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Jurnal UMP Social Sciences and Technology Management
Vol. 3, Issue. 2,2015
The evolution of urban planning in developing countries
compared with developed countries
Zeinab Karkeh Abadi
Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Semnan of Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
Sasan Masoudi
P.Hd Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Semnan of Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
Abstract
In recent years, urban planning has been discussed as an important issue in all societies
and a vast literature is devoted to urban development. In this regard, various aspects of
urban planning were studied and analyzed from different angles , and some solutions have
been devised for them. Comprehensive approach to policies, programs and urban
development projects, and also the formulation of integrated economic, social and
environmental goals are at the head of sustainable urban development policy and
planning. Realization of these goals requires the evaluation of the results and
consequences of urban systems for the economic, social, cultural, environmental changes
, and major changes in the organization and urban planning are required too . balance
between large and small urban centers, cooperation between government departments,
public and private sectors , as well as developing local strategies to achieve urban
planning policies in the countries are important aspects.this article has studied The
evolution of urban planning in developing countries compared with developed countries.
Evolution of urban planning in the two countries is analyzed. After reviewing origin of
concept of Urban planning and its goals in this paper, we study History and evolution of
urban planning in the world. Then, Important indicators of urban planning are studied
Including the role of government, housing and good living environment, culture, popular
participation, social justice in the evolution of urban planning in the two countries group.
Finally, Features of new cities in these countries were studied.
Keywords: Urban planning, evolution, developed countries, developing countries, new
cities.
Introduction
characteristics of crrent urban communities has been resulted in instability of human beings
and the environment (natural and built environment) . civil and human society faced by some
problems including poverty and injustice, individualism, extreme greed, disintegrating social
relations, family instability, uneven and unbalanced pace of everyday life, the loss of urban
identity, the loss of natural and cultural riches, reducing public participation in the decisionmaking process, human vulnerability and urban environment caused by natural disasters
(earthquakes, floods, etc.) and human (pollution, accidents, crime and crime, etc.), lack of
environmental comfort in living spaces, limitless energy consumption and irrational use of
renewable resources and ....
By 2015 the world's urban population would be more than 3.9 billion. Twenty-first centuries is
the century of cities and urbanization. Most urban growth will take place in developing
countries. Human being is looking for an ideal city to establish basis of sustainable
development. At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992,
the Rio Declaration was signed by 150 countries. In particular, some principles were signed for
achieving sustainable development, a development that meets the needs of today's man,
without destroying the ability of future generations to access to their hopes and needs
(Mojtahed Zadeh, 2014). Urban planning as a scientific discipline emerged in late 1900s. In
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Great Britain, the first academic program planning began at the university of Liverpool in 1909.
The first program was established in North America in 1924 at Harvard University. The first
course was taught at the graduate level. Its curriculum varies widely in different institutions.
Some of the traditional programs, emphasis on physical layout of land. Other programsespecially those awarded a Ph.D degree - are more the social sciences oriented. The theoretical
basis of this discipline, partly because of the lack of transparency, is introduced by the issues it
presesnts than dominant paradigm or any prescription approach. The mentioned topics often
include :
Recognition of a general trend and how to determine this trend, Physical and social
characteristics of an ideal city, Possible changes in accordance with the smart objectives,
possibility level of agreement on goals by communications, The role of citizens in government
officials and private investors in shaping the city, Accurate quantitative analysis and logical
models of decision-making at a methodological level. Most of programs in urban planning
phase mainly includes practical courses on topics such as environmental policy, transport,
housing planning and economic development of society ( Nazariyan, 2014).
According to the above-mentioned issues, we are going to study evolution of urban planning in
developing countries compared with developed countries.
Theoretical framework
Definition of urban planning
Planning is done based on area or field of work in different levels including National, regional
and local land-planning. In urban planning, some topics are studied, including urban factors,
how to use the lands -housing-traffic-green space, in relation to population and city
performance ( Zayari, 2013).
The nature and evolution of urban planning
As mentioned at the beginning of the discussion, importance and urgency of the urban
planning dates back to antiquity human history, especially in the wake of the Industrial
Revolution in Europe. Urban planning was derived of architecture. Urban planning began since
physical planning. It considered engineering and architectural aspects of city-building
infrastructure and housing and urban beautification engineering and architectural aspects of
city-building infrastructure and housing and urban beautification. Hippodamus was the first
person, who discussed about urbanism who lived in 480 BC. Plan was interesting in the middle
of 19 century since beginning of new style urban planning. After World War II, opportunity of
paln was decreased . plans and comprehensive programs were critiziswed severly. Despite the
eloquent and good defense of the plan, practice and theory went toward the process. City
planners were advised to take a more moderate approach to the issues than comprehensive
one. Firstly, theorists insisted on the division and then dialogue and communication actions.
