1. business and industrial
2. construction

Faculty of Engineering
THE EVALUATION OF MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM FLY ASH
(OPFASH) AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN ACW 20 HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA)
HENRIETTA RAMUS ANAK HENRY MAKIM
Bachelor of Engineering with Honors
(Civil Engineering)
2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
JUDUL:
THE EVALUATION OF MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM FLY ASH (OPFASH)
AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN ACW 20 HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA)
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya
HENRIETTA RAMUS ANAK HENRY MAKIM
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja.
Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini
sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
** Sila tandakan (  ) di kotak yang berkenaan
3.
4.
5.

SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat tetap:
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Lot 712, DAH YUH GARDEN
MARUDI, 98050 BARAM, SARAWAK
Tarikh:
CATATAN
En. LARRY SILAS TIRAU
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh:
*
**
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
The following Final Year Project Report:
Title
: THE EVALUATION OF MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF OIL
PALM FLY ASH (OPFASH) AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN ACW
20 HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA)
Name
: HENRIETTA RAMUS ANAK HENRY MAKIM
Matric No.
: 16317
Has been read and approved by:
____________________________
MR. LARRY SILAS TIRAU
Supervisor
_______________________
Date:
THE EVALUATION OF MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM FLY
ASH (OPFASH) AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN ACW 20 HOT MIX
ASPHALT (HMA)
HENRIETTA RAMUS ANAK HENRY MAKIM
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering with Honors
(Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2010
“Dedicated to my beloved ones….’’
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I wish to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Mr.
Larry Silas Tirau for guiding me throughout the period of my thesis work and
generously sharing his knowledge with me. Without his patient and guidance, this
report would not be successfully completed.
My sincere appreciation also extends to the technicians of Highway and
Transportation Laboratory and Concrete Laboratory for helping and guiding me to
implement the laboratory works. To all my dearest friends, thanks for always being
helping hands.
I am also very thankful to thank my parents, Mr. Henry Makim and Mdm.
Juliana Larek for always supporting and encouraging me in the period of pursuing
the knowledge. In additional, sincere gratitude to my sister for helping in laboratory
works. Last but not least, I would like to convey my appreciation to Christopher
Damian for always being supportive.
iii
ABSTRACT
Increasing number of traffic loads at present and future is a main issue in
highway construction. Factors such as durability, strength and economic need to be
consider into account in design and construction of road pavement. Many researches
have been conducted to explore material which can produce good properties for
asphalt pavement. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of OPFASH
as replacing material for alternatives filler with normal ACW 20. The asphalt cement
use varies from 4.5% to 6.5% and having penetration grades of 80/100. Marshall
Test was done to evaluate this study and compare the physical properties of
OPFASH Hot Mix Asphalt and normal Hot Mix Asphalt. The ACW 20 for the
normal mix aggregate and OPFASH does not satisfied JKR requirement for void in
total mix mean. The optimum binder content for the normal mix asphalt was 4.83%
and 5.13% for the OPFASH mix.
iv
ABSTRAK
Pertambahan beban lalulintas pada masa kini dan masa hadapan merupakan
salah
satu
isu
utama
dalam
pembinaan
jalanraya.
Faktor-faktor
seperti
ketahanlasakan, kekuatan dan ekonomi perlu dipertimbangkan dalam merekabentuk
dan pembinaan jalan raya yang memainkan peranannya sebagai salah satu media
perhubungan yang terpenting. Banyak kajian telah dijalankan untuk mencari bahan
baru atau bahan ganti untuk menghasilkan ciri-ciri yang baik bagi turapan
berbitumen. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengkaji kesan terhadap ciri-ciri Marshall
dan kesesuaian penggunaan bahan OPFASH sebagai bahan penganti dalam
campuran panas asfal ACW 20. Kandungan asfal berbeza dari 4.5% ke 6.5% dengan
gred penembusan 80/100. Keputusan kajian menunjukan campuran menggunakan
agregat biasa mempunyi ketumpatan yang lebih besar tetapi campuran menggunakan
OPFASH akan mempunyai kestabilan yang lebih tinggi ACW20 campuran agregat
biasa dan OPFASH gagal menepati piawaian JKR lompang dalam campuran (VTM.
