CHAPTER 17 • Section 2 Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas The Chinese invented block printing, in which a printer carved words or letters on a wooden block, inked the block, and then used it to print on paper. Around 1045, Bi Sheng invented movable type, or a separate piece of type for each character in the language. The Chinese writing system contains thousands of different characters, so most Chinese printers found movable type impractical. However, the method would prove practical for Europeans because their languages have a very small number of letters in their alphabets. Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas Critical Thinking Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process During the 13th century, block- • Why do you think the Bible was the first book printed with movable type? (Many Europeans were religious.) • How would you compare and contrast the impact of the printing press with the impact of the Internet? (information easier to access, changes affect society, more ways to access information today, Internet spreads information faster) Global Impact The Printing Press The history of book making is outlined below: • 2700 B.C. Egyptians write books on papyrus scrolls. • 1000 B.C. Chinese make books by writing on strips of bamboo. • A.D. 300 Romans write on sheets of parchment (treated animal skin). • A.D. 800 Irish monks hand-write and hand-illustrate The Book of Kells. • About 1455 Gutenberg prints the first complete book on a printing press. SKILLBUILDER Answers 1. Drawing Conclusions About 100 2. Making Inferences Europe and Asia D. Possible Answer It made books readily available and cheap enough for people to afford. printed items reached Europe from China. European printers began to use block printing to create whole pages to bind into books. However, this process was too slow to satisfy the Renaissance demand for knowledge, information, and books. Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. Using this improved process, Gutenberg printed a complete Bible, the Gutenberg Bible, in about 1455. It was the first full-sized book printed with movable type. The printing press enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies of a single work. For the first time, books were cheap enough that many people could buy them. At first printers produced mainly religious works. Soon they began to provide books on other subjects such as travel guides and medical manuals. The Printing Press Recognizing Effects What were the major effects of the invention of the printing press? A copyist took five months to produce a single book. Many inventions are creative combinations of known technologies. In 1452, Johann Gutenberg combined known technologies from Europe and Asia with his idea for molding movable type to create a printing press that changed the world. 5 months 1 book One man and a printing press could produce 500 books in the same amount of time. Screw-type Press An adaptation of Asian olive-oil presses made a workable printing press. Movable Type Letters that could be put together in any fashion and reused was a Chinese idea. 5 months Paper Using paper massproduced by Chinese techniques, rather than vellum (calf or lambskin), made printing books possible. Ink Oil-based inks from 10thcentury Europe worked better on type than tempera ink. 500 books SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Graphics 1. Drawing Conclusions About how many books could a printing press produce in a month? 2. Making Inferences Which areas of the world contributed technologies to Gutenberg’s printing press? 484 Chapter 17 Name Date GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT CONNECTIONS TO MATHEMATICS CHAPTER Trade in Renaissance Europe 17 Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer the questions that follow. Section 2 Cologne and Novgorod—made up the League’s governing body. Along with a great growth in ship traffic in the upper European region, land transport also increased. Cloth, metals, and other goods such as fish, timber, animal skins, tar, and turpentine were brought to ports and exchanged for the raw goods of Scandinavia and Russia. The League eventually set up branch offices in England and created monopolies to protect their commerce. However, in the early 1600s, the League was hit by internal strife and foreign attacks and was so weakened that it disbanded. At this time, English and Dutch merchants took over control of shipping in the region. F or centuries Venice and other coastal Italian city-states had a monopoly on trade in their region, the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, around 1200, European merchants to the north began organizing far-ranging, controlled trade routes of their own. Northern European cities formed a federation called the Hanseatic League. By the 1300s the League had incorporated most of the Baltic and North Sea ports, with German states serving as a go-between. Lübeck, built in the 1200s, was situated in a sheltered port and became the “mother town” of the League, which stretched from Russia to England. Merchants from the nearly 100-member cities—including such inland locations as Comparing Book Production Methods 484 Chapter 17 Venetian trade route To relate the spread of information to geography, have students complete the Geography Application for this chapter. Stockholm a North Sea Ba ENGLAND lt Lübeck London AT L A N T I C O C E A N Novgorod Se Edinburgh Bruges i Danzig Hamburg RUSSIA Kiev Cologne Paris GERMAN STA ST STATES ATES FRANCE LLyons yons Milan sp Have student pairs copy a paragraph from a book by hand and record how long it takes. Next, ask them to estimate the amount of time it would take to copy the entire page. Tell them to multiply this amount by the total number of book pages. Their answer represents the estimated number of hours required to create a handwritten version of the book. Challenge student pairs to estimate how long it Hanseatic