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Chemistry Chapter 12: States of Matter
Section 2: Forces of Attraction
I.
Forces
a. __________________ are different states at _____________ temperature b/c
______________________ forces within and _________________ particles
b. ___________________________ - bonds within a ___________________
i. Ionic, _____________________, metallic
c. ___________________________ - forces that hold __________________ particles
__________________________
i. _____________________ than intramolecular forces
II.
Types of Intermolecular forces
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
III.
Dispersion forces
a. _________________ forces that result from ________________________ shifts in the density of
____________________ in electron _______________
b. Electron ________________ repel each other to form
__________________________________________
c. Exist between all ________________________________
d. __________________ for small particles, ________________________ for large particles
IV.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
a. __________________________ between ______________________ charged regions of
_______________________ molecules
b. ______________________ molecules have __________________________ dipoles (charged ends)
c. Usually _____________________ than _________________________ forces
V.
Hydrogen Bonds
a. _________________________________ attraction between __________________________ containing
a _____________________ atom bonded to a small,
______________________________________________ atom with a lone __________________ pair
b. Strongest __________________________ force
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Section 3: Liquids and Solids
I.
Density and Compression of Liquids
a. Particles do not have a ___________________ position, do have _________________ of
_____________________________
b. Much ____________________ than __________________
i. Same __________________ but stronger _______________________________ forces
c. __________________________________ (particles tightly packed)
d. Fixed _____________________ - don’t ______________ to fill container
II.
Fluidity
a. __________________ - molecules can ______________ and ____________________
i. Gas and _________________________
b. Liquids flow ___________________ than gases (intermolecular forces)
c. Ex: natural gas vs water
III.
Viscosity
a. Measure of the ______________________ of a ______________________ to flow
b. Determined by type of ______________________________ force, ___________ and shape of
______________________, temperature
c. ____________________ intermolecular forces = _____________________ viscosity
d. _____________________ do not have _______________________
IV.
Surface Tension
a. Energy ___________________ to increase the _______________ area of a liquid by a given
__________________
b. ________________________ attraction between ______________________ =
_______________________ surface tension
c. ________________________ at the surface only have __________________ from ______________
pulling on them; have _____________________ possible area
d. ______________________ has a very __________________ surface tension
e. Surfactant – lowers ________________ tension of _______________ (ex: soap and detergent)
V.
Cohesion & Adhesion
a. Cohesion – force of _________________ between ______________________ molecules
b. Adhesion – force of __________________ between __________________ that are
_______________________
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c. Both help create a _________________________ in glass
d. Capillary _________________ - movement of _________________ through ________________ spaces
VI.
Solids
a. Have _______________ attractive forces - ___________________________ vibrate in a
________________ position
b. ______________ density – solids usually _____________ in liquids
c. _________________________________
VII.
Crystalline solids
a. Solid whose __________, ions, or _________________________ are arranged in an
_____________________, geometric _____________________
b. Unit cell - _________________________ arrangement of atoms in a
__________________________________ that has the same ______________________ as the whole
___________________________
c. _____________________ categories of ________________________ based on ___________________
VIII.
Types of Crystalline Solids
a. Based on type of ______________________ and how they are ____________________-together
b. ____________________________________ - noble gases; _______________________ dispersion
forces, ____________ melting point
c. ___________________________________ - most not _______________ at room _________________;
____________________ conductors
d. ________________________________ - atoms that can form multiple __________________ bonds;
_______________, ________________ melting points
i. ______________________ - exists in ____________________ forms at the same state
e. _______________________________ - type and __________________ of ions determines
__________________; ___________________, brittle, ___________________ conductors
f.
IX.
______________________________ - wide range of properties; __________________ conductors
Amorphous Solids
a. Particles not ___________________ in regular, ____________________ pattern
b. Usually formed when ___________________ material cools
c. Ex: ________________________________
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Section 4: Phase Changes
I.
Require Energy
a. Heat - _________________ of energy from an object at _____________ temp to an object at
_______________ temp
b. Melting
c. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
II.
Melting
a. Energy ________________ by solid until ________________________ is reached
b. At ___________________________ - energy that is _______________________ is used to break
__________________ - temp is constant
c. Melting _____________ - crystalline solid – temp at which ____________ holding its crystal
______________ together are ______________ and it becomes ________________
d. Energy _______________ to melt depends on _______________
e. _______________________ solids melt over __________ ranges
III.
Vaporization
a. __________________ changes to a ____________ or ____________
b. Substances that are _______________ at room ____________ - gas phase is called ______________
c. Evaporation - _____________________ that occurs only at the ______________ of a
_________________
d. Vapor ______________ - pressure exerted by a ___________ over a liquid
e. __________________ point – temp at which _______________ pressure of a ________________ equals
the ________________ pressure
IV.
Sublimation
a. Change directly from a __________ to a _____________
b. Ex:
V.
Phase changes that release energy
a. ______________________
b. Condensation
c. ______________________
VI.
Freezing
a. ________________ changes to a __________________
b. _____________ point – temp at which a ___________________ is ___________________ into a
____________________ solid
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VII.
Condensation
a. ___________ or ________________ becomes a ____________________
b. Occurs under ____________________ conditions – always ___________________ of heat energy from
____________ to ______________
c. Ex:
VIII.
Deposition
a. Change directly from ____________ to __________________
b. Ex:
IX.
Phase diagrams
a. _______________________ vs _____________________ graph that shows which ___________ a
substance ____________ in
b. Graph is ________________ for each ________________________, ____________ parts are the
____________________
c. Each _____________ indicates area where ______________ are in ___________________ with each
other (2 phases ________________________)
d. Triple point - _______________ and ___________________ at which _________________ phases of a
substance can _________________
i. All _______________ changes can occur
e. _______________ point - _____________________ and _________________ above which
______________ cannot exista as a ____________________
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