CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR UNRESECTABLE STAGE III OR METASTATIC CUTANEOUS MELANOMA Effective Date: February 2013 The recommendations contained in this guideline are a consensus of the Alberta Provincial Cutaneous Tumour Team and are a synthesis of currently accepted approaches to management, derived from a review of relevant scientific literature. Clinicians applying these guidelines should, in consultation with the patient, use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to direct care. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 BACKGROUND The Alberta Cancer Foundation published a report in 2009 indicating that in 2015, the expected number of new cases and deaths from malignant melanoma in Alberta will be 570 and 80, respectively; this represents an increase in incidence of 12.9% from 2010. 1 Metastatic melanoma accounts for less than 5% of all cases of melanoma, but is associated with a poor rate of survival at 5 years (13%). 2 Common site of metastases include distant skin, lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bone, and the brain. Surgery is the preferred option for the management of metastatic melanoma with resectable solitary sites of disease in selected patients. 3,4 Following complete resection, adjuvant systemic treatment in the context of clinical trial can be considered. Patients with residual disease should be treated with systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma. Most metastatic melanomas are not amenable to surgery; systemic therapy is often the best option. Optimal selection of systemic agents depends on the mutation status of cancer, volume and tempo of disease, and presence of symptoms and host performance status. Certain agents may be better suited for selected subgroups of patients as well. Therefore, this guideline aims to provide recommendations on the medical management of unresectable metastatic melanoma. TARGET POPULATION The recommendations outlined in this guideline apply to adults over the age of 18 years with unresectable stage III and stage IV cutaneous melanoma, without involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Different management strategies may apply to pediatric patients. This guideline does not include recommendations for the management of uveal, mucosal, or acral melanomas. For patients with CNS metastases, the priority of treatment should typically focus on the CNS disease. An CancerControl Alberta guideline on Palliative Radiotherapy describes recommended strategies for the management and treatment of adult patients with brain metastasis. 5 GUIDELINE QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. What types of systemic therapy should be considered for patients with metastatic melanoma? Should patients be carefully selected; if so by what criteria? Which agents should be used as first-line therapy and at what dosing regimen? Which agents should be used as second- or third-line therapy and at what dosing regimen? DEVELOPMENT This guideline was reviewed and endorsed by the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team. Members of the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team include medical oncologists, surgeons, dermatologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, and nurses. Evidence was selected and reviewed by a working group comprised of members from the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team and a Knowledge Management Specialist from the Guideline Utilization Resource Unit. A detailed description of the methodology followed during the guideline development process can be found in the Guideline Utilization Resource Unit Handbook. Page 2 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 SEARCH STRATEGY The EMBASE and Medline OVID databases were searched using the following initial search terms: malignant melanoma or advanced melanoma or unresectable melanoma or inoperable melanoma or stage IV melanoma or metastatic melanoma (50785 citations) AND systemic therapy or chemotherapy or immunotherapy or hormone therapy or cytotoxic drug (43523 citations), limited to publications between 1990 and 2011 September 26 and duplicates removed: 632 citations. Additional search terms included: (1) ipilimumab and melanoma, limited to clinical trials: 23 citations; (2) vemurafenib and melanoma, limited to clinical trials: 3 citations; (3) dacarbazine and melanoma, limited to randomized controlled trials: 138 citations; (4) temozolomide and melanoma, limited to randomized controlled trials: 16 citations; (5) highdose interleukin-2 and melanoma, limited to randomized controlled trials: 20 