1. business and industrial
2. chemicals industry
3. plastics and polymers

EFFECT OF LIQUID AMINO ACIDS
SUPPLEMENTATION IN DRINKING WATER ON
PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS
By
Obaie Mobark Babeker Elmbarke
B.Sc. (Honours) Animal Production
Khartoum University 2001
A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment for
the requirement of the Degree of Master of Poultry Science
Supervisor
Dr. Saadia Abdel - Moniem Abbas
Department of poultry production
Faculty of Animal production
University of Khartoum
January – 2006
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Poultry keeping in Sudan started with rearing of birds, which was
concentrated in the country, and rural areas, local type birds were kept in
small number to provide eggs and meat where their for the family use.
The birds are kept free to forage and are produced with human domestic
food residues and local grains. In such type of poultry keeping,
production was too low, because of poor management inadequate
nutrition and poor genetic constitution of the local birds. The cost of
production is negligible.
Recently the poultry industry in the Sudan began to develop, but
facing many problems. The feeding of poultry represents about 70% of
total cost of production, for provision of balanced rations contains all
nutrient requirements of birds in adequate quantities, and proper ratios.
Protein is an important component in poultry rations, and is derived from
different sources such as cakes (groundnut cake nut and sesame), which
are used as the main plant protein sources. Incorporation of plant protein
sources in poultry ration, would not meet the requirements of certain
essential amino acids, which consequently, necessitates the use of animal
protein supplements such as fish meal and blood or meat meal.
Furthermore, excessive heat treatment during the processing of soybeans
meal results in binding and destruction of certain amino acidity, which
make them unavailable, Thus adding to the problem associated with the
utilization of plant protein in poultry feeding. The inclusion of synthetic
amino acids may become a reasonable solution in this respect. High
lysine corn is considered as an excellent source of lysine and trytophan
which can be used in poultry diets to avoid the poor distribution and
precipitation of dietary synthetic amino acids.
In (1995) liquid (AA) were sold under various brand names, it is
synthesized from vegetable protein, and is stored refrigerated for 3-5
years. It is supplemented in water of feed as its Manu faction, and its an
essential (AA) for growth, developments, tissue maintenance and heat
stress, The use of liquid (AA) in the diet will also reduce storage cost,
loss and will improve mixing and mill environment.
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of using
liquid amino acids in drinking water on broilers performance fed three
types of diets,
and compared them with the birds which were not
supplemented with liquid amino acids, but fed the same diets, also it
measure the quantity of water which were consumed by the birds, and
evaporation.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Protein in poultry diet:
The proteins form important structural parts of the soft tissues of
the animal body such as muscles, connective tissues, collagen, skin,
feathers, beak and blood proteins (Scott et al., 1982). In addition
proteins are good sources of all essential amino acids (E. A. A.). There
are
two sources of dietary proteins namely plant and animal proteins.
These
feed
ingredients
have
some
problems
associated
with
antinutritional factors and variability in composition and quality (Rhone,
et al., 1995). The same authors also indicated that alternative protein
sources such as grains, cakes and legumes are low in some amino acid
mainly the essential amino acids, that’s why meat and bone meal or fish
meal are added to supplement the essential amino acids in the diets.
High dietary protein is known to reduce body fat in broiler chicks
(Fisher, 1984), and lipogenesis (Tanaka, et al., 1983). Santoso, et al
(1993) used a high dietary protein to minimize abdominal fat and the
total body fat without loss of general performance characteristics.
However some investigators failed to show compensatory growth and
lower body fat at market age when high protein levels were used
(Santoso et al; 1995 and Summers et al; 1990). Tanaka and Ohtani
(1995) obtained less abdominal fat in chicks when fed high protein levels
(25, 30 and 35%) compared with chicks that were fed adlibitum. They
also reported liver triglyceride content in chicks fed 21, 30 and 35% C. P.
Increasing the dietary protein content in isoenergetic diets will
increase carcass protein content and decrease carcass fat content
(Holsheimer, 1975, Bedford and Summers, 1985).
Decreasing the dietary energy to protein ratio will also increase
meat yield and decrease carcass fat content (Salmon et al., 1983).
Holsheimer and Veerkamp (1992) found that higher breast meat yield
was obtained with normal crude protein levels and high lysine. The last
mentioned authors also reported high drum stick yield with low energy
and high crude protein diets. They also stated that using high crude
protein diets resulted in the lowest skin and fat yields.
Bartov and Plavnik (1998) found that relative abdominal fat
weight was increased significantly by increasing dietary energy to protein
ratio (E:P); and no differences in feed intake and body weight gain were
detected up to 42 days of age between broilers fed the diet with low (E/P)
ratio and those fed the recommended (E/P) ratio. Also carcass yield was
not affected by dietary (E/P) ratio up to 42 days of ages, but at 43 day of
age the carcass yield increased significantly by the low (E/P) ratio
(Partov and Plavnik, 1998), they concluded that the optimal (E/P) ratio
for max breast meat yield particularly at 42 day of age, may be below the
NRC (1994) recommended level (135).
Diets lower in protein content than recommended by NRC (1994),
reduced the yield of meat and increased fattening. The optimal dietary
protein level for weight gain is lower than that for feed efficiency
(Fancher and Jenson, 1987; Moran et al., (1992). The same findings are
true for lysine (Moran and Bilgili 1990; Han and Baker, 1993). Reduced
dietary protein level in broiler diets below the recommended level when
supplemented with essential amino acids, mainly lysine and methionine,
usually support adequate weight gain but increase fattening (Lipshtein et
al., 1975, Moran et al., 1992 and Deschepper and Degroote, 1995).
Lipshtein et al (1975) reported that reducing crude protein from
20.5% to 17.5% in diets fed to male from 5-9 weeks of age increased
carcass fat, although live weight was unchanged, Moran et al (1992)
stated that when dietary crude protein was reduced from 23% to 21% or
from 20% to 17%, live body weight was not affected, but feed
conversion ratio increased. The same authors also reported that when low
crude protein was used, abdominal fat was increased.
2.2 Amino acids requirements:
The amino acids (AA) requirements for males is higher than that
for females (Han and Baker 1993). According to Hurwitz et al (1998),
when total dietary amino acids (AA) level is reduced, the requirement for
the individual (AA) decrease due to growth retardation resulting from
single or multiple (AA) deficiencies.
Han and Baker (1994) studied the lysine requirements of both
sexes during the period from 3 to 6 week of age. The requirement of
lysine in a diet containing 20% crude protein (CP) for maximum weight
gain was 0.99% for males and 0.91% for females, and for optimum feed
efficiency for males, and females, 1.03 and 0.99 lysine respectively.
However, Han and Baker (1991) studied the amino acids
requirement of a fast and slow growing broiler chicks fed a diet
containing 23% CP and found that the requirement of chicks from 8 to 21
days must not be greater than 1.17% lysine for maximal weight gain and
1.41% lysine for maximum feed efficiency for both strains. These
estimates of requirements are substantially higher than 1.1% of the diet
estimated by the National Research Council (NRC, 1994) for broilers up
to 3 weeks of age and fed a diet containing 23% CP.
Moran and Bilgili (1990) reported that 0.85% total lysine was
inadequate for broilers 28 to 42 days old chicks, while lysine values used
in practice have been escalated to approximately 0.95%(Agriststs 2001).
These findings were supported by Acar et al.,(1991), and Bilgili et
al.,(1992) in their reports on high breast meat yielding strain given feeds
formulated to satisfy NRC (1994) specification. Scott et al., (1982)
reported that L– lysine requirement was 5% of the protein only for 1 to 2
weeks of age, then it drops to 4.5% for 2 to 16 weeks of age. These
values were equivalent to 1.32 and 1.14% of the diet respectively. Chung
et al (1973) determined lysine requirement as follows: 5% of the protein
for 1 to 3 weeks of age and 4.1% of the protein for 5 to 7 weeks of age.
These were equivalent to 0.94% and 0.7% of the diet, respectively.
Titus and Fritz, (1971) suggested that methionine level of 0.31% of
the diet is reasonable for both layer and broiler chickens, However,
Tileman and Pests, (1968) reported that when a basal diet containing
0.38% methionine was supplemented with 0.2 methionine the weight
gain was increased.
The lysine and sulfur amino acids requirements have been evaluated
extensively, but less information is available on the threonine
requirement Waibel et al.,(1996). Threonine may be the third limiting
AA, after lysine and methionine in diets for broiler chickens (Han et al.,
1992; Fernandez, et al., 1994, and Kidd et al., 1997).
The (AA) requirements of poultry and other animals are known to
decrease as age increases (NRC, 1994). Broiler chickens commonly
increase five fold in weight during the first week of life and 10 fold
during the first 2 weeks, that’s why (AA) requirement are very high in
these first 2 weeks
(Pettit 2001). Cuca and Jensen (1990) estimated the
arginine requirements for growth to be from 1.10 to 1.28% of the diet and
for maximum feed efficiency from 0.96 to 1.28% of the diets. The NRC
(1994) estimated the arginine requirement of broilers 3 weeks of age to
be 1.25% of the diet, and for 3-6 weeks to be 1.10%.