Paradoxically, this situation was placed beside the fact that many improvements have been the
result of projects (Dona j. Stewart, 1996).
The origins of modern urban planning
Origin of modern planning is known is dedicated to Husman’s plan for Paris in the moddle of
th
19 century by historians. In other words, modern planning was started in the late of 19 centurt
and formation of some movements to improve housing and sanity of city in Germany and
England and USA. The first urban master plan, claimed considering issuing important for
contemporary planners including housing, Eco, traffic, social and sanity situations, urban
design, density of infrastructures that was presented by a civil engineering as Ied Fons Serda for
Barselona in 1859. His plan was based on the theory of urbanization ( Taghvayi saravani, 2009).
Classification of the evolution of urban development projects in the world
Preparation of urban development programs with modern sense in the world does not enjoy of
antiquity, but the eneavors inthis regard originates of last times. The primary efforts that have
been typical in the regulation of human settlements, has provided the first source of program
development.
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4 stages are considered as stages of the evolution of urban development projects in the world.
The first stage was presented as formation of the idea of Utopia to solve the problem of citizens
( 1800-1900 AD).
The second stage ( 1900-1950 AD) : the first ideas based on planning were formed by preparing
development plan for European cities , such as Amsterdam, Paris and London.
Third stage ( 1950- 1970 AD) : Formation and formulation of Athens Charter and attention to
quanitative standards of civil life .
The fourth stage ( after 1970 AD) : attention to the non-physical aspects of cities and creating
new approaches in urban development planning ( Moradi Masihi, 2009).
The first stage ( 1800-1900 AD)
In this period, urbanism was not formed as an independent job. Social theorists are the main
people who have some idea about urban development method to solve problems of social
levels. They mention some specifications of ideal city. General ideas have been proposed as
utopia. It consideres suitable city out of the current cities. So, they think about laboratory
situations, as any limitation should be removed as premise, to realize the utopia. Due to this
reason, the best opinions expressed in this period, such as Robert Owen fictional town ( 17711858) and Falansar shawl February ( 1772-1838) are not realizable at all (Moradi Masihi, 2008).
The second stage ( 1900-1950)
20 century was begun by many developments in science field. Theories based on inductive
reasoning and the development of experimental techniques was prevalent in all of
sciences.preparation of rules argument based on scientific philosophy forms the basis of the
methodology. Logic rules are considered as recognition basis in natural philosophy.
The first rule: For the reasonong of natural things, some true reasons should be used to be
enough for explanation of appearances.
The Second rule: the same reasons should be attributed to the same causes.
The third rule: those specifications in all objects available for test.they should considered as
universal qualities of all bodies
The fourth rule: those rules that are obtained by general induction, they are due to exploring in
the phenomena .Opposite assumptions should be ignored. Consequently to formulate logical
rules and laws of reasoning in all sciences, Theoretical foundations of modern urban forms in
this period, and all the experts try to express the Inductively experience based on scientific
evidence. For this reason, various ideas were proposed about urbanism in this period, some of
the include:
 1-the linear theory by Arturo Soria .
 2-Theory of Industrial City by Tony Garynh [12] ( 1869-1948)
 3-Garden City Theory By Ebenezer Howard [13] ( 1850-1928)
 4-shining city Theory by Le Brzyh [14] ( 1887-1965)
The first half of the twentieth century, provided a good situation for more logical thinking
about the concept of urban development. Therefore, fourth Congress of Modern Architecture
(SIAM) is allocated to urbanism completely. A sample pattern is provided by it to provide
urban maps. According to it, 3 maps should be prepared for a city, one for showing how to use
the land , the second for showing passages , and the third for completing position of city
according to its surrounding area. The above pattern is used to prepare urban development
patterns for 33 cities including London, Paris, Berlin, Ditroit, and Madrid.
But this pattern shows maps of the situation. In addition, between the two world wars,
methods that are used to organize large cities are largely fragmentary. Urban general plans do
not go beyond the boundaries of urban centers (Moradi Masihi , 2008).
