1. education

Special
Education:
Contemporary
Perspectives for
School
Professionals
Fourth Edition
By
Marilyn Friend
Kerri Martin,
Contributor
0
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4 th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multicultural Perspectives
Chapter 3
1
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
2
•
Explain the concept of culture.
•
Describe how culture affects the learning process.
•
Analyze the disproportionate representation of
students, explaining factors that contribute to this
situation and the role of response to intervention in
improving it.
•
Identify recommended educational practices for diverse
students in special and gifted education.
•
Discuss challenges to and opportunities for developing
collaborative relationships with racially and ethnically
diverse families.
•
Summarize issues and trends influencing the education
of diverse students in special and gifted education.
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Understanding Culture
 Culture: A complex system of underlying
beliefs, attitudes, and actions that shapes
the thoughts and behaviors of a group of
people, distinguishing them from other
groups (Nieto & Bode, 2012).
 Values: cultural elements deemed most
important by a society
 Dominant culture: the culture of those in
power in the US
3
Book title, #Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Elements of Culture
 Values
 Individualism vs. interdependence
 Language
 Importance of concepts is reflected in
language
 Perspective and worldviews
4
Book titleSpecial Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Macroculture and Microculture
 Macroculture
 Overarching cultural aspects of a
society (i.e., “American”)
 Microculture
 Subgroups having distinguishing
characteristics within a society (e.g.,
socioeconomic status, language,
dialect, values)
5
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Race


Racial isolation is still common
Complex relationship between culture
and race


6
Influenced by many factors
Don’t make assumptions about a
family’s culture based on their race
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Content of Instruction


American schools largely shaped by a
white male perspective
Knowledge construction process (the
way in which a particular framework is
used to develop, approve, and disseminate
new information) is not generally studied
in school
7
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Styles

Field independence

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
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Field sensitivity


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Analytical
Focus on specifics, less on context
Learn best in discrete, incremental steps
Holistic approach
Focus on broader concepts before details
Learn best through hands-on, authentic
tasks
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of Cultural Dissonance
A significant discrepancy between two or more
cultural frames of reference.

Academic challenges


Behavior Challenges


9
Field-sensitive students may perform poorly on
lessons that focus on step-by-step analytical
thinking
Students may be punished for behaviors that
are culturally based
Students may feel alienated and isolated
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Representation in Special Education




10
African American students are identified as
intellectually disabled nearly three times more
than their non-African American peers
They are over twice as likely to be identified as
having emotional or behavioral disabilities
Students in the Asian/Pacific Islander group are
identified for LD, EBD, or ID far less than any
other group of students
Non-Caucasian student groups, especially African
American, tend to be served in placements that
separate them from their nondisabled peers more
often than students who are Caucasian
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Disproportionality Matters
 Stigmatization associated with labeling
 Educators have lower expectations for the
labeled students
 Leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy
 Reduced opportunities to interact with
typical students
11
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Representation in Gifted Education
 African American and Hispanic students, in
particular, are represented in smaller
percentages in gifted education than would
be expected
 Caucasian students comprise 71.2 percent
of all students and 81.4 percent of
students in gifted programs
12
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors Contributing to Disproportionate
Representation

Poverty




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Increased exposure to lead
Increased exposure to toxins
Lack of prenatal care
Poor nutrition
Systemic bias: favoritism that occurs at
multiple levels within a society or institution
 Curriculum and instruction
 Teacher attitude
 Special education referral process
13
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recommendations for Addressing
Disproportionate Representation

Better teacher preparation

Improved behavior management strategies

Prevention and early intervention


14
Increased attention to possible bias in
assessment
Increased family involvement
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Promising Practices in Referral and
Identification
1.
15
Redesigning the prereferral process
•
Can teacher work effectively with students from
diverse populations?
•
Is teacher knowledgeable with respect to the student’s
culture?
•
Does curriculum incorporate aspects of cultures?
•
Does instruction address the student’s language
characteristics?
•
Does instruction reflect the student’s cognitive style?
•
The overall quality of instruction and opportunity to
learn?
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Promising Practices in Referral and
Identification, cont.
2. Alternative assessment strategies
•
Portfolio assessment
•
Performance assessment
•
Curriculum-based assessment
3. Universal screening and early intervention
16
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Promising Practices in Instruction

Differentiated instruction

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Universal design for learning

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Multiple modes of presentation and response
Multicultural education

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17
Learning contracts
Tiered lessons
Content integration
knowledge construction
Prejudice reduction
Equity pedagogy
empowering school culture
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Instruction for English Language Learners
In 2010, 21% of school-age students spoke a language other
than English at home, up from 10% in 1980.
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Bilingual education

Transitional approach

Maintenance approach

English as a second language (ESL)

Sheltered English
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
M2ECCA Framework
19

Methods of instruction

Materials of instruction

Environment of the classroom

Content of instruction

Collaboration in instruction

Assessment process
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Participation of Parents and Families who have
Diverse Learners

Factors educators directly influence

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
Factors beyond the influence of educators



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Inaccurate beliefs about family concern
Use of “one-size-fits-all” approach
Different cultural conception of disability
Family preconceived ideas about schools
Socio-economic realities that interfere
Stress of having a child with a disability
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 Steps to Developing Collaborative
Relationships with Parents
21
1.
Intake and assessment (determine needs)
2.
Selection of goals
3.
Planning and implementing activities
4.
Evaluation of activities
5.
Review the process
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Issues Affecting the Education of Diverse
Exceptional Learners

Geography as an element of diversity
 Urban education
•
Equity issues
•
School choice programs
•
Teacher preparation
 Rural education

22
•
Disability identification and access to services
•
Teaching conditions
Sexual Orientation
Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend
ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.