1. health and fitness
2. disorders
3. mental disorder
4. a.d.d.

Screening, Referral and Treatment for
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) in a Primary Care
Setting – Adult – Clinical Practice
Guideline (CPG)
Target Population: This guideline focuses on all patients ages
18 and over with symptoms typical of ADHD.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This document has been produced as a collaborative effort between clinicians and quality
improvement staff of Unity Health Insurance, Physicians Plus Insurance Corporation, the
University of Wisconsin Medical Foundation, the Department of Family Medicine, and Group
Health Cooperative. The guidelines are reviewed, revised and approved on an annual basis.
This version was reviewed and approved in December 2012. 1
CPG Contact for Content Questions:
Name: Peggy Scallon, MD
Phone Number: (608) 263-6100
Email address: [email protected]
CPG Contact for Document Changes:
Name: Kevin Straka/Lee Vermeulen
Phone Number: (608) 262-7537
Email address: [email protected]
CPG Contact for Physicians Plus:
Jody Jardine, BSN, RN, CDE
Phone Number: (608) 417-4548
Email address: [email protected]
Guideline Author(s): Peggy Scallon, MD;
Jeff Anders MD (GHC); Cindy Gaston, Pharm.D; Maryann
Steiner, Pharm.D (UNITY); Kim Hein-Beardsley, MS, LMFT;
Kim Volberg, RN, BSN, MPH, CHES (PPlus)
Committee Approvals/Dates:
CKM Council,12/20/2012
Physicians Plus QUM Committee, 3/27/13
Release Date: 12/20/2012
2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………….4
Clinical Practice Guideline Scope……………………………………………………………..5
Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………..6
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………8
Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………8
References for Supporting Evidence ………….……………………………………………13
Benefits/Harms of Implementation………………….……………...………………………..14
Qualifying Statements………………………………………………………………………...14
Implementation Plan………………………………………………......................................14
Disclaimer………………………………………………………………………………...........14
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Criteria ……………………………………………......................15
Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Protocol……………………….....16
Adult ADHD Medication Protocol…………………………………………………………….17
Medications for the Treatment of ADHD …....................................................................18
Adult ADHD Self-Reporting Scale Symptom Checklist …………………………..............23
3
Executive Summary
Guideline Title:
Screening, Referral and Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) in a Primary Care Setting – Adult – Clinical Practice
Guideline (CPG)
Guideline Overview
A multidisciplinary group composed of members from UW Health, Unity, Group
Health Cooperative (GHC), and Physicians Plus has developed this clinical
practice guideline.
This document has been developed to assist in identifying, treating and
monitoring adult patients with potential or diagnosed ADHD.
Practice Recommendations
Evaluation of adults presenting with ADHD symptoms typically requires at least 2
visits. As well as allowing for a thorough evaluation, 2 visits allows the
clinician to assess motivation for follow up, persistence of symptoms and
dysfunction and likelihood for alternative diagnoses. The following
components of a complete evaluation are considered during both visits:
 review and corroboration of current symptoms and dysfunction
 determination of a childhood onset
 evaluation for comorbid and /or mimicking psychiatric problems, medical
 disorders or substance abuse.
Companion Documents
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM IV
4
Scope
Disease/Condition(s):
Adults with potential ADHD may present with a self-diagnosis, at the
suggestion of a family member, friend, employer or therapist or with other
behavioral or psychological problems. There may or may not be a previous
childhood or adult diagnosis of ADHD.
Adult ADHD is commonly characterized by poor executive functioning.
Indicators of ADHD and screening symptoms include:
 Inattention
 Restlessness
 Forgetfulness
 Disorganization
 Impulsive behaviors/often impatient
 Poor planning
 Increased risky driving and other accidents
 Family and relationship difficulties
 Difficulties with parenting
High risk behaviors, failed relationships, legal difficulties, substance abuse
and recurrent job loss is common. Physical hyperactivity diminishes in
severity with age, but inattentive symptoms become more prominent and
may be perceived as incompetence. Some adults compensate by finding a
spouse / partner who organizes them or a job which is very active, highly
absorbing or stimulating.
Clinical Specialty: Family Practice, Neurology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and
Psychology
Intended Users: Primary Care Physicians, Advanced Practice Nurses,
Allied Health Professionals, Psychiatry and Psychology
CPG objective(s): To provide an evidence-based guideline for the
effective diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD).
Target Population: Adults (ages 18 years and over) with attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Interventions and Practices Considered: Refer to Adult ADHD Protocol
and Adult ADHD Medication Protocol accompanied in this Clinical Practice
Guideline.