Many factors can influence the amino acid requirements of chicks
at any given growth stage (Baker 1997). This include dietary factors such
as protein level, energy level, presence of protease inhibiters,
environmental factors, crowding, feeders space and heat or cold stress,
genetic factors such as, sex and capacity for leans
2.3 Effect of amino acids supplementation on broiler performance:
The supplementation of the amino acids was done to reach the
ideal amino acids balance in the diet, without deficiencies or excesses,
providing the requirement of all amino acids needed for maintenance and
production (Baker and Chung, 1992). According to Penz (1996), amino
acids should be added in levels that as close as possible to the
requirements of the bird in each production phase and thus, amino acids
excesses would be minimized in the diets.
Nutritional programs in the Sudan are commonly based on foreign
requirement tables such as NRC (1994). It is possible to include amino
acids in poultry feed as individual chemical compounds. Lysine and
methionine are both available to supplement poultry rations. Methionine
may be used either in the form of DL-methionine or as methionine
hydroxyl analogue (Austic and Nesheim, 1990).
Fritts et al., (2001) studied the relationship of dietary lysine and
other essential amino acids in broiler diets, formulated according to NRC
(1994) recommendations and used 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3% additions of lysine
with other essential amino acids. (EAA) at 100, 110, 120 and 130% of
(NRC) recommended levels, and found that there were no significant
interaction between the level of lysine and the levels of the other
essential amino acids for live performance or carcass characteristics. The
final body weight was significantly increased at 21 and 42 days by
addition of 0.01% lysine above the NRC level, but not at 56 days. They
also reported that dietary lysine level had no significant effect on
dressing percentage, breast meat yield, or abdominal fat content.
According to Sibbald and Wolynetz (1986) increasing dietary
lysine level causes an increase in broiler carcass protein retention and a
decrease in fat retention. Park and Austic (2000) reported that chicks
received a 5% dietary addition of 11 amino acids consisting of equimolar
concentrations of Leucien, valine histidine, alanine, glycine, serine,
threonine, lysine, methionine, cystine, and isoleucine had significantly
low weight gain and feed consumption and a higher feed conversion ratio
than the chicks fed the basal diet. Isoleusine is the fourth limiting amino
acid in corn for growth of chicks (Fernandez et al., 1994), but it is less
limiting than valine in low protein corn and soybean based diets of
broilers (Edmonds et al., 1985; Han et al., 1992 and Fernandez et al.,
1994).
Threonine may be the third limiting amino acid to methionine and
lysine in the diets composed primarly of ground yellow corn and soybean
meal, for broiler chickens (Han et al., 1992; Fernandez et al 1994, and
Kidd et al., 1997).
To achieve optimum broiler performance the dietary crude protein
content must provide sufficient levels of EAA to allow a maximum
protein and meat synthesis and the demand of the metabolic process other
than protein synthesis (Fancher and Jensen 1987). Kim et al (1986)
replaced corn by sorghum at different levels, then lysine and methionine
were added.
When supplementing a 14.4% crude protein diet fed to female
broilers from 36 to 63 days with additional methionine and lysine,
growth and feed efficiency were equal to that obtained with 18.1% crude
protein diet (Lipshtein and Bornstein, 1975). Furthermore, adding the
same A. A. to 15.5% crude protein diet resulted in males gaining weight
and converting feed
efficiency as those receiving a 20.2% diet,
(Lipshtein and Bornstein, 1975).
Uzu (1983) supplemented a 16% crude protein diet for broilers
from 28 to 44 days of age with additional methionine and lysine revealed
growth rate equal to that obtained by feeding a 20% C. P diet. Adding
methionine and lysine to a 16% C. P diet supported growth from 21 to 65
days comparable to growth of birds fed 19% CP diet, but achieving equal
feed efficiency necessitated adding threonine to the low CP. diet
(Nakajima et al., 1985).
2.4 Effect of dietary amino acids deficiency and excess on broiler
performance:
Acar et al (2001) found that excessive dietary (a.a) above the
requirement of (NRC) reduced feed intake and, in turn restricted the early
rapid growth of broiler. Dietary (a.a) were supplemented to the basal diet
to yield a total of 1.57, 2.57 and 3.57% histidine 2.7, 4.3, and 5.9%
lysine, 1.66, 2.16 and 2.96% methionine 2.8, 3.8 and 4.8% threonine, and
1.27, 2.27 and 3.27% tryeptophan.
Church and Pond (1976) demonstrated that threonine or
methionine deficiency, produced fatty liver and lysine deficiency in birds
produced abnormal feathering. They also indicated that excess lysine
causes growth depression in chicks which can be reversed by addition of
arginine, whereas, methionine added to the diet in excess produced
growth depression which could not be overcome by supplementation
with other amino acids.
Thomas et al., (1979), added graded levels of lysine 0.75, 0.90,
1.05, 1.20, 1.80 to broiler diets. They found that the lowest level of lysine
(0.75) depressed weight gain and gave the poorest feed conversion;
however, the highest level of lysine (1.80%) resulted in no depression in
both weight gain and feed efficiency.
Holsheimer and Ruesink (1993) reported that levels higher than
1.15% dietary lysine in the starter period (up to 14d of age) resulted in
higher breast muscle yield at 49d of age irrespective of dietary lysine
level in the range of (1.1 to 1.30%) from 15 to 49d of age. An increase in
dietary lysine content will increase protein retention and decrease fat
retention (Sibbald and Wolynelz, 1986). As lysine is present in relatively
high proportions in poultry muscle ( Roth et al., 1990) it is of interest to
know whether an increase in dietary CP, in lysine, or in both is
responsible for increased muscle growth. May (1979) reported that
feeding chicks 50% of their lysine requirement affect levels of circulating
thyroid hormones.
Smith (1978) reported that inadequate broiler chicks basal diet
supplemented with increasing amount of lysine would impair weight gain
and feed utilization, due to toxicity of the amino acids.
Behrends and Waibel (1975) studied the methionine and cystine
levels in corn-soybean meal, they found that methionine was usually
deficient and cystine was in excess of their individual requirements, and
they indicated that the deficiency in the total sulphur amino acids in these
diets could be corrected by the addition of methionine depend on the
amount of utilizable cystine in the dietary protein. Grabber et al., (1971a)
stated that cystine can safely provide approximately 55% of the total
solid amino acids needs for growth of the chicks. Grabber et al (1971b)
found that the maximum cystine replacement value increased with age,
and the replacement values where 56, 65 and 67% when gained was the
criterion used and 60, 67 and 70% for gain /feed ratio, during the chick,
fifth and eighth week of age. Featherston and Rogler (1978) showed that
cystine supplementation of diets containing suboptimal levels of
methionine and cystine (0.2%) resulted in growth depression.
Muller and Ballun (1974) demonstrated that the addition of 0.75 or
1.50% L- leucine to a 10% protein diet drastically reduced egg
production and feed consumption and it was concluded that the
possibility of a leucine X isoleucine interaction impairing the
performance of hens fed practical rations was remote. D' Mello and
Lewis (1970) noted that the addition of 1.50% L- leucine to 20% protein
corn-groundnut meal diets containing 1.43 and 0.56 % leucine and
isoleucine , respectively, depressed chick growth by 3g /chick daily, and
the addition of 1.5% L - leucine in a corn-groundnut meal diet containing
20% protein depressed chick gains from 15.9 to 13g / day, and addition
of 0.35% DL- valine to the leucine- imbalanced diet increased gain to
15g /day, but the addition of both valine and isoleucine to the imbalanced
diet restored gains to 16.9g /day. Bray (1970) showed that excess leucine
increased the requirement for isoliosine and valine but had no affect on
the requirement for lysine and tryptophan. Bray (1968) showed ample
evidence to indicate that the ratio of corn to soybean protein significantly
influenced the relative adequacy of essential amino acid in corn –soil
diet. Inadequacy of isoleucine may explain the inconsistent and limited
response that had been reported when low protein corn–soybean diets
were supplemented with various combination of tryptophan, and lysine
and methionine.
The effect of excess of certain amino acid upon metabolism and
dietary requirement for others were studied by Leung, et al., (1968),
Kutma and Harper (1962) , they found that excess of leucine increased
the requirement of isoleucine. Signs of leucine – induced amino acid
deficiency included depression in the plasma concentration of the amino
acid, that was first limiting in the diet, and an increase in the plasma level
of leucine. Phansalkar, et al., (1970) demonstrated a depression in the
level of isoleucine and valine in plasma when leucine was given
intravenously.
2.5 Supplementation in the drinking water:
According to Baker and Han (1994) and Baker (1997) lysine
supplementation of corn- soybean meal diet is a common practice,
particularly if the C.P content of the diet is low. The opportunity to lower
the protein level of the practical diets has arisen due to the availability of
competitively price crystalline amino acids, including (L.lycine Hcl, Dl
methionine and L.lysine). All these crystalline amino acids have been
available for many years and are assumed to have a bioavailability of
100%. Izquierdo et al., 1988).
Recently, change in the procedure for commercial production of L.
lysine HCL has allowed for the production of free flowing liquid lysine
product ( L. L. P) that contains 60% L lysine free base and is devoid of H
CL (Emmert et al., 1999). However Baker (1977) stated that methionine
added to water could be degraded to methionine + cystine and may cause
severe problems, observed that low levels (not detail) added to the
drinking water of growing chicks could decrease water consumption by
50%, no description of the methionine source was given, this reduction
could have been due to the odor of methionine (the typical cabbage – like
odor).
