on both sensor nodes, let say sensor node 1 and sensor node 2 and all the parameters will be calculated in arduino ATmega328 UNO. LCD is interfaced with arduino which will display measured value of s1 and s2. For creation of fault we apply 100 watt bulb in between s1 and s2 thus the phase to ground fault is produced there by creating difference in reading of s1 and s2 due to faulty condition. We gave condition, if s1 is greater the s2+ fault current then fault occurs. So, it will display on LCD screen and buzzer will buzz to alert the operator at server station, at the same time SMS will be sent through GSM modem to on duty service Engineer with exact fault location detail. Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 11 IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Methodology: Normal condition Sensor node 1 reading ≈ sensor node 2 reading Faulty condition Sensor node 1 reading > sensor node 2 reading + fault current Figure7 Hardware set up Figure 8 Sensor Node reading Figure 9 Sending message through GSM module Specification: Destination side load= 100 watt bulb Power line= 230 volt Creation of fault= 100 watt bulb in between s1 & s2 Figure 7 Flow chat Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 12 IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm Email: [email protected] ISSN 2321-600X 5.CONCLUSION Locating fault in a power transmission line is a complicated and severe problem in power system. Many research work is been carried out for fault detection but this is one of the simplest way. This concept successfully analyse the asymmetrical faults which occurs in power line. In Wireless Sensor Network (WNS) current sensor ACS712 interfaced with arduino mini pro converts the analog measured current value into digital form and then transmits the data to the main primary node through nRF24l01 transceiver. Parameters calculated in arduino ATmega328 UNO transmits data to control panel or substation so that immediate action can be done with the help of GSM technology. We have successfully found out the exact location of fault REFERENCES [1] Ashwini Yenegur, Basawaraj.S.Mathpati “An algorithm for fault node recovery of wireless sensor network” Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014 [2] He Yi Li Chang-binWu Ai-guo Meng Qing-yu “Research of Phase-to-ground Fault Location in The Distribution Line Based on Wireless Sensor Networks” [3] S. Tamronglak, S. E Horowitz, A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp “Anatomy of power system blackouts: preventive relaying strategies” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996 [4] Ahmad Adamu Galadima “Arduino as a learning tool”. [5] Yusuf Abdullahi Badamasi “The Working Principle Of An Arduino”. [6] “nRF24L0 Single Chip 2.4GHz Transceiver Product Specification” NORDIC semiconductors. [7] “Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor with 2.1 kVRMS Voltage Isolation and a LowResistance Current Conductor” datasheet [8] Charles Kim, Thomas Bialek, Jude Awiylika, “An Initial Investigation for Locating Self-Clearing Faults in Distribution Systems” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 2, JUNE 2013 AUTHOR Sushil Chavhan currently pursuing Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering disciple from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research, Nagpur (MH). His professional aim is to become energy expert. His area of interest is Alternative Energy, losses in electrical power system, and Energy Audit Vaibhav Barsagade currently pursuing Bachelor of Engineering in Electrica Engineeringl disciple from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research, Nagpur (MH). His area of interest are Electrical machines and power system. Abhijit A.Dutta is an Assistant Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research, Nagpur (MH) Under Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University. He has completed his B.E. (Electrical) from Govt. College of Engineering, Chandrapur in year 2003 also he has completed his M.Tech (Integrated Power System) from YCCE, Nagpur. He has teaching experience of 10 years. His area of interest are Power Electronic, Power System and Network Circuits He has many research papers in International Journals and presented his research work in the field of Power System in International Conference in India and abroad Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015 Page 13
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