The third stage ( 1950-1970)
Phase III of urban development studies refers to the post-World War II and its result is the
destruction of a large number of cities in fighting. Fast reconstruction of cities and the use of
modern urban planning theory to provide urban development plans are evident for all people .
due to the requirements of reconstruction programs, efforts to address the imbalance in
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distribution of population, production facilities and infrastructure services, spatial planning at
regional and municipal levels are considered. In this period, the most important physical
characteristics of the planning and design are realized in 2 different areas as follows:
Urban development projects in the form of a comprehensive plan, including general and longterm urban development plan for long term (usually 20 years)
Detailed plans as comprehensive plan wizard, to carry out the main objective of the project
proposals for urban master plans, detailed designs inspired of the principles of functional
urbanism prepared in 1933 in the fourth International Congress of Modern Architecture (
Moradi Masihi, Khalij, 2008).
The fourth stage ( after 1970)
Since the late 1960s, Failure to realize the aims and ideals of the traditional comprehensive
urban development plan, and spread of new ideas of planning and knowledge in science
resulted in appearance of need to change the way of urban development plans. For this reason,
British urban planners offered the need for the application of the system methods in planning
and urban design with emphasis on the general theory of systems. After that, changing in the
thinking method of comprehensive traditional designs that concerned with unidirectional
relationship of elements was changed to reciprocity view of elements of set. In new look and
systematic analyse, city is as a complex potential evolving dynamic phenomenon that is active.
Its developments should be studied in the context of a dynamic system. According to the
systemic method, the planning process is a continuous cycle of analysis and conclusions stages
that is is replaced for inference process.in the traditional approach, the identification and
analysis of the present situation was prior to the conclusion . but, in the systemic method,
determining the purposes of research and information gathering, modeling and assessment,
and implement solutions are replaced. In other words, non-target comprehensive forecast is
replaced by the process of planning in urban development projects including monitoring until
the implementation. Perhaps for the first time, the urban development plan is altered of the
physical map to the urban development plan. Due to the random nature of the approach based
on the conditions of uncertainty, limitations of human knowledge and restriction of
authorisation and human control are specific feature of urbanization of this period of time (
Moradi Masihi, 2008).
Evolutions of urban planning in developed and developing countries in industrial era
Technology was accompanied with rapid population growth, unlimited business investment,
big profits and the government's failure to manage of the unintended physical consequences in
Europe and USA. Large cities were developed in this period of time. Large population growth,
unlimited commercial investment, large profits, defeating government in management of
th
unwanted consequences of development were other events in the middle and last of 19
century. Luxe caused by poverty, and wealth caused by nihilism were shown offensively along
with this development. Finally, corruption and abuse arising from this course led to the
emergence of progressive movement based on that, the urban planning was changed to a part.
Marginalized places and impoverished neighborhoods caused overcrowding and congestion,
ugly and threatening reaction illnesses. After this reaction, the first request was formed for
health improvements. Due to improvements in water supply and wastewater engineering,
health was increased significantly, which was essential for more growth of civil population. At
the end of this century, the first steps were taken to correct housing conditions. In the basic
regulatory rules, the basic standards were set for housing construction (Such as the Public
Health Act of Great Britain in 1848 and the real state of New York in 1879). Administration was
run slowly, because governments did not provide the required capital for modernization and
improvement of existing homes. Also, low ability of residents of poor places to pay rent fee, did
not encourage homeowners to improve home. When the new buildings were built, some
developments took place in housing. New legislation continued reflection to disclosure of
researchers such as Jacob Riis in USA and Charles Booth in Britain. Concerns about the
appearance of city in Europe was found a long time ago in tradition empire of building Court
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and House and also the construction of large government buildings in central squares and
churches . Good scenery and symmetry of squares and streets radiating out was changed into
the large-scale planning in Paris during the second empire Georges Eugene Baron Husman
(1852-1870) by supporting direct arterial boulevards. The resulting urban form was simulated
widely in other parts of Europe. Although, Husman's proceedings were based on beautification,
these proceedings broke trade barriers provided by the Middle Ages Paris, and could provide a
suitable basis for effective transportation of military goods. His plans included demolition of
old houses and property, and replacing it by new apartments for richer customers, construction
of transport roads and commercial spaces, and movement of poor people to central parts of
city.Husman's method provided a frame that open plan of urban developments are
th
administered in Europ and USA until the end of 20 century. These programs expand their
impacts in most parts of the third world.
Approaches of urban planning development after World War
After world war, European governors administered large housing and reconstruction programs
in their ruined cities.This program is based on the principles of modern planning and were
published in the International Congress of Modern Architecture (SIAM). According to ideas of
Siegfried Giedion, historian of art and architecture, Lukurbuziye was Swedish Architecture,
and international school of Bauhaus was german. In this period of time, high buildings were
built, separated of each other by green spaces. Form of these buildings showed requiring
production in large scale. Also, it showed tendency of architectures to models for applying new
technologies and new materials. They are repeatable in the entire world. Government
intervention in housing development provided more possibility for public part to control urban
growth pattern by its investments, rather than relying on legal tool as a tool of making
limitation for expensive development of private sector ( Barton et.al, translate by Barooti,
2009).