Liquid amino acids easily digested, so they were providing
branched chain of amino acids
(L- Leucine, L– isoleucine, and L-
valine), B – complex vitamins, lipotropic factors, choline, inositol and
rich source of energizing complex carbohydrates (glucose polymers) and
pure crystalline fructose (Anonymous (a), they also reported that it helps
in building muscles tissues, and increase lean muscle mass. So that liquid
lysine is an essential AA for growth, development, tissue maintenance
and repair, and also Liquid methionine is an essential AA that assists in
the breakdown of fat in the liver, arteries that might blood flow to the
brain, heart and kidneys, beside that L– Arginine is a semi– essential AA
synthesized by the body from ornithine and it produces creatine. L–
tyrosine which is used for stress reduction, depression, allergies and
headaches. This product is also used for appetite suppression and helps in
reducing body fat. L– glutamine regulates the balance between anabolism
and catabolism of fat (Billphillips 1998-2005).
The synthesized liquid amino acids contain Lysine, Methionine,
Alaine, Arginine- Aspartic acids Glutamic acids, Glycine, Histidine
Isoleucine, Valine, Tyrosine, threonine serine, proline, phenylalanine and
Lucien. (Anonymous (b)).
Moreover the same author reported that methionine added to the
drinking water of growing chickens could decrease water consumption
by 50%. Supplementation of L. lysine. HCL to provide 0.95 and 1.05%
total lysine did not increase body weight but improved feed conversion
and increased breast muscle yield(Moran and Bilgili(1992). Research
concerning the addition of nutrients to drinking water in poultry has been
primarily centered around minerals (Kienholz et al., 1965, Shirley, 1970,
1974; Merkly, 1976). Griggs et al.(1971). Administrated several
commercial nutrient preparations that contained one or more of the
following like amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, antibiotics, or dextrose
in the drinking water of poultry and reported improved early weight
gain.
Proteins are degraded to small peptides containing 2 – 6 amino
acids and some free amino acids. These small peptides are hydrolyzed by
peptidases to free amino acids. Amino acids are transported from the
luminal small intestine to the mucosal cell. The absorbed amino acids
reach the liver and used for synthesis of liver tissues proteins or blood
proteins( Scott et al, 1982).
Damron et al (1986) studied the effect of liquid methionine source
supplied through the water on chick performance. Methionine at 0.05,
and 0.075% from the liquid source were added to drinking water and
compared with 0.05, and 0.075% methionine supplementation in
methionine- deficient basal diet ( dry sources), and found that mortality
was not affected by any of the treatments, but water consumption was
decreased significantly in the liquid methionine supplemented group.
Also Damron (1992) reported that liquid methionine [2-hydroxy4(methyl thio) butanoic;
acids HMB] supplied through the drinking
water at 0.025and 0.05% compared with levels of 0.03,0.06 or 0.09% in
the basal diet of the broiler from 0 to 21 days of age, had no effect on
mortality
Anderson (1982) reported that, graded levels of L - methionine or
water solution of its sodium salt were added at equivalent levels to a
broiler diet based on corn, soybean, and poultry by product meals, had no
effect on weight gain of broiler.
2.6 Liquid methionine supplementation in the feed:
The use of liquid methionine in the feed has many advantages
such as improved mixability, reduced power requirement for pelleting,
easy storage, elimination of product loss and reduced level of dust in the
mill. (Anonymous,(c)).
Liquid methionine source in feed reported to give better
performance during heat stress, it was reported to be absorbed in the
small intestine by the birds via the simple diffusion without the use of
energy for transportation across the cell membrane (Swick et. al., 1990.,
Dibner, 1984).
Recent research has shown that DLM absorption is less efficient
in birds exposed to h
eat stress, and heat stress alters both the mechanisms and rate of
DLM absorption (Anonymous, (c)).
The absorption of liquid methionine added to the feed was un
affected when birds were subjected to heat stress conditions.
(Anonymous, (c)), also reported that Liquid methionine digestibility was
significantly reduced during heat stress. The birds consuming the liquid
methionine in their feed ate more feed and drank more water
(Anonymous, (c).
Baker (1991) reported that DLM level in excess of the
requirement lead to toxicity and caused depression in feed intake, lower
growth rate and feed conversion.
Swick et al., (1991), and Knight et al., (1994). Reported that
birds fed liquid methionine in diets retained a greater percentage of
dietary nitrogen when compared to birds fed DLM, as the birds fed liquid
methionine ate more feed and drank more water during heat stress
experiencing less thermal stress.
The liquid methionine in the feed was reported to give better
methionine availability for growth and development, the overall
performance of broiler, turkeys and layers were reported to be improved
by liquid methionine than the dry amino acid (Anonymous, (c)). They
also added that liquid methionine when added to the feed acts as mold
inhibitor, and it’s better than DLM in dry form.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Liquid Amino Acids:
Liquid Amino Acids was used in the drinking water at the rate of
two ml in one liter of drinking water as recommend by the
manufacturers. The consumed water was measured daily to estimate the
amount of liquid amino acids consumed by the experimental chicks. The
liquid amino acid was purchased from Modern Agricultural Nile Valley
Company (Sudan), and its composition of amino acids is presented in
Table (1).
3.2 Experimental Diets:
A basal diet was formulated from sorghum grain, groundnut meal,
sesame meal and other ingredients as shown in table (2). This basal diet
ingredients percentage were varied to form three different experimental
diets such as follows.
Diet (1) contained the basal diet without any supplementation of
amino acids.
Diet (2) Sorghum + sesame meal + groundnut meal + super
concentrate + crystalline amino acids (methionine, and lysine).
Diet (3) Sorghum + sesame meal + groundnut meal + crystalline
amino acids (methionine, and lysine).
Table (1): The composition of liquid amino acids (0.05 mg per
400ml)
Amino acids
Mg
Leucine
0.05
Phenylalanine
0.05
Arginine
0.05
Glycine
0.05
Lysine
0.05
Aspartic acid
0.05
Alanine
0.05
Tyrosine
0.05
2ml of liquid amino acids per 1000 ml water
2ml of liquid amino acids contained 0.00025mg of each amino acids.
0.05 mg = 0.0000125%
Table (2): Formulation of the Experimental Diets (%).
Ingredients
Diet (1)
Diet (2)
Diet (3)
Sorghum
55.80
60.70
55.80
Groundnut meal (GNM)
21.30
15.00
21.30
Sesame meal(SM)
14.00
15.00
15.00
Wheat bran (WB)
3.40
0.40
1.53
Super concentrate (S.C)*
____
5.00
____
Dicalcium phosphate
2.60
1.40
2.60
Sodium chloride
0.40
0.33
0.40
Vegetable oil
2.50
2.00
2.56
Lysine
____
0.04
0.56
Methionine
____
0.01
0.13
Cystine
____
0.12
0.11
Total
100
100
100
*Contains unit per kg:
Crud protein (400), crude fat (20), crude fiber (20), calcium (100),
phosphorous (40), lysine (120), methionine (30), methionine + cystin
(32), met. Energy (2, 100 kcal/kg), sodium (26).
Vitamin A (200.000), vitamin D (40,000), vitamin E (500),
vitamin B1 (15), vitamin B2 (100), vitamin B6 (20), vitamin B12(300),
biotin(1000), nicotinic acids (600), folic acids (10), vitamin K3 (30),
pantothenic acids (150), choline chloride (5.000), copper (100),
manganese (1.200), zinc (800), iron (1.000), iodine (15), cobalt (3),
selenium (2), BHT (900), meticlorpindol (2500).
The three experimental diets were formulated to meet the
requirements of the broiler chicks as recommended by the National
Research Council (N.R.C, 1994), as shown in table (3).It can be seen that
the diets varied in CP%, metabolizable energy essential amino acids
content.
Each of these three experimental diets was assigned to 8 pens,
where half of the drinkers water was supplemented with liquid amino
acids, from day old up to 42 days of the experimental chicks.
Table (3): Calculated Composition of the Experimental Diets:
Items (%) NRC(1994)
Diet (1)
Diet (2)
Diet (3)
Crude protein CP%
23.1
22.6
23.2
Metabolizable energy ME (kcal/kg)
3174.3
3172.0
3172.2
Lysine
0.5
1.1
1.1
Methionine
0.4
0.5
0.5
Cystine
0.3
0.4
0.4
Phenylalanine
0.7
0.9
1.0
Arganine
1.8
1.6
1.8
Glysine
1.0
0.8
1.0
Leucine
1.0
1.6
1.7
Calcium
1.0
1.1
1.0
Phosphorus
0.6
0.5
0.6
3.3 Chemical analysis:
proximate analysis of the experimental diets was carried out
according to Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official
Analytical Chemists(AOAC,1990); and crude protein was determined by
micro-Kjeldhal method. Metapolizable energy values were calculated by
the equation of Lodhi(1976).