5
Diagnosis/Evaluation/Screening
1. Screening patients for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as
part of mental health assessment
2. Patient evaluation including interviews with patient, obtaining information
about patient's daily functioning, review of the patient's medical, social, and
family histories
3. Psychological and neuropsychological tests if the patient's history
suggests low cognitive ability or low academic achievements
4. Evaluation for comorbid psychiatric disorders
Management/Treatment:
1. Development of comprehensive treatment plan
2. Patient psycho education about ADHD and its various treatment options
3. Psychopharmacological intervention including stimulants, atomoxetine,
bupropion, tricyclic antidepressants, and alpha-agonists
4. Monitoring for treatment side effects
5. Psychosocial intervention (including behavior therapy) if indicated, in
conjunction with medication treatment
6. Follow-up including assessment of the continued need for treatment and
monitoring for patient's potential adverse effects
Major Outcomes Considered:

Incidence of comorbid disorders

Effectiveness of treatment

Adverse effects of medication
Methodology
Description of Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence:
 Hand-searches of Published Literature (Primary Sources)
 Hand-searches of Published Literature (Secondary Sources)
 Hand searches of selected articles’ reference list
 Searches of Electronic Databases
Methods Used to Assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence:
Rated according to U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Quality Rating
Criteria.
6
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence:
The USPSTF grades the quality of the overall evidence for a service on a
3-point scale (good, fair, poor)
Good: Evidence includes consistent results from well-designed, wellconducted studies in representative populations that directly assess
effects on health outcomes.
Fair: Evidence is sufficient to determine effects on health outcomes, but
the strength of the evidence is limited by the number, quality, or
consistency of the individual studies, generalizability to routine practice, or
indirect nature of the evidence on health outcomes.
Poor: Evidence is insufficient to assess the effects on health outcomes
because of limited number of power or power of studies, important flaws in
their design or conduct, gaps in the chain of evidence, or lack of
information on important health outcomes.
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations:
The Task Force grades its recommendations according to one of 5
classifications (A, B, C, D, I) reflecting the strength of evidence and
magnitude of net benefit (benefits minus harms):
Evidence Rating from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
A. The USPSTF strongly recommends that clinicians provide [the service]
to eligible patients. The USPSTF found good
evidence that [the service] improves important health outcomes and
concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harms.
B. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians provide [the service] to
eligible patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence
that [the service] improves important health outcomes and concludes that
benefits outweigh harms.
C. The USPSTF makes no recommendation for or against routine
provision of [the service]. The USPSTF found at least fair
evidence that [the service] can improve health outcomes but concludes
that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general
recommendation.
D. The USPSTF recommends against routinely providing [the service] to
asymptomatic patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that [the
service] is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits.
I. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend
for or against routinely providing the service.
Evidence that [the service] is effective is lacking, of poor quality, or
conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.
Cost Analysis:
No cost analysis was conducted.
7
Introduction
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, originally thought to occur just in
childhood, is now widely understood as persisting into adulthood. Between 50
to 65 percent of adults diagnosed with childhood ADHD will continue to have
symptoms of inattention, distractibility and impulsivity causing functional
impairment as adults. In addition, adults who were never diagnosed as
children may present with a complicated array of behavioral, legal and
functional problems requesting diagnosis and treatment. The Diagnostic
Statistical Manual (DSM) childhood criteria have not been validated for adults
and the symptom lists are questionably appropriate in terms of adult
development and thresholds. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD require that
symptoms have been present as a child (even if an official diagnosis was not
given as a child).
This guideline is designed to provide primary care clinicians with a structure,
tools and referral criteria for diagnosis and treatment of adults 18 and over
with symptoms typical of ADHD.
Recommendations
Major Recommendations:
Structure of the Assessment Process
Evaluation of adults presenting with ADHD symptoms typically requires at
least 2 visits. As well as allowing for a thorough evaluation, 2 visits allows the
clinician to assess motivation for follow up, persistence of symptoms and
dysfunction and likelihood for alternative diagnoses. The following
components of a complete evaluation are considered during both visits:
• review and corroboration of current symptoms and dysfunction
• determination of a childhood onset
• evaluation for comorbid and /or mimicking psychiatric problems, medical
disorders or substance abuse.
First Visit
1. Review Current Symptoms and Functional Impairment
A. DSM-IV-TR ADHD criteria should be used and followed. A validated
adult ADHD reading scale may be used to adjunctively evaluate an adult
patient.
B. Adults may present with distractibility, impulsiveness and poor executive
functioning. A variety of psychiatric or lifestyle conditions need to be
considered when these symptoms are present.
8
2. Establish Onset
A. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood.
B. In order to meet diagnostic criteria, symptoms and functional impairment
need to have been present in patients prior to age 7.
3. Perform Medical Evaluation
A. Screen for medical, psychiatric or substance abuse issues which could
explain or exacerbate symptoms of ADHD.