citations. Randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort or case series, comparative (treatment) retrospective studies, and phase II studies published in 2009 or later or to obtain toxicity data, were included. In vitro and animal studies, phase I studies or studies that did not include at least ten patients with advanced, unresectable melanoma (i.e., non-melanoma skin cancer, other cancers), studies that did not test the efficacy of a particular treatment, non-comparative retrospective studies, review articles, and abstracts published in 2008 or prior were excluded. In addition, the National Guidelines Clearinghouse and individual guideline organizations were searched for practice guidelines relevant to this topic, published in 2009 or later. A total of two original clinical practice guidelines were identified from the following organizations: National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2012) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). For the 2013 update of the guideline, PubMed was searched for evidence on systemic therapy for unresectable stage III or metastatic cutaneous melanoma. The search term “melanoma” was used and results were limited to clinical trials, published through January 2013. Citations were hand-searched for studies pertaining to systemic therapy, resulting in a total of twelve randomized controlled trials. Following a review of the evidence by the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team, no changes to the recommendations were made. RECOMMENDATIONS For American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging, 2 please refer to the Appendix. • Patients with unresectable stage III and stage IV cutaneous melanoma should undergo BRAF biomarker testing by a College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta accredited laboratory to determine whether they are candidates for vemurafenib. o Molecular validation should be performed using parallel testing with early access program testing kits; a reasonable number of duplicate test cases (i.e. 40 samples) should be performed. • First-line systemic therapy: o BRAF-positive patients 1. Clinical trials. 2. Vemurafenib (960 mg orally, twice per day) in patients with high volume, symptomatic disease, or who are poor candidates to receive immunotherapy with ipilimumab. Page 3 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 3. Ipilimumab in patients with low volume, asymptomatic disease. 4. Dacarbazine- or paclitaxel-based systemic chemotherapy. o BRAF-negative patients 1. Clinical trials. 2. Ipilimumab. 3. Targeted therapy based on tumour mutational status (based on probability of clinical benefit). 4. Dacarbazine- or paclitaxel-based systemic chemotherapy. • Second-line systemic therapy o Patients who are intolerant or who have progressed after first-line therapy may be considered for: 1. Clinical trials. 2. Treatment with a different agent not used from the first-line list. 3. Ipilimumab, if vemurafenib was given as first-line. DISCUSSION B-RAF Inhibitors The BRAF gene is responsible for encoding the B-Raf protein, which plays a role in cell signaling and cell 6,7 growth, and is mutated in about 50% of individuals with cutaneous melanoma. The most common variants are BRAF V600E, BRAF V600K, and BRAF V600R. Therapy targeted at inhibiting the BRAF gene may therefore be efficacious in patients with metastatic melanoma. Vemurafenib (PLX4032) is a BRAF inhibitor that is active against the BRAF V600E mutation. A phase III trial by Chapman, et al. compared vemurafenib (960 mg orally, twice per day) with dacarbazine (1000 mg/m2, every 3 weeks) in previously untreated patients (n=675) with metastatic melanoma who tested positive for the BRAF V600E mutation and demonstrated a hazard ratio for tumor progression of 0.26 (95% CI 0.20-0.33; p<.001) for vemurafenib , with an estimated median progression-free survival time was 5.3 months versus 1.6 months for dacarbazine. 8 Vemurafenib produced a 20% increase in overall survival at 6 months (84%, 95% CI 78-89% versus 64%, 95% CI 56-73%; relative risk of death 63%, p<.001); 8 however, the survival advantage dropped to 12% by 12 months (55% versus 43%). 9 Among previously treated patients with BRAF V600–mutant metastatic melanoma, vemurafenib has been shown to produce an overall response rate of 53% (8 complete and 62 partial responses) for a median duration of 6.7 months; median progression-free survival in this cohort was 6.8 months. 10 Other BRAF inhibitors include sorafenib, GDC-0879, PLX-4720, and dabrafenib. Unfortunately, sorafenib in combination with either temsirolimus or tipifarnib) has not demonstrated efficacy in the phase II clinical setting 11 and PLX-4720 has even shown tumour promoting activity. 