ME(Kcal/kg)=(1.549+0.0102-*CP+0.0275*Ether
extract+0.0148*NFE-0.0034*Crude fiber)
Table (4): Proximate analysis of the experimental Diets(%):
Items
Diet (1)
Diet (2)
Diet (3)
Dry matter
96.8
97.3
96.5
Crude protein
24.9
25.1
24.4
Ether extract
4.2
4.4
5.4
Ash
6.5
6.1
5.7
Crude fiber
4.6
5.9
3.8
NFE
56.6
55.8
57.2
2740.52
2731.8
2780.02
ME (kcal/kg)
3.4 Housing and Equipments:
The experiment was conducted in an open-sided deep litter
house. The house was 18X5 m with a height of 3m. It was constructed
using iron posts, zinc sheets roofing, concrete floor and wire mesh in all
sides. The wired sides were surrounded by Kenaf, for protection against
cold windy spells and solar radiation. The whole house was divided into
(24) small pens (one m). Dry wood shavings were used as litter material
to a depth of 4 cm. Light was provided for 24 hrs, in the form of natural
light supplemented with an artificial light in the evenings. Hundred watt
bulbs were used in each pen throughout the experiment to provide light
and heat for broodiness. Each pen was supplied with a feeder and a
drinker which were raised gradually as the chicks grew bigger. Feed and
water were offered adlibitum.
3.5 Experimental birds:
One hundred and ninety two one-day old, unsexed commercial
broiler chicks (Hubbard) were Purchased from (Ommat Company) in
(Egypt) and shipped to the Poultry Unit in the Faculty of Animal
Production at Shambat. Chicks arrived on April.4th 2004. Upon arrival,
chicks were randomly distributed into 24 pens, (eight chicks per pen).
The mean initial weight of the chicks in each pen was approximately
similar. The experimental diet were then randomly assigned to the
experimental pens with 8 replicates each. Then half of the replicates in
each treatment (4reps) received liquid amino acids in drinking water.
Concentrate of liquid amino acids was added at 2ml\lit.
3.6 Management and Data Collection:
Feed and water were offered ad-libitum. All the birds were given
vitamins and minerals in water, and were vaccinated against New castle
disease at six days old and against Gumbro at sixteen day old. They were
then revaccinated against Gumbro and Newcastle at 22 days and at 30
days, respectively. The chicks were weighed at weekly interval and feed
consumption of each group, was calculated at the time of weighing.
Ambient temperature was recorded twice a day at early morning and in
the afternoon to register low and high temperatures. Water consumption
was recorded daily, and water evaporation was estimated using values of
evaporation one drinker putted in the middle of the experimental house.
The amount evaporated was subtracted from each drinker to arrive at the
amount of water drunk in each pen. Then the amount of each amino acids
consumed/chick/day was calculated. Mortality was recorded when
occurred.
3.7 Carcass evaluation:
At the end of the experiment (at 6 weeks of age), one bird was
selected at random from each pen, and was slaughtered and used for
assessment of carcass and cut percentage. The selected bird was fasted
over night, but offered drinking water. Each bird was then weighed and
slaughtered by severing the trachea and the carotid arteries, and was
allowed to bleed. The bird was then scalded using hot water and was
manually plucked, thoroughly washed and left to drain on a wooden
table. Evisceration was then carried out by a posterior ventral cut ,and
then complete removal of the visceral and thoracic organs was done . The
head was then removed close to the base of the skull, and similarly the
legs from the hocks joints. Eviscerated carcasses were then weighed to
register hot carcass weight, and were kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours
at 4c. After that the cold carcasses were weighed, they were then cut into
five cuts breast, thigh, drumstick, back and wing. Then the cut parts were
weighed individually. After that each cut part was deboned and weighed
to estimate at the meat to bone ratio. Also the abdominal fat was
dissected from each carcass and weighed.
3.8 Water consumption:
Water was added to the drinkers, which were made of metal jar
and pan, the capacity of each drinker is about 4 liters. To evaluate the
daily water consumption, residual water in the drinkers was measured
every 24 hour, using a measuring cylinder. The evaporated water was
also measured using the drop in water outside the pens. This amount of
evaporated water is then subtracted from each of the drinkers inside the
pens.
3.9 Experimental Design and statistical analysis:
A complete randomized design was used in this study. The data
was subjected to analysis of variance. The significance between
treatment means was determined using Duncan Multiple Range test, and
correlations for carcass evaluation is made.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
Table (5) shows the overall performance of the experimental
broiler chicks. With respect to body weight gain, chicks fed diet (2) (- ve)
gained significantly (P<0.01) higher live weight (1616.26 g), followed by
chicks fed diet (3) (-ve) (1222.98 g) and the lowest gain was recorded
for chicks in the control group diet (1) (-ve) (590.7 g).
Supplementation of these diets with the liquid amino acids solution
in the drinking water, however, slightly improved weight gain of chicks.
The highest improvement was attained by the chicks fed diet (2) (+ve) (
1720.58 vs 1616.26 g). The chicks receiving diet (3) with amino acids
supplementation recorded reduced lower improvement in body weight
gain (1222.98 vs 829.45g), while the chicks reared on the control diet (1)
were not affected by liquid amino acids supplementation with respect to
body weight gain.
The weekly response in body weight gain followed the same
pattern (table 7) in the three groups, but with slight better and evident
improvement in the chicks receiving diets 2 and 3, more evident as
chicks approached the 5th and 6th weeks of age.
Feed consumption of chicks fed the experimental diet ( Table 5)
was significantly higher (P<0.01) in diet 2 group, followed by diet 3
group, and the lowest feed intake was recorded for chicks on the control
diet (1) (3065.9, 1942.9, 1404.68 g respectively). Feed consumption was
decreased following liquid amino acid supplementation for the chicks fed
diet 2. A significant reduction in feed intake was recorded by the chicks
fed diet 3 with liquid amino acid addition. However, there were no
significant differences in feed consumption among the chicks fed the
control diet (1). The weekly feed intake, Table (6) followed the same
pattern as in diet 1, 2 and 3and in response to liquid amino acid
supplementation. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chicks fed diet (2)
(Table 5), was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of chicks fed diets
(3) and (1). Supplementation with liquid amino acid did not improved
feed efficiency in all the three diet. The weekly feed conversion ratios on
the experimental diets (Table 8) was variable with respect to the three
diets through-out the 5th weeks, but became insignificant towards the 6th
week of age.
Table (5): Overall performance of the experimental broiler chicks.
Initial BW
Overall feed
Overall body
Overall
(gm)
intake (gm)
weight gain (gm)
FCR
-ve
39.00ns
1404.68C
590.70d
1.69b
+ve
37.00ns
1350.70c
590.70d
1.65b
-ve
37.00ns
3065.96a
1616.26a
2.28a
+ve
38.00ns
2836.98a
1720.58a
2.40a
Diets
Diet (1) grain + cake
Diet (2) Grain + cake +
Concentrate+ crystalline
amino acids
Diet (3) Grain + cake +
-ve
39.00ns
1942.90b
1222.98b
1.81b
Crystalline amino acids
+ve
39.00ns
1500.25c
829.45c
1.73b
-
39.72
26.62
0.11
N.S
**
**
**
±SEM
Level of significant
-ve = Without liquid amino acids
+ve = With liquid amino acids.
A, b, c, d= The column with different superscript differ significantly.
** = P<0.01
N.S = not significant
Table (6): The mean weekly feed intake of the experimental broiler
chicks (gm/bird).
1st
week
2nd
week
3rd
week
4th
Week
5th
Week
6 th
week
Mean
-ve
92.5b
125.7b
210.4b
211.4d
328.9b
460.9cd
238.3
+ve
79.3c
97.3b
155.8c
218.4d
359.9b
440.01d
225.13
-ve
99.8a
232.2a
428.1a
625.9a
741.6a
938.1a
510.95
+ve
90.5b
223.2a
405.4a
584.5a
662.9a
920.2a
481.12
-ve
90.5b
126.0b
244.5b
436.2b
368.4b
679.3b
324.03
+ve
90.8b
99.5b
203.9b
284.2c
286.3b
565.8b
250.03
Diets
Diet (1) Grain +
cake
Diet (2) Grain +
cake +
Concentrate+
crystalline amino
acids
Diet (3) Grain +
cake + crystalline
amino acids
+ SEM
Level of significant
0.6612 14.2075 13.9122
**
**
**
20.1186
51.6249 26.3816
**
**
**
-ve = Without liquid amino acids in water.
+ve = With liquid amino acids in water.
A, b, c, d= The column with different superscript differ significantly.
** = P<0.01
Table (7): The means weekly body weight gain of the experimental
broiler chicks (gm/bird).
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
week
week
Week
week
week
Week
-ve
30.2c
44.3c
71.9d
109.0c
179.3cd
256.0bc
115.12
+ve
27.3c
39.2c
67.6d
93.7c
136.9d
165.5c
88.37
-ve
66.9a
175.8a
313.0a
416.3a
396.4a
448.0a
302.73
+ve
60.8a
173.3a
295.7a
389.1a
392.2a
409.5a
286.77
-ve
60.8a
173.3a
295.7a
389.1a
392.2a
409.5a
286.77
+ve
43.5b
71.7b
147.5b
211.2b
275.3b
373.9a
187.18
+ SEM
3.60
7.07
8.79
16.90
22.03
46.05
Level of significant
**
**
**
**
**
**
Mean
Diet (1) Grain + cake
Diet (2) Grain + cake +
concentrate+ crystalline
amino acids
Diet (3) Grain + cake +
crystalline amino acids
-ve
=
Without liquid amino acids in water
+ve
=
With liquid amino acids in water.
A, b, c, d= The column with different superscript differ significantly.