B. Screen for medical and psychological conditions which would influence
choice of medication. When considering a stimulant in an adult with risk
factors for cardiac disease, the provider should consider a cardiovascular
evaluation before initiating therapy
C. Establish baseline vital signs: weight, blood pressure, pulse.
D. Laboratory testing should be limited to areas of concern
4. Evaluate for Psychiatric or Lifestyle Conditions
Adults may present with distractibility, impulsiveness and poor executive
functioning. A variety of psychiatric or lifestyle conditions need to be
considered when these symptoms are present.
Gather Additional Information
1. Corroborate Childhood Onset and Impairment
Childhood history can be gathered by review of medical records, review of
report cards or other academic materials, and interview with parents or close
family member either in person or via phone call. High activity patterns,
difficult temperament, and frequent accidents or risk taking behavior are
common childhood characteristics. Review of academic background should
reveal areas of impairment or concern. Look for drop outs, failures, learning
disability, special evaluations or classes, suspensions / expulsions, and
focused problems in areas such as reading, writing, penmanship or math.
Review of report cards often indicates behavior problems, lack of expected
achievement, incomplete work, or inadequate effort. If there is no objective
evidence of childhood symptoms and impairment, the diagnosis of adult
ADHD should be reconsidered.
2. Review Family Psychiatric History
It is common to have a positive family psychiatric history. Inquire particularly
about learning disabilities, behavior problems, legal difficulties, ADHD, and
substance abuse.
9
3. Consider Comorbid or Alternative Psychiatric Diagnosis
Psychiatric disorders can cause inattentive symptoms or can influence the
course of treatment. Presence of another psychiatric diagnosis does not
preclude a diagnosis of adult ADHD but it does make diagnosis and
treatment more confusing. Significant physical, verbal or emotional abuse /
neglect can contribute to symptoms characteristic of ADHD. Depression,
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder,
personality disorders, substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders
should be considered as a part of the evaluation.
Patients whose psychiatric status is unclear should be referred to a mental
Health provider. Patients with active substance abuse should be referred to a
substance use treatment program.
Referral
Referral to psychiatrists and additional providers is always at the discretion
of the provider.
There are several presentations and co-conditions for which referral is
recommended:
1. Extreme dysfunction
2. Suicidality or homicidality
3. Substance abuse or dependence
4. Psychosis
5. Extreme psychosocial stressors
6. Previous treatment failures
7. Atypical presentation – if presentation as brand new symptoms this is
not ADHD, even if not diagnosed as a child the symptoms must concur
8. Provider discretion
Establish DiagnosisEstablish Diagnosis
1. For a diagnosis of ADHD, symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and/or
inattention should:
a. Meet the diagnostic criteria in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR)
b. Be associated with at least moderate current psychological, social,
and/or educational or occupational impairment based on interview
and/or direct observation in multiple settings, and
c. Be pervasive, occurring in two or more important settings including
social, familial, educational and/or occupational settings and need to
have been childhood onset.
10
2. It is important to identify comorbid disorders because they can mimic
ADHD.
a. Comorbid or alternative psychiatric conditions should be addressed
prior to starting treatment for ADHD.
b. Certain medical conditions (liver disease, seizures, hypertension,
glaucoma) are relative contraindications to certain ADHD medications.
Treatment
1. Provide or offer referral regarding ADHD symptom management, and
psycho-education or effective coping strategies for both the patient and
family.
2. Follow medication treatment protocol. Specific patient needs or wishes
should be considered and therapy shoud be individualized.
3. In situations where there is increased risk of substance abuse or
diversion, non stimulant preparations or slow release stimulants are
preferred and can be used to initiate treatment. When crushed, slow
release stimulants resemble immediate release preparations in terms
of onset and effect.
4. Adults with ADHD who are also parents may benefit from therapy to assist
them with parenting skills.
5. Consider vocational and/or educational accommodation.
6. For patients at high risk of substance abuse, consider establishing a drug
contract or conducting periodic drug screens.
7. Adjuvant psychotherapy.
Follow-up Care
Adults with a new diagnosis, uncontrolled symptoms or change in medication
should be seen within 30 days by a clinician who can assess for side effects
and adjust medication if needed. Monthly contacts or visits should be routine
until functionality is significantly improved. Once functionality is improved,
follow-up appointments every 3 to 6 months are recommended. Informants
should be included, as available, in follow-up sessions.
At each follow-up visit:
1. Review should specifically include diurnal variation in symptoms, as this
informs recommendations for change in timing/formulation of the
medications prescribed.
2. Review target symptoms, job/school performance, relationship issues.
3. Monitor for adherence to therapy, drug side effects/toxicity or signs of
abuse/diversion. Also monitor vital signs to assess for increases in blood
pressure and pulse.
4. Review impressions of informants.
5. Adjust therapy as needed.
11
Companion/Collateral documents (algorithm, tables, and forms):
Both The Adult AHDH Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) Symptom Checklist
and Screening tool, attached, can be used without copyright permission or
cost. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) is attached to this
document.