Kandungan asfal optimum untuk campuran biasa adalah 4.83% manakala 5.13%
untuk campuran OPFASH.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Page
DEDICATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SUBSCRIPTS
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1
1.2 Statement of Problem
3
1.3 Objectives
5
1.4 Scope of study
6
vi
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
7
2.2 Bituminous Materials
8
2.2.1 Types of Bituminous Materials
9
2.2.2 Bituminous Mixtures
10
2.2.3 Classification of Bituminous Mixtures
11
2.2.3.1 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
12
2.2.3.2 Cold-Laid Plant Mix
13
2.2.3.3 Mixed-in- Place Mix
13
2.2.3.4 Penetration Macadam
13
2.3 Aggregates
14
2.4 Mineral and Waste Based Filler
16
2.5 Oil Palm Fly Ash (OPFASH)
21
2.6 Marshall Mix Design
23
2.7 Marshall Stability and Flow Test
26
2.8 Volumetric Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt
27
2.8.1 Void in Total Mix (VTM)
30
2.8.2 Void in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA)
31
2.8.3 Void Filled Bitumen (VFB)
32
2.8.4 Density
32
2.8.5 Stability
33
2.8.6 Flow
34
2.8.7 Stiffness
34
vii
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
36
3.2 Aggregate Selection
37
3.3 Asphalt Binder Content
39
3.4 Sample Preparation
39
3.5 Specific Gravity
40
3.5.1 Determination of Specific Gravity for
Coarse Aggregates
41
3.5.1.1 Apparatus, Procedures and Calculation
41
3.5.2 Determination for Specific Gravity for Fine
Aggregates/OPFASH
42
3.5.2.1 Apparatus, Procedures and Calculation
43
3.6 Marshall Mix Design
44
3.6.1 Apparatus, Procedures and Calculation
3.7 Marshall Stability and Flow Test
3.7.1 Apparatus, Procedures and Calculation
45
46
47
3.8 Result Calculations
49
3.8.1 Specimen
50
3.8.2 Binder
50
3.8.3 Aggregate
50
3.8.4 Mass and Volume of Marshall Specimen
51
3.8.5 Mass and volume of binder
52
3.8.6 Mass and Volume of Aggregate
52
3.8.7 Volume of Air in Total Mix (VMA)
53
3.8.8 Volume of Void-Less Mix
53
viii
3.8.9 Binder Contents
53
3.8.10 Bulk Density, (d)
54
3.8.11 Maximum theoretical density, (D)
54
3.8.12 Voids in total mix, (VTM)
54
3.8.13 Voids in Mineral Aggregate, (VMA)
55
3.8.14 Voids Filled with Binder, (VFA)
55
3.9 Optimum Asphalt Binder Content Selection
55
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
58
4.2 Sieve Analysis and Aggregate Distribution
59
4.3 Bulk Specific Gravity
59
4.3.1 Bulk Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates
61
4.3.2 Bulk Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates
61
4.3.3 Specific Gravity of Asphalt
61
4.4 Marshall Properties Analysis
62
4.4.1 Analysis of Mixture Density
62
4.4.2 Analysis of Void in Total Mixture (VTM)
63
4.4.3 Analysis of Void Filled with Asphalt (VFA)
63
4.4.4 Analysis Void in Mineral Aggregate in the Mix
64
4.4.5 Stability Analysis
64
4.4.6 Flow Analysis
65
4.4.7 Stiffness Analysis
65
4.5 Optimum Binder Content
ix
66
4.6 Comparing the Characteristic with the Jabatan Kerja
Raya Standard.