** = P<0.01
Table (8): The means weekly feed conversion ratios of the experimental
chicks
1st
week
2nd
week
3rd
Week
4th
week
5th
week
6
Week
Mean
-ve
3.1a
2.8b
3.0a
1.9bc
1.9b
2.3ns
2.5
+ve
3.0a
2.6c
2.3b
2.4a
2.7a
2.7ns
2.6
-ve
1.5c
1.3d
1.4c
1.5d
1.9a
2.1ns
1.6
+ve
1.5c
1.3d
1.4c
1.5d
1.7b
2.3ns
1.6
-ve
1.5c
4.0a
2.1b
1.8cd
1.3b
2.1ns
1.6
+ve
2.1b
1.8cd
1.7c
2.1ab
1.3b
1.9ns
1.8
+ SEM
0.1572
0.1811
0.1063
0.1162
0.177
0.2602
Level of significant
**
**
**
**
**
**
Diet (1) Grain + cake
Diet (2) Grain + cake +
concentrate + crystalline
amino acids
Diet (3) Grain + cake +
crystalline amino acids
-ve
=
Without liquid amino acids in water
+ve
=
With liquid amino acids in water.
A, b, c, d= The column with different superscript differ
significantly.
** = P<0.01
Table (9) present the average daily water consumed per ml/bird .
It can be seen that water consumption was reduced by about half when
liquid amino acids were added compared to consumption. So that the
addition of liquid amino acids reduced water consumption.
Higher meat percentage was recorded in carcasses cuts of chicks
reared on treatment (A), diet (2) of grain + cake + super concentrate +
crystalline amino acids followed by treatment (C), of diet (3) grain +
cake + crystalline amino acids, and the least meat yield per cuts was
recorded in treatment (B), of diet (1) grain+cake. Moreover the addition
of liquid amino acids in the drinking water had no significance effects of
the performance in all birds group fed the three experimental (Table 10).
Table (10): The meat to bone ratio (%):
Treatments
Parameters
Breast meat
TA%
TD%
TB%
TE%
TC% TF%
29.7
29.2
18.6
18.5
22
21.7
Breast bone
4.9
4.2
5.2
5.6
4.2
4.3
Thighs meat
15.1
15.5
15.2
14.8
11.4
12.8
Thighs bone
2.7
2.2
2.6
2.1
2.2
2.8
Drum sticks meat
13.3
13.7
12.0
10.8
10.4
12.2
Drum sticks bone
2.8
2.9
4.9
4.3
2.6
3.1
Back meat
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.3
7.8
9.6
Back bone
8.4
7.9
9.9
10.1
9.6
14.0
wing meat
7.7
8.1
6.3
5.6
4.5
4.9
Wing bone
4.0
4.3
5.6
6.6
4.2
4
Abdominal fat
2.2
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.5
TA: Diet (2) Grain + cake +concentrate + TB: Diet (1) Grain + cake.
crystalline amino acid.
TD: Diet (2) Grain + cake +concentrate +
Diet (1) Grain + cake +
crystalline amino acid + liquid amino TE:
liquid amino acid in water.
acid in water.
TC: Diet (3) Grain + cake + crystalline TF: Diet (3) Grain + cake +
amino acid.
crystalline amino acid +
liquid amino acid in water.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
Currently, countless amount of work is being carried out to
determine the digestibility and availability of amino acids in food and
feeds (Nelson, et al., 1986, Parsons, et al., 1986 and Sato et al., 1987).
Bioavailability of amino acids is most commonly assessed using chicks,
turkey and rat growth assay (Netke and Scott, 1970, Cave and Williams,
1980 and Parson, et al., 1980).
Knowledge of amino acids availability in feed ingredients will
facilitate formulation of diets with the exact amount of amino acid
required to promote animal performance at least cost. Growth has been
shown to be positively correlated with the consumption of a limiting
nutrients (Giminger, et al., 1957 and Netke, et al., 1969).
The trial carried out in this study has an advantage in that it
measured the utilization of particular essential amino acids for growth,
namely lysine and methionine. A comparison between methods of
supplementation of these amino acids for chick was also tested through
this study.
The data of overall performance revealed that birds fed the diet
containing superconcentrate attained significantly (P<0.01) higher body
weight gain, followed by the birds fed the diets containing crystalline
amino acids. This finding agrees with findings noted by Hurwitz, et al.,
(1978), and Tilemam and Pesti, (1986 ). On the other hand, addition of
liquid amino acids to the diet containing supper concentrate reduced
significantly (P<0.01).The weight gain of the experimental birds, which
agrees with reported this by Baker , (1997 ).
The reduction of body weight gain of the experimental birds fed
supper concentrate after the addition of liquid amino acids may be due to
the excessive utilization of amino acids above the(NRC) requirements.
This suggestion is confirmed by the finding of Acar, et al. (2001). Also
Baker (1991) reported that DLM level in excess of the requirement
would lead to toxicity and cause depression in feed intake, lower growth
rate and reduced feed conversion efficiency.
Slight improvement in body weight gain was recorded with
addition of liquid amino acid for chicks fed crystalline amino acids. The
utilization of liquid amino acids in drinking water has no effect on body
weight gain for checks fed on sorghum and cakes only. Feed
consumption of chicks fed the experimental diets was significantly higher
(P<0.01) with the chicks fed superconcentrate, followed by the chicks fed
crystalline amino acids. The lowest feed intake was attained by the
chicks fed sorghum and cakes only. This finding agrees with the finding
of Scott, et al(1982), who attributed the reduced feed intake to amino
acid imbalance.
The addition of liquid amino acids numerically reduced the feed
consumption of the chicks fed superconcentrate. However, reduction in
feed intake was recorded also for chicks fed crystalline amino acids, with
liquid amino acids. However, there were no significant difference in feed
intake among chicks fed these diets and the sorghum and cakes diet when
liquid amino acids was added. These results agreed with the findings of
Baker and Hans (1994), and Steven, et al., (1975). The feed conversion
ratio of the experimental broiler chicks fed the three experimental diets
followed the same pattern as the body weight gain and feed consumption.
Moreover, the addition of liquid amino acids in the drinking water has no
significant effects in the performance birds fed the three experimental
diets.
Carcass yield attained the highest value with the diet containing
superconcentrate, but was significantly decreased (P<0.01) by the diet
containing crystalline amino acids, and it reached its lowest value with
the diet formulated from grain and cake only. These results are similar to
the findings of Emmert et al., (1999) and Hurwitz et al.,(1998).
Amino acids from the liquid source when added to drinking water
decreased water consumption by %50. This may be attributed to severe
unpleasant odor of liquid amino acids, as was observed by Baker(1977),
when added low levels(not detailed) of liquid methionine to the drinking
water of chicks, and observed a typical cabbage - like odor. Feed intake
was also reduced on addition of liquid amino acids in drinking water as a
result of depression of water intake.
High cost but good result were found with the diet containing`
superconcentrate without addition of liquid amino acids. The addition of
amino acids in excess of the requirement may have caused amino acid
imbalance. The second least performance was achieved by the diet
containing crystalline amino acids, while the diet containing grain and
cakes only attained the lowest performance. The poorest performance
could be due to deficiency of the critical essential amino acids mainly
lysine and methionine. Even the supplementation of liquid amino acids
was not enough to overcome these deficiencies because water
consumption was reduced drastically.
The study suggests that the addition of liquid amino acids is not
profitable and did not improve the broiler performance and meat yield
beyond that obtained by the diet containing supperconcentrate (amino
acids intact protein); and it is of no benefit when added to a basal diet
consisting of sorghum+sesame meal+groundnuts, meal as the amino
acids deficiency was not corrected by the addition of liquid amino acids.
Since it increases the cost, and slight increase in diet contain crystalline
amino acids, while it has no significant effect on both body weight, and
body weight gain.
Conclusion:
According to the result of the present studies the following
conclusion can be drawn:
- Diets containing grain and cake only as a source of protein need to
be supplemented with essential amino acids and superconcentrate.
- Addition of lysine and methionine until the requirements was not
enough so that we must add superconcentrate or increase the rate
of the critical amino acids.
- Addition of the liquid amino acids to the diet containing crystalline
amino acids only give slight improved in weight gain.
- Amino acids from the liquid source which were added to the
drinking water decreased water consumption about (%50).
- Addition of the liquid amino acids is not profitable and did not
improved the performance and meat yield, and of no benefit when
added to the three type of diets, since it increases the cost.
REFERENCES
Acar, N. Fatterson, P. H. and Barbato, G. F. (2001). Appetite suppressant
activity of supplemental dietary amino acids and subsequent
compensatory growth of broiler Poult. Sci. 80: 1215-1222.
Acar, N., Moran, E. T., and. Bilgili, S. F (1991). Live performance and
carcass yield of male broilers from two commercial strain
crosses receiving rations containing lysine below and above the
established requirement between six and eight weeks of age,
Poult. Sci. 70: 2315-2321.
Agristats, (2001). Annual live production. Agristats, Inc. Fort and lysine
as partial substitutes for protein in finisher diets Br. Poult. Sci.
16: 189-200.
Anderson, JO, Dobson, DC.(1982). Comparison of DL-methionine and
its sodium salt in water solution in broiler starter diets with two
chlorine levels. Poult. Sci. 61 (11): 2288-90.
Annonymus,(a) Amino fuel liquid by Twinlab (320z), (2005),
http://supplments 101. com/store/Amino fuel liquid 320z
p/twiamino liq 32.htm.