Patient Resources:
The following groups can assist those in the Physicians Plus network with
resources and referral options outside of the primary care setting.
Physicians Plus Member & Provider Services (Providers & Benefits)
2650 Novation Pkwy, Ste 400
Madison, WI 53713
608.282.8900
Meriter Dr4U (Physician Referral)
608.417.3748
UW Behavioral Health (Prior Authorization & Utilization)
6001 Research Park Blvd
Madison, WI 53719
800.683.2300
608.233.3575 (local in Madison)
Journey Mental Health Center (for BadgerCare)
625 West Washington Ave
Madison, WI 53703
608.280.2720
608.280.2600 (urgent or emergent needs)
Massachusetts General Hospital School Psychiatry Program and Madi
Resource Center http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/
12
References for Supporting Evidence
1. Meszaros A, Czobor P, Balint S, Komlosi S, Simon V, Bitter I.
Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmcol. 2009:12(8): 1137-1147.
2. Faraone, SV, Glatt SJ. A comparison of the efficacy of medications for
adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect
sizes. J Clin Pshychiatr 2010: 71(6): 754-763.
3. Weiss N. Assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults. Psychiatric
Annals. 2011: 41(1): 23-31. Pediatrics 2011: 128: 1007-1022.
4. Greenhill, Laurence, Pliszka, Steven,et al., Practice Parameter for the Use
of Stimulant Medications in the Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and
Adults; J Am Acad of Child Adoles Psychiatry. 2002; 41 (2 Supplement):
26S – 49S.
5. Kessler, Ronald; Adler, Lenard; et al, Patterns and Predictors of AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Persistence into Adulthood: Results from the
National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 14421451.
6. Kessler, Ronald; Adler, Lenard; et al, The World Health Organization Adult
ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a Short Screening Scale for Use in the
General Population. Psychological Medicine, 2005; 35: 245-256.
7. McGough, James J and Russell Barkley, Diagnostic Controversies in
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:
1948-1956.
8. Montano, Brendan, Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adults in
Primary Care. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: (suppl 3): 18-21.
9. Searight, Russell, Burke, John and Fred Rottnek, Adult ADHD: Evaluation
and Treatment in Family Medicine. Am Fam Physician 2000; 62: 2077-86.
10. Weiss, Margaret and Candice Murray, Assessment and Management of
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder in Adults. SMAJ; 168: 715-22.
11. Meijer WM, Faber A, van den Ban E, and Tobi H. Current Issues Around
The Pharmacotherapy of ADHD in Children and Adults. Pharm World Sci
2009; 31:509-16.
12. Nutt DJ, Fone K, Asherson P, Bramble D, et al. Evidence-based
guidelines for management of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in
adolescents in transition to adult services and in adults:
Recommendations from the British Association for
Pshychopmarmacology. J Psychopharmcol 2007; 21: 10-41.
13. National Collaborating Center for Mental Health, Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children,
young people and adults. London (UK): National Institute for Health and
Clinical Excellence (NICE)’ 2008 Sep. 59 p (Clinical guideline; no. 72).
14. Surman Craig BH. ADHD in Adults. Medscape 2005 Weiss Nicholas.
15. Assessment and Treatment of ADHD in Adults. (Psychiatric Annals) 2011
16. Jan: Vol 41:1.
13
Benefits/Harms of Implementation of this Clinical
Practice Guideline


Potential Benefits: Appropriate assessment and treatment of adults
with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Contraindications: See: Medications used in the Treatment of
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder table attached to this
document.
Qualifying Statements
The listed practice parameters are developed to assist clinicians in
psychiatric decision making. These parameters are not intended to define
the standard of care, nor should they be deemed inclusive of all proper
methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care directed at obtaining
the desired results. The ultimate judgment regarding the care of a particular
patient must be made by the clinician in light of all of the circumstances
presented by the patient and his or her family, the diagnostic and treatment
options available, and available resources.
Implementation Plan


This guideline will be available online at www.pplusic.com under the
Providers tab and housed in Care Guidelines
Advertise revision in the Physicians Plus Provider Newsletter
Disclaimer
Guidelines are designed to assist clinicians by providing a framework for the
evaluation and treatment of patients. This guideline outlines the preferred
approach for most patients. It is not intended to replace a clinician’s
judgment or to establish a protocol for all patients. It is understood that some
patients will not fit the clinical condition contemplated by a guideline and that
a guideline will rarely establish the only appropriate approach to a problem.
14
DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
A. Either (1) or (2):
(1) inattention: six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that
is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:
(a) often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities
(b) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
(c) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
(d) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish school work, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due
to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)
(e) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
(f) often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or
homework)
(g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools)
(h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
(i) is often forgetful in daily activities
(2) hyperactivity-impulsivity: six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least
6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:
Hyperactivity
(a) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
(b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected
(c) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited
to subjective feelings of restlessness)
(d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly
(e) is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor"
(f) often talks excessively
Impulsivity
(g) often blurts out answers before questions have been completed
(h) often has difficulty awaiting turn
(i) often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)
B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years.