The government's role in the development of urban planning of developed and
developing countries
The performance situation of urban planning was developed in the structure of city
government in different countries. Today, in many countries, private sector developers must
obtain a permit of the state for construction. However, in the United States, if the project
developers will meet with municipal zoning laws, they will be permited to construct as their
right. In Europe, which urban management is heavily concentrated, urban planning is done in
the field of administrative organization which has considerable strength. In Great Britain, while
a planning organization acts in the executive and advisory capacity field, local elected council is
responsible for local planning. Developers whose construction license is rejected, can request
the central government to appeal their sentences. In order to deal with the issue of growth and
social welfare, some countries, particularly in northern Europe, national governments have
changed urban planning as a part of their proceedings. Even in the United States, federal
government was involved in local planning issues by production and implementation of
national housing and urban renewal law by the supervisory role of the federal Housing and
Urban Development organization, established in 1965. When developing countries in the 1960s
and 1970s became independent of colonial powers, the planning structure was highly
centralized by national governments, usually set the new urban plan frame ( Barton et.al,
2009).
Comparison of urban sustainable development in urban planning of developing and
developed countries
In his paper as " dense cities in developing countries " , Harry Richardson starting from the fact
that although urban density in several cities of developing countries is more than developed
countries ,urban sustainability of cities of developing countries is less than their developed
counterparts . According to Harry Richardson, the main differnce between cities of developing
countries and developed countries is their transportation system. In other words, high density
and unsuitable transportation system is dangerous environmntal health and stability of city. It
increases instability of city. According to Richardson, "all of theses things mean that dense
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cities of developing countries are not planeed. There is not a pre-determined plan. On the
contrary, On the contrary, density of these cities is made automatically or with chaotic (
Bahreyni, 2000).
Good housing and living environment in changes in urban planning of developing and
developez countries
In developing countries where personal profits prevail on public profit and investors think just
about themselves ,it is essential to consider conflict between public interest and individual
profit . it is necessary to prevent inflation and undesirable development of cities by controlling
land as land policy strategy, or establishing land bank . The land storage policy, that is called as
land bank, requires more proceedings, such as buying land when it is cheap, storage of public
lands for fture consumptions, changing undesirable public lands with those lands that have
more value in future, private land reclamation in exchange for its costs as capturing the private
reclamationed land for public use ( Taghvayi Sarvani, 2004).
Culture preservation and local wisdom in developing and developed countries urban
developments planning
Such protection often involves a conscious effort by the government to support traditional
crafts, language, customs, culture and methods of construction, preserving important local
products against high imports, protecting crops and local resources, merging architecture and
indigenous materials. There are strong economic and military forces in some cities that look for
the continuation of unsustainable development patterns. As a result of it, progress of instability
is slow. Christopher Alexander (1987) in his book as "new theory of urban design" presented a
general rule for urban development. This rule is based on this this sentence as "each
construction should improves the city".It seems this guidelines is suitable for sustainable urban
development planning ( Hatami Nezhad, 2005) . Public participation, preservation of culture
and local wisdom in the evolution of urban planning in developing and developed countries are
as the key components of sustainable urban and more practical regional democracy at the
national level, which in turn can cause the development of other positive changes. There is not
a unique method to suggest for this thing, but a set of policies are usefor under purpose of
opening local decision-making process, making immunity for decision-making processes of
certain influential groups , making educated and informed elector, responsible decisionmaking mechanism in local level, as local council . Paternalistic patterns of decision-making
and management, lack of participate of people in all of the parts consciously and
unconsciously, increases instability in urban environment life ( Khoda Bakhshi, 2007).
Social justice in evolution of urban planning of developing and developed countries
Sustainable society requires a new management system. Postmodern urbanism opposed with
the main points of modern urbanism i.e. social engineering, certainty, predictability,
generalization, universal rationality, causality and determination. Instead, it turned to
logicalism, criticism, authenticity, pluralism relativism, multiplicity, diversity, descriptive
programming, case programming, lack of concentration, localism, local design, echoism,
advocacy planning, participation of people, and so on.
Providing suitable information in a suitable time of all of city is main challenge of political
managers, experts and citizens to make a more creative decision to support sustainable
development of city. New methods of data gathering for special planning of cities and their
sustainable development should be invented. Confidentiality of information in most social and
managerial levelsvis a problem of sustainable urban development ( Azizi, 2007).