12 However, GDC-0879 has shown promise in mice with both cell line- and patient-derived BRAF(V600E) tumours and may therefore have potential as a future therapeutic agent. 13 Dabrafenib has been the most successful of these agents. The BREAK-3 open-label trial compared dabrafenib (150 mg 2 times per day) with dacarbazine (1000 mg/m2 IV q 3 wks) in patients with stage IV or unresectable BRAF V600+ melanoma (N=250) and demonstrated a progression-free survival advantage with dabrafenib (median PFS 5.1 months vs. 2.7 months; HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.18-0.51; p<.001). Treatment compliance was also better with dabrafenib (57% vs. 22%). Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events were uncommon in both groups. 14,15 Combination therapy Page 4 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 may also be beneficial for patients with unresectable BRAFV600+ melanoma. In the phase II setting, the combination of dabrafenib with MEK inhibitor trametinib (2 mg per day) produced a median progression free survival of 9.4 months, as compared with 5.8 months for dabrafenib alone. 16 CTLA-4 Blockers Ipilimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the action of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). 17 By blocking CTLA-4, ipilimumab promotes an immune response against tumours. Clinical trials have demonstrated overall survival rates of 13 to 47% at one year and 24 to 33% at two years in patients treated with ipilimumab (10 mg/kg, every three weeks for four cycles, then every 12 weeks as maintenance) as second line therapy. 18,19 A phase III clinical trial by Robert, et al. (2011), among previously untreated patients (n=502) with metastatic melanoma, compared ipilimumab (10 mg/kg every three weeks for four cycles) plus dacarbazine (850 mg/m2 every three weeks through week 22) with dacarbazine alone; both regimens included an induction phase followed by a maintenance phase. The overall survival rates at one year and two years were 47.3% and 28.5% for ipilimumab combination therapy and 36.3% and 17.9% for dacarbazine monotherapy, respectively. 20 Ipilimumab and dacarbazine combination therapy was also shown to produce better overall survival rates than ipilimumab alone (62% and 45%, respectively, at one year; 24% and 21%, respectively, at two years; 20% and 9%, respectively, at three years). 21 Another phase III trial (CA184-024) compared ipilimumab and dacarbazine with dacarbazine alone in patients with previously untreated stage III-IV melanoma (N=488) and reported improvements in median overall survival (11.2 months for combination therapy vss 9.2 months for DTIC alone; HR=0.72; p=.0009) and median progression-free survival (2.8 months for combination therapy vs. 2.6 months for DTIC alone; HR=.76; p=.006). 22,23 In the phase II clinical setting, overall survival among patients treated with ipilimumab was shown not to be associated with age, stage of disease, or prior response to systemic therapy. 24 Other Biologic Agents Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets Abl, c-Kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor 25 and therefore may be effective in patients with metastatic melanoma who have c-kit mutations. A phase II clinical trial among patients with metastatic melanoma and c-Kit aberrations showed that the administration of imatinib mesylate at 800 mg per day, orally (in six-week cycles) resulted in a durable response rate (i.e., CR and PR) of 16% (4 of 24 patients), with a median overall survival time of 10.7 months; response was associated with mutations affecting recurrent hotspots or with a mutant to wild-type allelic ratio of more than 1 (40% versus 0%, p=.05). 26 Another phase II clinical trial demonstrated an overall response rate (i.e., PR) of 23% (10 of 43 patients), with a median overall survival time of 14.0 months; among those with a partial response, 90% had c-Kit mutations in exons 11 or 13. 27 At this time, it may be considered for c-kit mutation positive patients on a case by case basis. The MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib have been studied in the setting of advanced/unresectable melanoma. The METRIC study compared trametinib (2 mg per day orally) with standard dacarbazine in BRAFV600E/K mutant patients (N=322) and was able to demonstrate better median progression-free survival for trametinib (4.8 months vs. 1.5 months; HR progession/death 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.63; p<.001), as well as better overall survival at 6 months (81% vs. 67% for chemo despite crossover; HR death 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.92; p=.01). The most common adverse events were rash, diarrhea, and peripheral edema for trametinib; events were managed with dose interruption and dose reduction. 