C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school [or work] and at home).
D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or
other Psychotic Disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Mood Disorder, Anxiety
Disorder, Dissociative Disorders, or a Personality Disorder).
Code based on type:
314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type: if both Criteria A1 and A2 are met for the past 6
months
314.00 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type: if Criterion A1 is met but Criterion
A2 is not met for the past 6 months
314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if Criterion A2 is met
but Criterion A1 is not met for the past 6 months
Coding note: For individuals (especially adolescents and adults) who currently have symptoms that no longer meet full
criteria, "In Partial Remission" should be specified.
Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.
Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association
12/28/12
15
SCREENING SYMPTOMS
PRESENTATION
Adult self referral
Suggestion of family, friend,
employee, therapist
Previous child or adult diagnosis
Inattention
Restlessness
Forgetfulness
Poor executive functioning
Disorganization
Impulsive behaviors/often impatient
Poor planning
Increased risk of driving andother accidents
Family and relationship difficulties
FIRST VISIT
1. Assess current symptoms using brief validated tool
2. Establish a childhood history of ADHD symptoms and impact on
historical
childhood functioning (especially academic difficulty)
3. Assess for functional impairment at home, work, school
and in relationships
4. Assess for mimicking and coexisting psychiatric disorders (especially
anxiety
and depression)
5. Perform thorough screening for substance abuse
6. Evaluate for medical causes of symptoms
GATHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Request past medical records, report cards, complete family
history
2. Request missing childhood and developmental history
3. Encourage scheduling of second visit with informant who
can provide corroboration for symptoms and dysfunction
4. Request informant information behavioral checklist
CONSIDER REFERRAL
1. Extreme dysfunction
2. Suicidal or homicidal
3. Substance abuse or
dependence
4. Psychosis
5. Extreme psychosocial
stressors
6. Previous treatment failures
7. Atypical presentation
8. Provider discretion
SECOND VISIT
1. Review/interview for corroboration of childhood symptoms
and dysfunction (parent, aunt/uncle, report cards, medical
history
2. Review childhood history including medical, psychiatric,
developmental and academics
3. Review family psychiatric history
4. Interview for corroboration of current symptoms and dysfunction
(spouse/partner, employer, reliable friends) and/or review completed
behavioral checklist
CORROBORATE DIAGNOSIS
1. Confirmation of childhood symptoms and impairment
2. Evidence of current dysfunction in at least two settings 14
3. Meets the symptomatic criteria for ADHD
TREATMENT
1. Education of patient and family
2. Psychological support (groups, counseling, coaching for
time management task organization)
3. Medication
4. Consider vocational and/or educational accommodation
See medication
treatment protocol
FOLLOW UP
1. Review target symptoms, job/school performance
2. Review impressions of informants
3. Monitor for drug side effects/toxicity or signs of abuse/diversion
4. Adjust therapy as needed
5. Frequency: Monthly until functionally improved and then
every 3-6 months
12/28/12
16
Diagnosis of definite or probable adult
ADHD made
Co-morbid psychiatric or
substance abuse disorder?
YES
NO
At increased risk for
substance abuse/
diversion?
YES
Treat/refer co-morbid
disorder first.
Non stimulant medication or
slow-release stimulant
medications.
NO
Stimulant or nonstimulant
medication
If stimulant chosen, consider
drug contract and/or periodic
drug screens.
Improved symptoms, function
on monthly follow up?
NO
YES
Continue medication
with 3 to 6 month
follow up.
YES
12/28/12
Adjust dose or try
alternative
medication.
YES
Improved symptoms,
function on monthly follow
up?
Improved symptoms,
function on monthly
follow up?
NO
NO
Adjust dose or try
alternative
medication.
Reconsider diagnosis.
Consider psychiatry
referral.