New cities in urban planning changes of developed and developing countries
Before transition of urban policies from west to east, these towns were discovered in Egypt
deserts ( Nile) and Mesopotamia. Classic Englishmen and Frenchmen in west, japan in east
continued this kind of planning and making new towns based on technology and new urban
sciences. Experience in urban planning in developed countries is rooted in historical interest
and their practical political freedom. These planning policies were administered in some
countries including Iran, Brazil, Nigeria. Certainly, there are some similarities in developed
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countries. They face with overcrowding and different pollutions. This situation was made in
th
19 century in London, and resulted in making a preventive policy in this field, and limited
development of London by building new cities or city gardens.
In this regard, the first process was done by private investment to invert immigrants from
London. Only 2 City gardens were built, but they provided basis of innovation for
governments. Barlow Commission Report in 1940, prepared by request of government, showed
that urbanization made some problems for London. Not only these problems were not
decreased by passing time, but also it showed that urbanization has made some problems for
London. These problems were not decreased by passing time and increased stresses and
mental problems for patients among residents of city, so city encountered with high
commercial cost, high cost of land, and low efficiency of system management. The report
sparked interest in building new towns in Britain . 26 new cities (garden cities) were built
during 1947-1968 in Scotland and Wales to control growth of London city and stimulating
development. When ending new urban planning in Britain, France approved new cities plan in
1965. A new urban policy was prepared for controlling population and economic development
of Paris and other metropolises. The goal was to create 9 new towns . 5 New Town were built in
areas of Paris and four new towns were built around the France to make connection between
growth poles.5 new cities are alive nowadays , including 600000 people as its population,
22000 jobs, 1000 acres as workplace, 2000000 m2 for service office, which will be developed in
future. Due to lack of space concentration for developed countries, this policy and planning of
new cities was interesting. They faced with different problems including population growth
and the rapid growth of urbanization. Expected annual population growth for the least
developed world in the years 1975 to 1980 was 4%. It was 5.2 % for Africa in a year. The most
amount of population growth was in urban areas, where quality and quantity of life was very
bad. It included large part of population of city, without water, electricity, or sewage, which
are important indexes of urban society. Finally, most of population of city was concentrated in
a city, usually in capital cities, until knowing important second and middle cities in the urban
hierarchy. In the former socialist countries, new cities theory was as growth pole strategy to
prevent the growth of large cities, the use of internal resources, spatial distribution of
population, industry, development of backward regions and pushing the industry to wide areas
of Europe mainland beyond the Urals in the East. Socialist planners were trying to stay safe of
urban development in planning new cities and monuments and environment and scarce
agricultural land. When developing countries faced with the primary large cities and compared
their urbanization process, these countries turned to new policies of new European cities in
1945 to combat rapid growth of urbanization. They tried to develop capital cities in order to
fighting the unbridled growth of new cities. Such as Abuja, new capital of Nigeria, was designed
to transfer public centers out of Lagos city, that was faced with heavy traffic network. Some
countries such a Brazil created new capital cities. Its result was disappointing for most of them
(Jaro chaska, 1976). However, urban problems are continued in less developed countries. Clear
urban policies were needed. Development policies, including have some problems such as
American and European designs. This may be deceptive for new Great Britain's policy. Great
Britain's new towns never reached their population density. Generally, they are not able to
prevent the growth of London. They are able to overcome the isolation of their economic base.
Building new entrepreneurship towns was aim in France. Their general aim was not population
issues. Setting new urban policies was essential for new cities of some countries including Iran
and Egypt. Egypt found out that it requires new urban policies when it faced with different
national chaos. It used English and French models and policies and established new cities in
1960-1970 by revitalization of urban planning model.
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Conclusion
The technical, social, political and environment knowledge of people is upgraded by
strengthening partnerships and using individual abilities. When citizens feel they have role in
their life environment, they make a sensitive relationship with environment. So, their behavior
is changed and controls the environment more than before. As a result of this situation, sense
of personal and social security, preservation and restoration of cultural and religious identity,
sense of personal and social security, preservation and restoration of cultural and religious
identity, promoting the idea of altruism and cooperation, environmental protection are
increased. Order is established more than before. People compete more to obtain their
personal or group goals. Social justice is realized in such a society. Urban planning is still in its
early stages. Little progress is achieved in the conversion of large cities that consume resources.
Each city should look for its special approach. Large cities encounter with providing basic
needs such as water, sanitation, public transport facilities and services for its citizens. Planning
of these cities should guarantee their long-term sustainability. It should prevent some
problems that developed industrialized countries faced with it.
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