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University of Khartoum Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Eng. Dept. On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management
Study
By: Aya Ibrahim Ali Ahmed
B.Sc. Hon. in Chem. Engineering 2005
Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements of Master Degree in Chemical
Engineering
2008
[
Supervisor: Dr. Mohammed Abd.Elrafie Ahmed
]
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
I.
MSc. Program
Dedication
II.
Acknowledgement
III.
Abstract
V.
Arabic Abstract
VI.
Content
IX.
List of Tables
IX.
List of Figures
X.
List of Abbreviation
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1
General
1
1.2
Function of oil
2
1.3
Objective
3
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1
Tribology
2.2
Method of lubrication
10
2.3
Type of lubrication
11
2.4
Source of lubrication and base oil
15
2.5
lubricants Additive oil
17
2.5.1
5
Additive categories
17
2.5.2
Type of additive
2.6
Lubricant testing and functional tests
21
2.7
Engine Oil
31
2.8
Classification of engine oil
34
Method of classification engine oil
34
API classification system
38
Gasoline and diesel engines
40
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.9
18
2.9.1 Gasoline engines
41
Contents
Page VI
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
2.9.2 Diesel engines
42
Chapter Three: Methods & Tools
3.1
The Disposal of the used oils
31
3.2
Materials & Method
34
3.2.1
Interviews
34
3.2.2
The Questionnaire
38
Chapter Four: Result&Discussion
4.1
Result
46
4.2
Discussion
47
4.3
Use of oil recycle
49
Chapter Five: Conclusion & Recommendation
5.1
Conclusion
69
5.2
Recommendations
71
References
Contents
Page VII
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
List of Tables:
2.1
Advantages & disadvantages of various oils
11
2.2
Summary of lubrication Additives
20
2.8
Gasoline Engines Service
42
2.9
Diesel Engines Service
42
List of Figures:
2.1
Type of Lubrication
14
4.1
Collecting the disposal oil for marketing
47
4.2
station for changing oil
51
4.3
service for changing oil
52
4.4
Car in service
53
4.5
Service station
54
4.6
Station for oil services
56
4.7
Storage for disposal oil
58
Contents
Page VIII
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
List of Abbreviation:
America petroleum institute
API
America Society Test Material
ASTM
Society of automotive engineers
SAE
Elastohyrodynamic lubrication
EHD
Total Acid Number
TAN
Total Base Number
TBN
Cold Cranking Simulator
CCS
Automatic Transmission Fluid
ATF
Extreme Pressure
EP
Ultra Centrifuge Test
UC
Exhaust Gas Recirculation
EGR
Engine oil licensing and certification system
ELOCS
International lubricant standardization and
approval committee
ILSAC
International organization for standardization.
SlO
Japanese automobile manufacturer association.
JAMA
Japanese automobiles standards organization
JASO:
US. Military specification
MIL
Motor vehicle manufacturers associations (USA
MVMA
National marine manufacturers associations
(USA).
NMMA
Saudi Arabian standards organization
SAEO
Contents
Page IX
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
Super high performance diesel (oil).
SHPD
Society of tribologists and lubricant engineers
STLE
Contents
Page X
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
Dedication
To my Mother..
To my Father..
To my Brothers and Sister..
& my Friends
Aya
Dedication
Page I
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
Acknowledgement
We are greatly indebted to our supervisor Dr. Mohammed
Abd.Elrafie Ahmed for his help. My deep and sincere thanks are
also due to Dr. Kamal Eldin Eltayeb for his guidance, support
and encouragement which was the real motivation for me to
complete this work.
Acknowledgement
Page II
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
Abstract
The main objective of this research is to study the environmental
effect of the disposal of used lubricant oils in the Sudan; Khartoum North
Industrial area was selected as study area for this research. The methods
followed in collecting and analyzing data include interviews carried out by
meeting some officials of service stations beside the labors. Thirty five
samples were taken from the answers of those people involved in the oil
recycling and supervision of its disposal.
In Addition to the direct observations during field visits,
questionnaires were distributed to the staff of selected fuel service stations
and many photographs were taken from different used oil sites.
The major results obtained during this research indicate the
possibility of polluting the sewage drainage system with pollutants resulting
from such oils at a percentage reaching , up to 54%, which is a high
percentage since it might affect drinking water for humans, animals and
plants as well. This is beside the risks attributed to the non – availability of
fire extinguishers and other safety personal protective equipment.
Based on the above , the study recommends issuing, by the concerned
authorities , of strict rules and regulations to prevent mixing of used
lubricant oils with the sewage system . It is also recommended to use safety
measures like fire fighting system for the general safety.
Abstract
Page III
‫‪On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan‬‬
‫‪MSc. Program‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪف هﺪة اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻻﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻋﺎدة ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻩ اﺧﺮى وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮدان‪.‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺮت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم ﺑﺤﺮى ﻻﺟﺮاء اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ آﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻼ ﺳﺘﻴﻀﺎح‪ .‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت اﺳﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫وﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ و اﻻﺳﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل آﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﻮت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ و اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ اﻳﻀﺎ وﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ آﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺖ زﻳﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻞ اهﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ان اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻰ ﺑﻬﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﻪ ‪ %54‬وهﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎة اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮﺑﺪورهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ و اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﻠﺼﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻰ أن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ادوات اﻻﻣﻦ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ و ادوات اﻻﻃﻔﺎء ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت اهﻤﻬﺎ ﺿﺮورة اﺻﺪار ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت ﺑﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻰ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ وﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻪ واﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮة آﻤﺎ اﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮورى ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Page IV‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management Study
Introduction
[ CHAPTER ONE]
[General, Function of oil, Objective]
On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management Study
Literature Review
[ CHAPTER TWO]
[ Tribology, Method of lubrication , Type of lubrication , Source of
lubrication and base oil , lubricants Additive oil, Additive categories , Type
of additive & Lubricant testing and functional tests]
On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management Study
Methods & Tools
[ CHAPTER THREE]
[methods and tools]
On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management Study
Results& Discussion
[ CHAPTER FOUR]
[result and discussion]
On the Disposal Of Used
Lubricant oils In The Sudan
Environmental Management Study
Conclusion &
Recommendation
[ CHAPTER FIVE]
[ Conclusion, Recommendations & References]
On the Disposal of used Lubr. Oils in the sudan
MSc. Program
References:
1. Dowson D., "History of Tribology ",Longman 1979
2. Cameron A ,"Basic lubrication
Theory",3rd ed., Ellis Harwood
Ltd.Pub.UK,1981
3. Kishore Nadkarni, R. A., (2000, November), Determination of Sulfur in
Petroleum Products and Lubricants: A Critical Review of Test
Performance. American Laboratory.
4. Barnes,
M.
(2002,
March-April),
Fourier
Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy. Practicing Oil Analysis.
5. Perez J., Weller, D. Jr. and Duda, J. (1999, September), Sequential FourBall Study of Some Lubricating Oils. Lubrication Engineering.
6. Wills, J. (1980). “Chapter 14 - Compressors.” Lubrication Fundamentals.
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, p. 365-394.
7. Miller, S.J., N. Shan, and G.P. Huffman (2005). "Conversion of waste
plastic to lubricating base oil". Energy & Fuels.
8. Powell, J. (1999, May-June), Trending Additive Depletion. Practicing Oil
Analysis.
9. Polymethacrylate Viscosity Modifiers Bernard G. Kinker
10. Tackiness and Antimisting Additives Frederic A. Litt
References
Page 65