trade route S C A N D I N AV I A Bergen Point out the part of the Global Impact feature that explains how a person with a printing press could do 500 times as much work as a copyist in the same amount of time. Ask students, What would be the effects of such an invention? (Information could spread more widely and more quickly.) Ca Purpose To understand the revolutionary impact of the printing press Renaissance Trade Routes c Task Comparing methods of book production would take to reproduce a set of these books for the entire class. © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Class Time 45 minutes ia n V enice Venice Marseilles B ITAL IT ITALY ALY Y V alencia Valencia Se a ck Sea la Constantinople Naples Cadiz A S I A Algiers TTunis unis Me A F R I C A 0 0 500 Miles 1,000 Kilometers dit erra Beirut nean Sea TTripoli ripoli Alexandria European Renaissance and Reformation 29 In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 CHAPTER 17 • Section 2 The Legacy of the Renaissance The European Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change. It marked a break with the medieval-period ideals focused around the Church. The Renaissance belief in the dignity of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas. Furthermore, the impact of the movable-type printing press was tremendous. Some historians have suggested that its effects were even more dramatic than the arrival of personal computers in the 20th century. Below is a summary of the changes that resulted from the Renaissance. Changes in the Arts • Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome. • Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways. • Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious. • Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas. • The arts praised individual achievement. Changes in Society • Printing changed society by making more information available and inexpensive enough for society at large. • A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe. • Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields. • Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights. • Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived. • People began to question political structures and religious practices. Renaissance ideas continued to influence European thought—including religious thought—as you will see in Section 3. SECTION 2 • William Shakespeare • Johann Gutenberg USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2. Which of the events listed 3. How did Albrecht Dürer’s work 6. COMPARING How were the works of German do you think was most important? Explain. reflect the influence of the Italian Renaissance? painters different from those of the Flemish painters? Give examples. 4. What was one way the 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES What reasons did humanists give Renaissance changed society? for wanting to reform society? Explain. 5. Why was the invention of the 8. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS How did the availability of cheap printing press so important? 1400 Critical Thinking • In what ways did Renaissance art connect to the past? (copied Greek and Roman styles, created religious works) In what ways did it break with the past? (increase in secular art, more realistic style, use of vernacular, emphasis on the individual) • How did printing and publishing affect social reforms? (made social reforms more widespread because information, including Christian humanist works, was distributed more widely and freely) ASSESS ASSESSMENT TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. • utopia The Legacy of the Renaissance SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT Have students work individually to answer the questions. Then have them share with the class their answers for item 2. Formal Assessment • Section Quiz, p. 267 books spread learning? 1600 9. WRITING ACTIVITY CULTURAL INTERACTION Reread the primary source quotation from Christine de Pizan on page 482. Write a one paragraph opinion piece about the ideas expressed there. RETEACH Use the Reading Study Guide for Section 2 to review the main ideas of the section. Reading Study Guide, pp. 159–160 INTERNET ACTIVITY Use the Internet to find information on the number of books published in print and those published electronically last year. Create a pie graph showing the results of your research. INTERNET KEYWORD book publishing statistics In-Depth Resources: Unit 4 • Reteaching Activity, p. 42 European Renaissance and Reformation 485 ANSWERS 1. utopia, p. 482 • Willliam Shakespeare, p. 483 2. Sample Answer: about 1440—Gutenberg invents printing press (most important); 1450s—Northern Renaissance begins; 1509—Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly; 1516—More writes Utopia; mid-1500s—Elizabethan Age begins; late 1500s—Shakespeare writes plays and poems. 3. He portrayed classical myths, religious subjects, and realistic landscapes. 4. Possible Answer: More people were exposed to ideas because they could read the information in their own language. • Johann Gutenberg, p. 484 5. It made more information available not only to scholars but also to ordinary people. 6. German painters such as Dürer used classic myths and religious subjects. Flemish painters such as Bruegel focused on ordinary subjects and used a great amount of detail. 7. They wanted people to live a Christian life. To do so they had to give up greed, corruption, and war and provide education for women and children. 8. More people could afford books and the ideas could be shared with those who could not read. More information led to more discoveries. Literacy increased. 9. Rubric Paragraphs should • clearly state an opinion about de Pizan. • support the opinion with facts and details. Rubric Pie charts should • have a title. • clearly label data for print and electronic books. • cite at least two sources. Teacher’s Edition 485
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