Annonymus,(b) liquid feed amino acids, nutritional specialist through
latin American Jan (2005). http://www. Aspecialiesinc.
com/ingles/aminoacids htm.
Annonymus,(b) National Food Nutritional, Association (NNFA) (20022005). Swanson Health products. http://www. Bragg liquid
Aminos. Com.
Anonymous(c).(2000 -2004 ). Alimet ® feed supplement. COM
AOAC (1990). Official methods of analyses. 50. ed. Association of
official analytical chemist, Washington. DC.
Austic, R. E. and Nesheim, M. C. (1990). Poultry production. 13th ed. by
Austic R. E. and Nesheim. M. C., P. 204- 205.
Baker, D. H. (1997). Ideal amino acid profiles for swine and poultry and
their applications in feed formulation. Bio Kyowa Technol.
Rev. 9: 1 - 24.
Baker, D. H., (1977). Sulfur in non – ruminant nutrition. Natl. Feed
Ingred. Assoc., One corporate place, suite 360, West Des
Moines, IA.
Baker, D. H., (1991). Amino acid tolerances of Swine and Poultry.
NFIA. Nutr. Institute Hand book.
Baker, D. H., and Han, Y. (1994). Ideal amino acids profile for chicks
during the first three weeks post hatching Poult. Sci. 73:
1441-1447.
Baker, D. H., Chung, T. K., (1992). Ideal protein for swine and poultry.
Biokowa Publishing conference., St. Louis. P. 1-17.
Bartov and Plavnik, (1998). Moderate excess of dietary protein increases
breast meat yield of broiler chicks.
Bedford, M. R., and Summers, J. D. (1985). Influence of the ratio of
essential and non essential amino acids on performance and
carcass composition of the broiler chick. Br. Poult. Sci., 26:
483-491
Behrends, B. R., and P. E. Waibel. (1975). Effect of age on the
methionine plus cystine requerment of growing turkey. Poult.
Sci. 55. 2008 (cited by Saadia).
Bilgili, S. F., Moran, E. T, and Acar. N. (1992). Strain – cross response
of heavy male broiler to dietary lysine in the finisher feed: Live
performance and further processing yield. Poult. Sci. 71: 850858.
Billphillips, Eas, (1998-2005). Americas vitamin of nutrition http://store.
Yahoo.com/Americas nutrition /twinlglut 501.html.
Bray, D. J. (1968). The effect of the ratio of corn to soybean protein in
layer diet upon the response to supplemental amino acids.
Poult. Sci. 47: 815- 821.
Bray, D. J. (1970). The isoleucine and valine nutrition of young laying
pullets as influenced by excessive dietary leucine. Poultary.
Sci. 49:1334 -1341.
Bregendabl, K. Sell. L. L. and Zimmerman. D. R. ( 2002). Effect of
low – protein diets on growth performance and body
composition of broiler chicks Poults. Sci . 81: 1156-1167.
Cave, N. A. and Williams, C. J., (1980). A chick assay for availability of
lysine in wheat Poult. Sci. 59: 799-804.
Chung, E., Griminger, P., and Fisher, H. (1973). The lysine and sulphur
amino acids requirements at two stages of growth in chicks, J.
Nutr. 103: 117-122.
Church, D. C. and Bond, W. G. (1976). Basic animal nutrition and
feeding , USA. By D.C. Church P. 57.
Cuca, M., and Jensen, L S (1990). Arginine requirement of starting
broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 69: 1377-1382.
Damron B. L. and. Goodson, R. – Williams (1986). Liquid methionine
as a drinking water supplement for broiler chicks Poult. Sci.
66: 1001-1006.
Damron, B. L., and Flunker, L. K., (1992). 2-Hydroxy-4(methylthio)
butanoic acids as a drinking water supplement for broiler
chicks. Poult Sci. Nov; 761 (10): 1695-9.
Deschepper, K., and Degroote. G. De (1995). Effect of dietary protein,
essential and non – essential amino acids on the performance
and carcass composition of male broiler chickens. Br. Poult.
Sci. 36: 229-245.
Dibner, J. J. and Knight, C. D. (1984). J. Nutr. 114:1716-1723.
D'Mello, J. P. and Lewis. D. (1970). Amino acid inter action in chick
nutrition. 2- inter relation ships between leucine, isoleucine and
valine. British Poultry Science. 2: 313- 323.
Edmonds, M. S., Parsons, C. M., and D. H. Baker, D. H. (1985).
Limiting amino acids in low protein corn – soybean meal diets
fed to growing chicks Poult. Sci. 64: 1519-1526.
Emmert, J. L, M. Michele, W. Stephanie, D. Carl, M. and Baker, D H.
(1999). Bioavailability of lysine from a liquid lysine source in
chicks. Poult. Sci. 78: 383-386.
Facher, B. I. and Jensen, L. S. (1989). Influence on performance of three
to six – week – old broilers of varying dietary protein contents
with supplementation of essential amino acids requirements.
Poult. Sci., 68: 113-123.
Fancher, D. I., and Jenson, L. S. (1987). Influence on performance of
three to six weeks cold broilers of varying dietary protein
contents with supplementation of essential amino acid
requirements Poult. Sci. 68: 113-123.
Featherston, W.R., and J. C. Rogler. (1978). Methionine – cystine
interrelations in chicks fed diets containing suboptimal levels
of methionine. J. Nutr. 108: 1954- 1958.
Fernandez, S. R., Aoyagi, S. Han, Y. Parsons C. M and Baker, D. H
(1994). Limiting order of amino acids in corn and soy bean
meal for growth of the chick Pout. Sci. 73: 1887-1896.
Fisher, C., (1984). Fat deposition in broilers. Pages 437- 470 in : Fats in
animal nutrition, J. D. Wiseeman, ed Butter worths London,
England.
Fritts, J. Si., Burnham, D. J. and Waldroup. P. W. (2001). Relationship
of dietary lysine level to the concentration of all essential A. A.
in broiler diets. Poult. Sci., 80: 1472- 1479.
Graber, G., Scott. H. M, Baker, D.H. (1971a). Sulfur amino and nutrition
of the growing chick: Effect of age on the capacity of cystine
to spare dietary methionine. Poult. Sci. 50: 1450 –1455.
Graber., G., Scott, H. M, and D. H. Baker (1971b). Sulfur amino acid
nutrition of the growing chick: Effect of age on the dietary
methionine requerment. Poult. Sci. 50: 851- 858>
Griggs, J. E., Harris, G. C and. Waldroup, P. W. (1971). The use of
nutrient solutions for young turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 50:
1581 (Abstr.).
Grimiger, P., Scott, H. M. and Forbes, R. M., (1957). Dietary bulk and
amino acids requirements. J. Nutr. 62: 61-69.
Han, Y. Suzuki, H Parson, C. M. and. Baker, D. H. (1992). Amino acid
fortification of low protein corn, soybean meal diet for
maximal weight gain and feed efficiency of the chick. Poult.
Sci. 71: 1168-1178.
Han, Y., and Baker, D. H. (1991). Lysine requirement of fast and slow
growing broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 70: 2108-2114.
Han, Y., and Baker. D. H., (1993). Effects of sex, heat stress, body
weight and genetic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of
broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 72: 701- 708.
Han, Y., and Baker. D. H., (1994). Digestible lysine requirement of mail
and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks
post hatching. Poult. Sci., 73:1739-1745.
Holsheimer, J. P. and Veerkamp, C. H. (1992). Effect of dietary energy,
protein, and lysine content on performance and yields of two
strains of male broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 71: 872-879.
Holsheimer, J. P., (1975). The effect of changing energy– protein ratio on
carcass composition of broilers. No. 45, Pages 1-10 in:
Proceedings of the 2nd European symposium poultry meat,
Oosterbeek, the Netherlands.
Holsheimer, J. P., and Ruesink, E. W. (1993). Effect on performance
carcass composition yield, and financial return of dietary
energy and lysine levels in starter and finisher diet fed to
broiler. Poultry .Sci. 72: 806 – 815.
Hurwitz, S. Sklan, D. Talpaz, H. and Plavnik, I. (1978). The effect of
dietary protein level on the lysine and arginine requirements of
growing chickens. Poult. Sci. 77: 689-696.
Ishibashi, T., and Kametaka, M (1985). Methionine requirements of
chickens with various body weight Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:
3493-3500.
Izquierdo, O. A., Parsons C. M.
and Baker. D. H. (1988).
Bioavailability of lysine in L – lysine Hcl. J. Anim. Sci. 66:
2590-2597.
Jason, L. Emmert, Michel W. Douglas, Stephanie, D. Boling, Carl M.
Parsons, and David H. Baker (1999). Bioavailability of lysine
from a liquid lysine source in chicks Poult. Sci. 78: 383-386.
Kidd, M. T., Kerr, D. J. Anthony, N. B (1997). Dietary interactions
between lysine and threonine in broilers Poult. Sci. 76: 608614.
Kienholz, E. W., Enos, H. L and. pherron, T. A. (1965). The effects of
some water sources and treatments upon turkey performance.
Poult. Sci. 44: 1390. (Abtstr.).
Kim, K. S., Han, I. K., and Kwalk, C. H., (1986). The effect of
substituting methionine and lysine on the performance of
broiler chicks. Korean, J. Anim. Sci. S. 28 (11) 732-735.