66
4.7 Discussions
68
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
71
5.2 Conclusion
72
5.3 Recommendation
74
REFERENCES
75
APPENDIX A-C
81
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2.1
Page
Suitability of Using Industrial Waste Products in
19
Highway Construction
2.2
Comparison of Physical Properties and Chemical
22
Composition between Portland Cement and
OPFASH
2.3
Specification of Asphalt Concrete Mixture
27
(JKR/SPJ/1988)
3.1
Weight in Percentage of the Aggregate Should
38
Obtain
3.2
Weight of Aggregate and Binder the Each in Sample
39
3.3
Stability Correction (ASTM D1559)
48
4.1
Bulk Density for Normal HMA Specimens
60
4.2
Bulk Density for OPFASH HMA Specimens
60
4.3
Comparing the JKR standards (JKR/SPJ/1998) with
67
the Normal HMA
4.4
Comparing the JKR standards (JKR/SPJ/1998)
and the OPFASH HMA
xi
67
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
2.1
Mass/Volume Relationships in Asphalt Mix
28
2.2
Relationships between Aggregate, Asphalt and Air
35
3.1
Flow diagram for Methodology
37
3.2
Graphs to Determine Optimum Asphalt Binders
57
xii
LIST OF SUBSCRIPTS
HMA
Hot Mix Asphalt
VMA
Voids in Mineral Aggregates
VTM
Voids in Total Mix
VFA
Voids Filled with Asphalt Cement
ASTM
The American Society for Testing and Materials
OAC
Optimum Asphalt Content
OPFASH
Oil Palm Fly Ash
SSD
Saturated Surface Dry
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya
UNIMAS
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
%
Percentage
ºC
Degree Celsius
μ
Micro
mm
Millimeter
m
Meter
VB
Volume of constituent binder
M
Mass of specimen
V
Bulk volume of specimen
MBA, VBA
Mass and Volume of absorbed binder
MB
Mass of constituent binder
VB
Volume of constituent binder
VMM
Volume of void-less mix
VA
Volume of air between coated aggregate particles in the mix
MG
Mass of aggregate
VG
Bulk volume of aggregate
VGE
Effective volume of aggregate
Wa
\Weight of specimen in air (kg)
Ww
Weight of specimen in water (kg)
ρw
Density of water ( = 1000 kg/m3)
Wpa
Weight of specimen and paraffin wax coating in air (kg)
Wpw
Weight of specimen and paraffin wax coating in water (kg)
xiv
Gp
Relative density of paraffin wax
PAG
Binder absorption, % of mass of aggregate
PB
Binder content, % of total mass of specimen
ρB
Density of binder
ρG
Bulk density of aggregate
m3
Meter cubic
mm
Mili Meter
kN
Kilo Newton
kg
Kilogram
g
Gram
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Road as one of land transportation infrastructure is very important in supporting
the economic for both regional and national development. The quality of material for
road construction will also influence the road performance. During 1900’s, the
bituminous paving technique was first used on rural roads and so as to handle rapid
removal of fine particles in the form of dust which was caused due to rapid growth of
automobile [Roberts et al. 2002]. Construction of highway involves huge outlay of
investment. A precise engineering may save considerable investment as well a
reliable performance of the in-service highway can be achieved. Two things are of
major considerations in this regard are the pavement design and the mix design (Das,
1998).
1
Nowadays, better techniques and methods have been developed and
implemented for improving roadway lifetime. Mix design is one of the factors that
play a strong role in roadway performance and life. A good mix design is expected to
result in a mix which is adequately:i.
Strong
ii.
Durable
iii.
Resistive to fatigue and permanent deformation
iv.
Environment friendly
v.
Economical
Asphalt mix design is a method of designing pavement structure. The process of
designing including selecting appropriate graded aggregate materials and optimum
bitumen content, so that the most suitable combination of composition and properties
will give required strength or stability to withstand repeated load applications and get
the most economic of pavement structure. For asphalt mix design, there are two mix
design methods which are Hveem Mix Design Method and Marshall Mix Design
Method. [Sandah, 2008]
Marshall Method was the commonly used in the Malaysia road construction
which is easy to conduct and simpler.