17
Medications for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR STIMULANTS
• Consider cardiac risk factors before initiating therapy
• Use cautiously if history of tics
• Give with/after food and swallow whole with liquids
• Longer-acting stimulants may have greater problematic effects on
evening appetite and sleep
• Use cautiously if history of substance abuse or diversion concern
• Monitor patient weight and vital signs
• Pellet/beaded capsule formulation may be opened and sprinkled on soft
food
• Nonabsorbable tablet shell may be seen in stool (Concerta)
• Consider cardiovascular evaluation before initiating therapy
Methylphenidate Products
Product Names
Short acting methylphenidate tab^*
(Ritalin)
Strengths
Available
Duration of
Action
Usual Dosing
Adult Titration Dose
(titrate every 7 days, unless
otherwise indicated)
5-20 mg given 2-3 times daily
Titrate by 5-10 mg every 7-14 days
Maximum Daily Dose
5,10, 20 mg tab
≤ 4 hours
2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tab
5 mg/5mL, 10mg/5mL
solution
≤ 4 hours
5–20 mg given 2-3 times daily
Titrate by 5-10 mg every 7-14 days
Intermediate methylphenidate SR tab^*
acting 4-6
(Ritalin SR)
hours
Medadate ER and generics rated
AB equivalent
20 mg tab
4 – 6 hours
20–60 mg (divided in 1-2 doses/day)
(20-40 mg in morning, 20 mg in
early afternoon)
Titrate by 20 mg/day
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
methylphenidate^* (Methylin ER)
(equivalent to Ritalin SR)
10,20 mg
4 – 6 hours
10-60 mg daily
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
Methylphenidate tab^*
(Metadate ER)
10, 20 mg capsule
4 – 6 hours
dexmethylphenidate^* (Focalin)
cap
2.5, 5, 10 mg capsule
4 – 6 hours
20-60 mg daily (divided in 1-2 doses/day) FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
FDA: 20 mg
2.5–10 mg given twice daily at least
4 hours apart
Off label: 50 mg
methylphenidate ^* (Methylin)
(equivalent to Ritalin)
Intermediate methylphenidate ^ (Metadate CD) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
acting 6-8
cap (bimodal release with 30%
mg capsule
hours
immediate release and 70%
delayed release)
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6 – 8 hours
10-60mg daily
Titration 10-20 mg
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
18
Product Names
Long acting
Strengths
Available
Duration
Action
Usual Dosing
Adult Titration Dose
(titrate every 7 days, unless
otherwise indicated)
Maximum Daily Dose
methylphenidate ER^§ (Ritalin LA) 10, 20, 30, 40 mg
cap
capsule
(bimodal release with 50% rapid
onset and 50% delayed release)
6 – 8 hours
20-60mg daily
FDA: 60 mg
Off label: 100 mg if over
50 kg
dexmethylphenidate^§ (Focalin
XR) (bimodal release with 50%
immediate release and 50%
delayed release)
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40 mg capsule
10 - 12
hours
5-20 mg
once
daily
5–40 mg daily
FDA: 40 mg
Off label: 50 mg
methylphenidate ^ (Daytrana)
patch
apply to hip for 9 hours
10, 15, 20, 30 mg
patch
12 hours
(with 2 -3
hour
delay)
10-30mg patch daily
Titrate by next highest strength patch
FDA: 30 mg
10 hours
18-54mg once daily
(titrate by 18 mg)
methylphenidate ^§ (Concerta) tabs18, 27, 36, 54 mg tab
(bimodal release with immediate
onset and delayed release)
FDA: 54 mg for children,
72 mg for adolescents
and adults
Off label:
90 mg adolescents
(>40 kg)
^ FDA approved for treatment of ADHD, * Generic product, §Oral long acting methylphenidate products have immediate release and extended release
components.
.
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19
Amphetamine Products
Product Names
Strengths Available
Short acting
Dextroamphetamine*
5, 10 mg tablet
1 mg/mL solution
Intermediate acting
dextroamphetamine capsule SR*§
5, 10, 15 mg capsule
(Dexedrine spansules) (bimodal release with
50% immediate release and 50% delayed
release)
amphetamine mixed salts tab ^combo*
(Adderall) *
Long acting
Duration
of action
4-6 hours
6-8 hours
5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 5-8 hours
30 mg tab
amphetamine mixed salts capsule^* combo 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
(Adderall XR)*§ (bimodal release with 50% capsule
immediate release and 50% delayed
release)
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) capsule^
20, 30, 40, 50, 60,
70 mg capsule
10 hours
Usual Dosing
(titrate every 7 days, unless Maximum Dose
otherwise noted)
2.5 -15 mg two to three times FDA: 40 mg
Daily
Off label: 60 mg
Titration 5 mg/week
(>50 kg)
5-15mg 2 timestwice daily
FDA: 40 mg
Titration 5 mg
Off label: 60 mg
(>50 kg)
52.5-30mg
1-2 times once or twice daily
Titration 2.5-5 mg once
or twice daily
10-30mg once daily
Titration 5-10 mg
10-12 hours 20-70mg once daily
Titration 10-20 mg daily
FDA: 40 mg
Off label: 40 mg
(≤ 50kg), 60 mg
(>50 kg)
FDA: 30 mg
Off-label: 30 mg
(≤ 50kg),
60 mg (>50 kg)
FDA: 70 mg
^ FDA approved for treatment of ADHD, * Generic product, §Oral long acting methylphenidate products have immediate release and extended release
components.