Klain, G. L., Scott, H. M. and Johnson, B. C (1960). The amino acids
requirements of the growing chicks fed a crystalline amino
acids diet. Poult. Sci. 39: 39-44.
Knight, C. D., and Dibner, J. J. (1994). J. Nutr. 114: 2179 -2186.
Kutma, U. S., and A. E. Harper. (1962). Amino acid balance and
imbalance. IX. Effect of amino acid imbalance on blood amino
acid pattern. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 110: 512- 517.
Leung, P. M., Q. R. Roger, and A. W. Harper.(1968). Effect of amino
acid imbalance in rats fed ad libtum, internal fed or force fed. J.
Nutr.95: 474- 482.
Lipshitein, B., Bornstein S., and Bartov, I. (1975). The replacement of
some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in
practical broiler diet. 3. Effects of protein concentration and
amino acids supplementations in broiler finishing diets and fat
deposition in the carcass Br. Poult. Sci. 16: 627-635.
Lipshtein, B., and Bornstein, S. (1975). The replacement of some of the
soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical
broiler diets. 2. Special additions of methionine male and
female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks post
hatching. Poult. Sci. 73: 1739-1745.
Lodhi,I. N., Singh, D. and Ichponani, J. S.(1976). Variation in nutrient
content of feed stuff Rich in protein and Reassessment of the
chemical methods for metabolizable energy estimation for
poultry. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 86:293- 303.
May, J. D., (1979). Dietary lysine and serum thyroid hormone
concentration.Poult. Sci. 58:1084.
Merkley, J. W., (1976). Increased bone strength in coopreared broilers
provided fluorinated water. Poult. Sci. 55: 1313-1319.
Moran, E. T and. Bilgili, S. F. (1990). Processing losses, carcass quality,
and meat yields of broiler chickens receiving diets marginally
deficient to adequate in lysine prior to marketing. Poult. Sci.
69: 702-710.
Moran, E. T., Bushong. R. D., and Bilgiili. S. F., (1992). Reducing crude
protein for broilers while satisfying amino acids requirements
by least cost formulation: Live performance litter composition
and yield of fast food carcass cuts at six weeks. Poultry. Sci.,
71: 1687- 1694.
Muller, R. D, and S. L. Balluon. (1974). Response to methionine
supplementation of leg horn hens fed low proteins cornsoybean meal diets. Poult. Sci. 53: 1463- 1475.
Nakajima, T. K,. Kishi, T., Kusubae, H..W., and Kusustani, Y. (1985).
Effect of L – threonine and Dl – tryeptophan supplementation
to the low protein practical broiler finishing diet, Jpn. Poult.
Sci. 22: 10-16.
Nelson, T. S., Kirby, L. K. and Halley, J. T., (1986). Digestibility of
crystalline amino acids and the amino acids in corn and poultry
blend. Nutr. Rep. Int. 43: 903.
Netke, S. P., and Scott, H. M., (1970). Estimates of the availability of
amino acids in soybean oil meal of determined by chick
growing assay; methiodology as applied to lysine. J. Nutr. 100:
281-288.
Netke, S. P., Scott, H. M. and Allee, G. L., (1969). Effect of excess
amino acids on the utilization of the first limiting amino acid in
chick diets. J. Nutr. 99: 75-81.
NRC (1984), Nutritional Research Council. Nutrient requirements of
poultry. 8th ed. nath. Acad. Sci. Washington, DC.
NRC, (1994). Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. 9th Ed. National
Academy Press Washington, DC.
Park B. C. and Austic. R. E. (2000). Isoleucine imbalance using selected
mixtures of imbalancing amino acids in diets of the broiler
chicks poultry Sci. 78. 1782-1789.
Park, B. C. and Austic, R. E. (2000). Isoleucine imbalance using selected
mixtures of imbalancing amino acids in diets of the broiler
chicks. Poult. Sci. 79: 1782-1789.
Paison, C. M., (1986). Determination of digestible and available amino
acids in meat meal using convectional and cuecectomized
cockerels or chick growing assays Br. J. Nutr. 56: 227.
Paisons, C. M., Potter, L. M. and Shelton, J. R., (1980). Relative lysine
potencies of eight analogues in diets of young turkey poultry
Sci. 59: 1852-1859.
Penz, Jr. Am. OUSO. Do Conceito de proteina ideal para monogastricos.
In: Congresso international de zootecnia; porto Alegre, RGS.
Anais; Porto A;egre; Farsul%senar, (1996). P. 71-85.
Pettit. H., Pesti, G. M. and Bakalli, R. I. (2001). Development of
procedures for determining the amino acid requirements of
chickens by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Poult.
Sci. 80: 182-186.
Phansalkar, S.V., P. M. Norton, L. E. Holt, and S. E. Snyderman. (1970).
Amino acid inter relation ships: The effect of a load of leucine
on the metabolism of isoleucine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Piol. Med.
134: 262- 263.
Rhone,G,A.(1995). Poulnec animal nutrition Meeting the A. A.
Requirement of poultry. American Soybean Association (p)
No. 083/12/44 (Vol. P. O. 16).
Robinson., F. E. Yu, M W. Clandinin. M. T and. Bodnar L (1990).
Growth and body composition of broiler chickens in response
to different regimes of feed restriction. Poultry. Sci., 69: 20742081.
Roth, F. X., Ristic. M. Kreuzer, M. and Maurus, E. M. (1990).
Aminosauren
zusammensetzungdes
Brustfleisches
Von
Broilers Fleischwirtschaft 70 (5): 608 -612.
Salmon, R. E., Classen H. L and Millan, R. K. (1983). Effect of starter
and finisher protein on performance, carcass grade, and meat
yield of broiler Poult. Sci. 62: 837-845.
Santoso, U. K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtani, (1995). Does feed – restriction
refeeding program improve growth characteristics and body
composition in broiler chicks. Anim. Sci. Tchnol. (JPN) 66: 715.
Santoso, U.,K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtani, (1993).Effect of skip day feeding
on growth performance and body composition in broilers.
Asian. Australian J. Anim. Sci. 6: 451-461.
Sato, H., Kobayashi, T. Jones R. W. and easter, R. A., (1987).
Tryptophan availability of some feedstuffs determined by pig
growth assay. J. Anim. Sci. 64: 191.
Scott, M. L., Nesheim, M. C. and Young, R. T. (1982). Nutrition of the
chicken. 3rd ed. pages 51-75.
Shirley, R. L., (1970). Nutrients in water available to economic animals.
Proc. Nutr. Counc. Annu. Am. Feed Manuf. Assoc., Chicago,
IL.
Shirley, R. L., (1974). Nutrients and toxic
substances in water for
livestock and poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, D. C.
Sibbald, I. R., and Wolynets, M. S. (1986). Effect of dietary lysine and
feed intake on energy utilization and tissue synthesis by broiler
chicks poultry Sci. 65: 98-105.
Smith, T. K., and Austic., R. E, (1978). The branched – chain amino acid
antagonism in checks. J. Nutr. 108: 1180- 1191.
Stevan, S. S. Scott,. M. L. and Nesheim, M. C. (1975). The effect of
methionine deficiency on body weight, feed and energy
utilization in the chick. Poult. Sci 54 :1184-1188.
Summers, J. D., Spratt, D. and Atkinson J. L., (1990). Restricted feeding
and compensatory growth for broilers. Poultry. Sci., 64:
1855-1861.
Swick, R. A., Cress Well D. C. Dibner J. J and Ivey, F. j (1990). Poultry
Sci. 60 (supp1).
Swick, R. A., Ivey F.J. and Dibnar,JJ.(1991).Poultry sci.70 (supp1).
Tanaka, K., and Ohtani, S. (1995). Early Skip– day feeding of female
broiler chicks fed high– protein realimentation diets.
Performance and body composition. Poultry. Sci., 74: 494-501.
Tanaka, k., Ohtani, S. and Shigeno, K. (1983). Effect of increasing
dietary energy on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chickens. 2.
Increasing energy by fat or protein supplementation. Poultry.
Sci. 62: 452- 458.
Thomas, D. P., Twining, P. V., Lossard. Jr Nicholson, J. L. and Rubin,
M. (1979). Broiler chick studied with therionine and lysine
margiland nutrition confluence for feed manufacturers March
15 and 16.
Tilman, P. B. and Pesti, G. M. (1968). The response of female broiler
chicks to corn soybean diet supplemented with methionine
Poult. Sci. 65: 1741.
Titus, H. W. and Fritz, J. C. (1971). The scientific feeding of chickens,
5th ed. The institute of printers and publishing Inc. USA. P. P.
121.
Uzu, G., (1983). Broilers feed reduction of the protein level during
finishing period. Effect of performance and fattening. (A. E. C.
Documant No. 242. Commentary 36000 (France).
Waibel, D. M., Fernandez, S. R. Person. C. M. and Baker D. H. (1996).
Digestible threonine requirement of broiler chickens during the
period three to six and six to eight weeks post hatching Poult.
Sci. 75: 1253-1257.
Wayne. IN.
Woodham, A. A., and Deans, P. S. (1975). Amino acids requirement of
growing chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 16: 269-287.