28,29 Studies evaluating selumetinib have not been able to demonstrate efficacy over standard agents. 30 Page 5 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 Phase II data on the VEGF inhibitor, bevacizumab, has shown some benefit in survival, when this agent is combined with chemotherapy. A double-blind trial of bevacizumab (15 mg per kg IV) and carboplatin/ paclitaxel, compared with carboplatin/paclitaxel alone, in patients with previously untreated metastatic melanoma (N=214) produced better median overall survival at 13 months (12.3 months vs. 8.6 months; HR 0.67; p=.0366) but not progression-free survival (5.6 months vs. 4.2 months; HR 0.78; p=.1414). At 17 months, however, the median overall survival difference was no longer significant (12.3 months vs. 9.3 months; HR 0.79; p=.1916). A subgroup analysis among patients with elevated serum LDH (N=84) revealed better median progression-free and overall survival times in the bevacizumab group (PFS: 4.4 vs. 2.7 months, HR, 0.62; OS: 8.5 vs. 7.5 months, HR, 0.52). 31 Bevacizumab alone did not show any survival benefit, as compared to what has been reported for standard chemotherapy. 32 Chemotherapy Prior to the development of novel agents such as ipilimumab and vemurafenib, standard therapy for metastatic melanoma has been dacarbazine (DTIC) chemotherapy alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents and/or interferon-alpha (IFN-α), or high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone or in combination with other agents. However, these regimens have produced only minimal gains in overall survival. 33,34 In phase III clinical trials, combination therapy using DTIC has produced response rates of 16 to 27%, with median overall survival ranging from 6 to 16 months. 35-50 Phase III data on high-dose IL-2 is similar: response rates of 5 to 33%, with median overall survival ranging from 9 to 11 months, 51-55 with the exception of high-dose IL-2 and gp100 peptide vaccination, which was recently shown to result in a median overall survival time of 18 months (p=.06, versus high-dose IL-2 alone). 51 A meta-analysis comparing biochemotherapy (i.e., chemotherapy plus IFN-α, with or without IL-2) with chemotherapy alone, among 2600 patients with metastatic melanoma, revealed a better response rate with biochemotherapy (27.9% versus 18.6%; p<.001) but no difference in the overall survival rate (17.2% versus 17.5%). 56 Future Directions The future of care for patients with melanoma may lie in targeted therapies, especially as more is understood about the pathogenesis of melanoma. 57 In addition to ipilimumab and imatinib, other upcoming therapies at various phases of testing include oblimersen and bevacizumab. Oblimersen is a Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide that decreases Bcl-2 protein production, thereby allowing apoptosis. 46 In a phase III clinical trial, oblimersen in combination with DTIC improved median overall survival by about a month as compared to DTIC alone (9.0 versus 7.8 months); however, lack of response appears to be predicted by higher baseline levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which may allow for better selection of patients most likely to benefit from oblimersen. 58 Bevacizumab is an antibody against VEGF-A that blocks VEGF receptors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. 57 In the phase II clinical setting, combination therapy consisting of bevacizumab, carboplatin, and paclitaxel demonstrated a response rate (i.e., PR) of 17% (9 patients) with a median overall survival time of 12 months. 59 New agents will continue to emerge as more becomes known about the genetic aberrations present in patients with melanoma. Strategies must be in place for the careful selection of patients, prior to making new targeted therapies available. Page 6 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS Acronym BRAF CI CNS CR / PR CTLA-4 DTIC IFN-α IL-1 LDH Description gene that encodes serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf confidence interval central nervous system complete response / partial response cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CD152) dacarbazine interferon-alpha interleukin-2 lactate dehydrogenase DISSEMINATION • Present the guideline at the local and provincial tumour team meetings and weekly rounds. • Post the guideline on the Alberta Health Services website. • Send an electronic notification of the guideline to all members of CancerControl Alberta. MAINTENANCE A formal review of the guideline will be conducted at the Annual Provincial Meeting in 2015. If critical new evidence is brought forward before that time, however, the guideline working group members will revise and update the document accordingly. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Participation of members of the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team in the development of this guideline has been voluntary and the authors have not been remunerated for their contributions. There was no direct industry involvement in the development or dissemination of this guideline. CancerControl Alberta recognizes that although industry support of research, education and other areas is necessary in order to advance patient care, such support may lead to potential conflicts of interest. Some members of the Alberta Cutaneous Tumour Team are involved in research funded by industry or have other such potential conflicts of interest. However the developers of this guideline are satisfied it was developed in an unbiased manner. REFERENCES 1 Alberta Cancer Foundation. Cancer by the numbers. Surveillance Department, Alberta Health Services. Cancer Epidemiology, Prevention and Screening. May 4, 2009. URL: albertacancer.ca/Document.Doc?id=194. 2 Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ, et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(36): 6199-6206. 3 Allen PJ, Coit DG. The surgical management of metastatic melanoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2002. 9:762-70. 4 National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Melanoma. URL: www.nccn.org. Page 7 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 5 Alberta Health Services, Cancer Care. Alberta Provincial Palliative Tumour Team. Palliative Radiotherapy. June 2010. URL: www.albertahealthservices.ca/hp/if-hp-cancer-guide-pal001-palliative-RT.pdf. 6 Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949-54. 7 Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. 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Page 11 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 APPENDIX AJCC (7th Edition) Anatomic Stage Groupings for Cutaneous Melanoma Clinical Staging a 0 IA IB 2 Pathologic Staging b T N M Tis T1a T1b T2a T2b T3a T3b T4a T4b Any T N0 N0 N0 M0 M0 M0 T 0 IA IB N M 5-year Survival (%) 100% 95% 90% Tis N0 M0 T1a N0 M0 T1b N0 M0 T2a IIA N0 M0 IIA T2b N0 M0 78% T3a IIB N0 M0 IIB T3b N0 M0 65% T4a IIC N0 M0 IIC T4b N0 M0 45% III N > N0 M0 IIIA T1-4a N1a M0 66% T1-4a N2a T1-4b N1a 50% IIIB T1-4b N2a T1-4a N1b T1-4a N2b T1-4a N2c T1-4b N1b 27% IIIC T1-4b N2b T1-4b N2c Any T N3 IV Any T Any N M1 IV Any T Any N M1 13% a Clinical staging includes microstaging of the primary melanoma and clinical/radiologic evaluation for metastases. By convention, it should be used after complete excision of the primary melanoma with clinical assessment for regional and distant metastases. b Pathologic staging includes microstaging of the primary melanoma and pathologic information about the regional lymph nodes after partial (i.e., sentinel node biopsy) or complete lymphadenectomy. Pathologic stage 0 or IA patients are the exception; they do not require pathologic evaluation of their lymph nodes. Page 12 of 13 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CU-012 Version 2 AJCC (7th Edition) TNM Staging Categories for Cutaneous Melanoma 2 T Tis T1 Thickness (mm) NA ≤ 1.00 T2 1.01-2.00 T3 2.01-4.00 T4 > 4.00 N N0 N1 Number of Metastatic Nodes 0 1 N2 2-3 Ulceration Status/Mitoses NA a: without ulceration and mitosis < 1/mm2 b: with ulceration or mitoses ≥ 1/mm2 a: without ulceration b: with ulceration a: without ulceration b: with ulceration a: without ulceration b: with ulceration Nodal Metastatic Burden NA a: micrometastasisa b: macrometastaisb a a: micrometastasis b b: macrometastais c: in transit metastases/satellites without metastatic nodes N3 4+ metastatic nodes, or matted nodes, or in transit metastases/ satellites with metastatic nodes M Site Serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) M0 No distant metastases not applicable M1a Distant skin, subcutaneous or nodal metastases Normal M1b Lung metastases Normal M1c All other visceral metastases Normal Any distant metastases Elevated a Micrometastases are diagnosed after sentinel lymph node biopsy. b Macrometastases are defined as clinically detectable nodal metastases confirmed pathologically. 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