12/28/12
20
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-STIMULANTS
• May be used in cases of history of tics worsening from stimulants
• Avoid bupropion if history of seizure or eating disorders
• Monitor closely for behavioral side effects including suicidal ideation with
atomoxetine, tricyclics, and bupropion as identified in FDA Black Box
warning for anti-depressants
• Give with/after food and swallow whole with liquids
• Medication of choice if concern about abuse or diversion
• Consider cardiovascular risk factors before initiating tricyclic therapy and
evaluate further if needed
• Consider initiation with lower doses to improve tolerability
Non-Stimulant Products
Antidepressants
Strengths Available
nortriptyline* (Pamelor,
Aventyl)
10, 25, 50, 75 mg
capsule
10 mg/5 mL solution
0.5 mg/kg/day (May divide dose to
2-3 times daily)
bupropion* (Wellbutrin)
75, 100 mg tab
3 -6 mg/kg/day (or
6 mg/kg/day (or 300 mg
150 mg – 300 mg, whichever is lowest) Whichever is lowest)
Divide into 2 or 3 daily doses
Divide into 2 or 3 daily doses
bupropion SR*
(Wellbutrin SR)
100, 150, 200 mg tab
3 -6 mg/kg/day (or
6 mg/kg/day (or 300 mg
150 mg – 300 mg, whichever is lowest) whichever is lowest)
Divide into 2 daily doses.
Divide into 2 daily doses.
bupropion XL*
(Wellbutrin XL)
150, 300 mg tab
3 -6 mg/kg/day (or
6 mg/kg/day (or 300 mg
150 mg – 300 mg, whichever is lowest) whichever is lowest)
0.1, 0.2 mg tab
0.1-0.4 mg/day
Titration: 0.1 mg every 7 days
0.4 mg/day
0.05 mg
at bedtime; 01 mg (≥ 45 kg)
Titrate by 0.05 mg (<45 kg) or 0.1 mg
(≥ 45 kg) increments to twice daily,
three times daily, four times daily
0.4 mg (>45 kg)
Alpha-agonists clonidine tab ER^
(Kapvay)
clonidine* (Catapres)
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0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg tab
Duration of Action
Maximum Dosing
Product Names
At least 10-12 hours
Usual Dosing
2 mg/kg or 100 mg
(whichever is lowest)
21
Product Names
Strengths Available
guanfacine* (Tenex)
1, 2 mg tab
guanfacine tab ER^*
(Intuniv)
1, 2, 3, 4 mg tabs
Usual Dosing
0.5 mg at bedtime (<45 kg),
1 mg at bedtime (≥ 45 kg)
Titrate by 0.5 mg (<45 kg) or 1 mg
(≥ 45 kg) increments to twice daily,
three times daily, four times daily
At least 10-12 hours
Maximum Dosing
0.4 mg (>45 kg)
0.05-0.12 mg/kg daily (or 1-4 mg once 4 mg/day
daily)
Titration: 1 mg every 7 days
*Generic product ^ FDA Approved
Potential Harms: Side Effects of Pharmacotherapy







Stimulants: The most common side effects include appetite decrease, weight loss, insomnia, or headache. Less common side effects include tics and
emotional lability/irritability, liver toxicity, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia and psychosis.
Atomoxetine: Side effects of atomoxetine that occurred more often than those with placebo include gastrointestinal distress, sedation, and decreased
appetite.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and its Pediatric Advisory Committee have reviewed data regarding psychiatric adverse events to
medications for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For each agent examined (all stimulants, atomoxetine, and modafinil),
there were reports of rare events of psychotic symptoms, specifically involving visual and tactile hallucinations of insects. Symptoms of aggression,
suicidality (but no completed suicides), and cardiovascular issues were also reported.
Bupropion may cause mild insomnia or loss of appetite. The highest
recommended dose of bupropion is 450 mg. Higher doses may increase the
risk of seizure.
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) such as nortiptyline - frequently cause anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, sedation, constipation, changes in
vision, or tachycardia. Among the TCAs, desipramine should be used with extreme caution in children and adolescents because there have been reports
of sudden death. For TCAs electrocardiography should be considered for patients at risk and be performed at baseline and after each dose increase.
Once the patient is on a stable dose of the TCA, a plasma level should be obtained to ensure the level is not in the toxic range.
Alpha- agonists: Side effects of alpha-agonists include sedation, dizziness, and possible hypotension. Abrupt discontinuations of alpha-agonist are to be
avoided.
Combinations of Medications: There have been four deaths reported to the
FDA of children taking a combination of methylphenidate and clonidine, but there were many atypical aspects of these cases.
12/28/12
22
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist
Instructions
The questions on the back page are designed to stimulate dialogue between you and your patients and to help
confirm if they may be suffering from the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Description: The Symptom Checklist is an instrument consisting of the eighteen DSM-IV-TR criteria.