The Marshall Mix Design Method was
originally developed to address specific mix design issues confronting the USCOE
during World War II. Therefore, it was developed to be simple, light, quick, and
reasonably accurate for the wheel loading of the time.
2
Since then it has been
modified and supplemented to address new concerns but the basic testing apparatus
and selection criteria remain the same.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Nowadays, the road pavement or asphalt surface is exposed to higher loading
because of the increasing numbers of the transportation or vehicles on road. When
this road pavement is subjected to primarily repeat loading over a period of time, it
can caused to permanent deformation or rutting, fatigue, cracking and skidding
problems. Thus, the road pavement has a low durability and less workability. All of
these problems regarding to road pavement can leads to any unfortunately incident
such as accident.
For these several decades, lots of testing and researches had been done to find the
most suitable alternatives materials to improvise the road pavement. One of the
common alternatives ways taken in concern is by manipulating filler material in the
asphalt mix design. It is believe that modification of asphalt mix design materials
used may improve the rheological behavior of the mixes which provide the better
service life of the road pavement and strengthen the mix.
3
Traditionally aggregates, sand, bitumen or asphalt, and Portland cement are used
in road construction. The demand of these materials for construction purpose is
increased rapidly but naturally material become shortage in nature. The economic
factors relating to the materials used in construction mainly derive from the costs of
extracting the material, processing and hauling it to the site.
Besides that, the environmental disturbance is made up of factors such as
disturbance to the landscape leading to possible dereliction and the depletion of
natural resources. Disposal issue of the waste products is a challenge today. Some of
the materials are not biodegrade and often lead to waste disposal crisis and
environmental pollution (Chua, 2008).
For other alternative, industrial waste such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, colliery
spoil, marble dust, waste tyres are used in the road construction. For instant,
Malaysia is one of the largest countries that produced oil palm to other countries all
around the globe. This oil palm has caused an excessive waste from its production in
the factory and leads to disposal problem. Perhaps this oil palm waste can be used as
alternative filler in asphalt mix design.
By burning the waste of oil palm, it can produced oil palm fly ash or known as
OPFASH. Recently, OPFASH is found to be useful and economical alternative filler
replacing cement in concrete mix. However, the workability and capability of using
4
OPFASH is remaining unknown. It is hope that the used of OPFASH will decrease
the cost of construction and increase the quality of asphalt mixtures.
1.3 Aim and Objective
There were 3 objectives in this study that need to be achieved:
i.
Determine the Marshall properties of hot mix asphalt ACW 20 by using Oil
Palm Fly Ash (OPFASH) as a replacing material for alternatives filler with
normal ACW 20.
ii.
Evaluate the Oil Palm Fly Ash (OPFASH) suitability as filler in Hot Mix
Asphalt.
iii.
Compare the optimum binder content for both normal ACW 20 and Oil Palm
Fly Ash (OPFASH) ACW 20.
5
1.4 Scope of Study
In order to investigate the effects of OPFASH on Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
properties, the scope of the study was included preparation of ACW 20 Marshall
samples with bitumen content without additive were 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0% and
6.5% as control samples. The Marshall Test was conducted to determine optimum
bitumen content and Marshall Properties. This research will be carrying out
according to the Marshall Mix Design and Marshall Stability and Flows test.
Total number of 15 samples of normal ACW 20 (control sample) and 15 samples
of OPFASH (modified sample) as the replacing material are prepared and tested
referring to the AASHTO manual. The result on the density, stability, flow, voids in
total mix, voids filled bitumen and stiffness from the modified sample and control
sample were compared and analyze according to specification stated in
JKR/SPJ/1988. All the sample preparation and testing was conducted at Civil
Engineering Laboratory (Concrete Laboratory and Highway & Transportation
Laboratory), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
6