Appendix (B): The total amount of weekly amino acids drunk per
bird/mg
Diets
Total
Grain+ cake+ super concentrate+ crystalline
0.00000707
amino acids
Grain + cake diet
0.00000707
Grain+ cake + crystalline amino acid
0.00000518
2ml of liquid amino acids per 1000ml water.
2ml of liquid amino acids contained 0.00025 mg of each amino acids.
Appendix (C): The average of water evaporation, and temperature
day/week.
Treatment
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
Temperature (°C)
39.46
39.47
39.46
38.48
38.49
39.51
Evaporation (ml)
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.3
0.2-0.3
0.3-0.4
0.4-0.5
0.4-0.5
Appendix (D) The total amount of individual amino acids intake per
bird/mg
lysine
Phenylalanine
Arginine
Diet
(1)
Amino acids in
water
-ve
+ve
7.02
6.80000441
9.83
9.50000441
25.28
24.30000441
14.05
14.05
13.50000441 13.50000441
Diet
(2)
Diet
(3)
-ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
33.73
31.2000071
21.37
16.5000052
27.59
25.5300071
19.43
15.0000052
49.06
45.3900071
34.97
27.0000052
24.53
22.6960071
19.43
15.0000052
Diet
Diet (1) grain + cake
Diet (2) grain + cake + concentrate + crystalline amino acids
Diet (3) grain + cake + crystalline amino acids
-ve = without liquid amino acids
+ve = with liquid amino acids
Glysine
Leucine
49.06
45.3900071
33.03
25.5000052
List of Tables
Table (1): composition of liquid amino acids (each liter contains):----- 20
Table (2): Formulation of the Experimental Diets:------------------------ 22
Table (3): Calculated Composition of the Experimental Diets: --------- 23
Table (4): Proximate analysis of the Experimental Diets:---------------- 24
30 --- Table (5): Overall performance of the experimental broiler Chicks.
Table (6): The means weekly feed intake of the experimental broiler
chicks (gm).:-------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Table (7): The means weekly body weight gain of the experimental
broiler chicks (gm).: ----------------------------------------------------------- 32
Table (8): The means weekly feed conversion ratios of the
experimental: ------------------------------------------------------------------33
Table (9): The Correlation between various measurements of carcass
35 --------------------------------------------------------------------- evaluation.:
Table (10) The amount of water (W), and liquid amino acids (LA)
consumed per bird/day/ml.:-------------------------------------------------- 37
Table (11): The total amount of amino acids drunk per bird:------------ 38
Table (12): The average of water evaporation, and temperature day/week:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of liquid
amino acids supplemented in the drinking water on the performance of
the broiler. One hundred and ninety two chicks were used in this
experimental.
The chicks were fed three diets, diet (1) contained grain and cake
(Sesame and Groundnut meal), diet (2) contained Grain + Cake +
supperconcentrat and crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine),
and diet (3) contained Grain + Cake, and crystalline amino acids (lysine
and methionine).
Chicks fed one of these three diets were divide into two groups,
group (1) offered water without liquid amino acids (-ve), group
(2)offered water with liquid amino acids (+ve). The result reveled that
the liquid amino acids supplemented in water has no significant effect
on the general performance of the broiler chicks fed the three diets.
Among the three diets, diet (2) attained significantly (P<0.01) the
highest feed intake, body weight gain and live body weight, followed by
diet (3). Chicks on diet (1) had significantly (P<0.01) the lowest feed
intake and bode weight gain.
Water consumption of birds on liquid amino acids was reduced
about 50% compared with un treated water, and this could have been due
to the odor of liquid amino acids (typical cabbage-like odor) which may
reduced water appetite, although water is vital factor of metabolism, so
the addition of liquid amino acids in the water for the broiler chicks was
not profitable, since it increase the cost. Also the rate of evaporation
increased, when the temperature was increased. Also there was positive
correlation between meat and bone of the carcass when they were
evaluated.
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪف هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎء اﻟ ﺸﺮب ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬
‫أداء آﺘﺎآﻴﺖ اﻟﻼﺣﻢ‪ .‬اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ وإﺛﻨ ﺎن وﺗ ﺴﻌﻮن آﺘﻜ ﻮت‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻢ إﻋ ﺪاد ﺛﻼﺛ ﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرة وأﻣﺒﺎز اﻟﺴﻤﺴﻢ واﻟﻔﻮل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ ﻒ ﻣﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺬرة وأﻣﺒﺎز اﻟﺴﻤﺴﻢ واﻟﻔﻮل وﺑﺪرة اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻻﻣﻴﺒﻴﺔ )ﻻﻳﺜﻴﻦ وﻣﺜﻴﻮﻧﻴﻦ( واﻟﻤﺮآ ﺰ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرة وأﻣﺒﺎز اﻟﺴﻤﺴﻢ واﻟﻔﻮل وﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎآﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻼﺛ ﺔ أﻧ ﻮاع ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﻘ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎة ﺑﺪون اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻟﻬ ﺎ وﺑ ﻪ أﺣﻤ ﺎض‬
‫أﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻠﺔ ) وأوﺿ ﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ أن إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻟ ﻴﺲ ﻟ ﻪ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻷداء اﻟﻌ ﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎآﻴ ﺖ اﻻﺣ ﻢ ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻠ ﻒ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻋﻄ ﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠ ﻒ وﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺰﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻮزن‪،‬اﻟﻌﻠ ﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ اﻟ ﺬى أﻋﻄ ﻰ أﺛ ﺮ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮى أﻗ ﻞ ﻻﺳ ﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻌﻠ ﻒ‬
‫وﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺰﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻰ اﻟ ﻮزن ‪.‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻒ اﻷول ﻓﻘ ﺪأﻋﻄﻰ أﻗ ﻞ أﺛ ﺮ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻌﻠﻒ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻰ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻌﻠﻒ وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮزن ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓ ﻰ ﺟﺎﻧ ﺐ اﺧ ﺮ ﻧﺠ ﺪ ان اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟﻤ ﻀﺎف اﻟﻴ ﻪ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺬى ﺗ ﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎآﻴ ﺖ اﻧﺨﻔ ﻀﺖ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺣ ﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ %50‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎءاﻟ ﺬى ﻟ ﻢ ﺗ ﻀﺎف اﻟﻴ ﻪ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪،‬وهﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻌﺰوﻩ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣ ﺴﺘﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤ ﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ )وه ﻰ ﺗ ﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫رﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﺒﻴﻂ( ﻓﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﺎء ‪.‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﻮى ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷﻳﺾ ﻓﺎن‬
‫اﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺗ ﺆﺛﺮ ﺳ ﻠﺒﺎ ﻓ ﻰ اﺳ ﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻜﺘﺎآﻴ ﺖ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎء ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻻﺟﺪوى ﻣﻦ اﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻳﻖ اﻟﺜﻼث‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﺠ ﺪ أﻧ ﻪ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ ﺑﺰﻳ ﺎدة درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى ﻟﻘ ﺪ‬
‫وﺟﺪ أن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ واﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﺬﺑﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
Appendices
Appendix (A): The Correlation between various measurements of carcass evaluation.
Drum
stick
meat
0.958**
Thigh
bone
Thigh
meat
Breast
bone
Breast
meat
Cold
carcass
Hot
carcass
0.852**
Drum
stick
bone
0.923**
0.976**
0.965**
0.943**
0.971**
0.994**
0.994**
0.813**
0.826**
0.947**
0.960**
0.968**
0.979**
0.965**
0.986**
0.995**
0.982**
0.814**
0.830**
0.945**
0.959**
0.977**
0.978**
0.964**
0.985**
0.961**
0.992**
0.747**
0.751**
0.942**
0.926**
0.953**
0.963**
0.992**
0.913**
0.956**
0.989**
0.691**
0.715**
0.924**
0.899**
0.929**
0.944**
Thigh meat
0.937**
0.924**
0.973**
0.938**
0.751**
0.965**
0.971**
0.974**
Thigh bone
0.961**
0.949**
0.964**
0.779**
0.820**
0.938**
0.985**
Drum stick meat
0.943**
0.912**
0.937**
0.751**
0.791**
0.928**
Drum stick bone
0.915**
0.874**
0.948**
0.708**
0.689**
Back meat
0.839**
0.817**
0.753**
0.841**
Back bone
0.853**
0.756**
0.717**
Wing meat
0.932**
0.964**
Wing bone
0.926**
Abdominal
fat
Wing
bone
Wing
meat
Back
bone
Back
meat
Live weight
0.972**
0.953**
0.966**
0.849**
Hot carcass
0.967**
0.961**
0.983**
Cold carcass
0.966**
0.961**
Breast meat
0.941**
Breast bone
Abdominal fat
Table (9) The amount of daily water consumption bird/ml.
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Diets
Diet (1)
- Ve
0.314
0.523
0.601
0.630
0.661
0.680
Grain + cake
+ Ve
0.312
0.409
0.437
0.441
0.450
0.500
Grain + cake +
- Ve
0.319
0.703
1.063
1.413
1.90
2.275
Concentrate +
+ Ve
0.318
0.409
0.532
0.712
0.97
1.138
- Ve
0.317
0.652
0.792
0.800
0.882
1.329
+ Ve
0.315
0.401
0.450
0.490
0.615
0.730
Diet (2)
Crystalline AA
Diet (3)
Grain + cake +
Crystalline AA
- Ve = Water without liquid amino acid.
+ Ve = Water with liquid amino acid.