Six of the eighteen questions were found to be the most predictive of symptoms consistent with
ADHD. These six questions are the basis for the ASRS v1.1 Screener and are also Part A of the
Symptom Checklist. Part B of the Symptom Checklist contains the remaining twelve questions.
Instructions:
Symptoms
1. Ask the patient to complete both Part A and Part B of the Symptom Checklist by marking an X
in the box that most closely represents the frequency of occurrence of each of the symptoms.
2. Score Part A. If four or more marks appear in the darkly shaded boxes within Part A then the
patient has symptoms highly consistent with ADHD in adults and further investigation is
warranted.
3. The frequency scores on Part B provide additional cues and can serve as further probes into the
patient’s symptoms. Pay particular attention to marks appearing in the dark shaded boxes. The
frequency-based response is more sensitive with certain questions. No total score or diagnostic
likelihood is utilized for the twelve questions. It has been found that the six questions in Part A
are the most predictive of the disorder and are best for use as a screening instrument.
Impairments
1. Review the entire Symptom Checklist with your patients and evaluate the level of impairment
associated with the symptom.
2. Consider work/school, social and family settings.
3. Symptom frequency is often associated with symptom severity, therefore the Symptom
Checklist may also aid in the assessment of impairments. If your patients have frequent
symptoms, you may want to ask them to describe how these problems have affected the ability
to work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people such as their
spouse/significant other.
History
1. Assess the presence of these symptoms or similar symptoms in childhood. Adults who have
ADHD need not have been formally diagnosed in childhood. In evaluating a patient’s history,
look for evidence of early-appearing and long-standing problems with attention or self-control.
Some significant symptoms should have been present in childhood, but full symptomology is not
necessary.
23
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist
Very Often
Often
Sometimes
Please answer the questions below, rating yourself on each of the criteria shown using the
scale on the right side of the page. As you answer each question, place an X in the box that
best describes how you have felt and conducted yourself over the past 6 months. Please give
this completed checklist to your healthcare professional to discuss during today’s
appointment.
Rarely
Today’s Date
Never
Patient Name
1. How often do you have trouble wrapping up the final details of a project,
once the challenging parts have been done?
2. How often do you have difficulty getting things in order when you have to do
a task that requires organization?
3. How often do you have problems remembering appointments or obligations?
4. When you have a task that requires a lot of thought, how often do you avoid
or delay getting started?
5. How often do you fidget or squirm with your hands or feet when you have
to sit down for a long time?
6. How often do you feel overly active and compelled to do things, like you
were driven by a motor?
Part A
7. How often do you make careless mistakes when you have to work on a boring or
difficult project?
8. How often do you have difficulty keeping your attention when you are doing boring
or repetitive work?
9. How often do you have difficulty concentrating on what people say to you,
even when they are speaking to you directly?
10. How often do you misplace or have difficulty finding things at home or at work?
11. How often are you distracted by activity or noise around you?
12. How often do you leave your seat in meetings or other situations in which
you are expected to remain seated?
13. How often do you feel restless or fidgety?
14. How often do you have difficulty unwinding and relaxing when you have time
to yourself?
15. How often do you find yourself talking too much when you are in social situations?
16. When you’re in a conversation, how often do you find yourself finishing
the sentences of the people you are talking to, before they can finish
them themselves?
17. How often do you have difficulty waiting your turn in situations when
turn taking is required?
18. How often do you interrupt others when they are busy?
Part B
24
The Value of Screening for Adults With ADHD
Research suggests that the symptoms of ADHD can persist into adulthood, having a significant
impact on the relationships, careers, and even the personal safety of your patients who may
suffer from it.1-4 Because this disorder is often misunderstood, many people who have it do not
receive appropriate treatment and, as a result, may never reach their full potential. Part of the
problem is that it can be difficult to diagnose, particularly in adults.
The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist was developed
in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Workgroup on Adult
ADHD that included the following team of psychiatrists and researchers:
•
Lenard Adler, MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology
New York University Medical School
•
Ronald C. Kessler, PhD
Professor, Department of Health Care Policy
Harvard Medical School
•
Thomas Spencer, MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
As a healthcare professional, you can use the ASRS v1.1 as a tool to help screen for ADHD in
adult patients. Insights gained through this screening may suggest the need for a more in-depth
clinician interview. The questions in the ASRS v1.1 are consistent with DSM-IV criteria and
address the manifestations of ADHD symptoms in adults. Content of the questionnaire also
reflects the importance that DSM-IV places on symptoms, impairments, and history for a correct
diagnosis.4
The checklist takes about 5 minutes to complete and can provide information that is critical
to supplement the diagnostic process.
References:
1.
Schweitzer JB, et al. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85(3):10-11, 757-777.
2.
Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. 1998.
3.
Biederman J, et al. Am J Psychiatry.1993;150:1792-1798.
4.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.
Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association. 2000: 85-93.
25