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Keystone Module B: Continuity and Unity of Life
Top Twelve Review
1) Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle:
a) interphase: b) nuclear division (i.e., mitosis or meiosis): ■ Prophase: ■ M_____________: ■ A______________: ■ T______________; c) cytokinesis: 2) Compare the processes and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis (Ouch!: My TOE sis!)
Meiosis
Functions: Makes somatic (body) cells _________________ reproduction Growth and repair (healing) Makes _____________ (egg and _______) Sexual reproduction Produces: Identical daughter cells / have the same number of chromosomes 4 haploid daughter cells Creates variation One round of division _______ rounds of division Does NOT separate homologous chromosomes 3) Explain how genetic information is inherited. DNA Why is it Important? ● DNA genetic material passes from generation to generation. ● DNA controls cellular activities by controlling the production of proteins and enzymes ● DNA determines an organism’s traits. ● DNA holds the information for life. ● Describe the process of DNA replication and how it transmits and conserves genetic information. Explain the
functional
relationships between: ●
DNA ●
genes ●
alleles ●
chromosomes 4) Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance
●
dominant: ●
recessive: ●
co-dominance:
both allele’s phenotypes (traits) are expressed (ex: roan cow = red and white ) ●
incomplete dominance: ●
sex-linked:
a gene on the X (sex) chromosome, males more likely to have a sexlinked disease, as they only have 1 X, females have 2 Xs (one can be backup) ex: hemophilia or color blindness ●
polygenic:
trait influenced by many genes

(poly means many ex: skin color, height) ●
multiple alleles:
More than two alleles for a single gene. Ex: Blood type: i, IA; IB 5.
Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes:
crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion. 5. Explain the process of protein synthesis:
1.

transcription
: Copying _________ in the nucleus and making _____________. Enzyme: RNA __________________ (makes the RNA polymer). 2.
translation:
Ribosomes make ___________________ in the cytoplasm and on the RER. 3.
protein modification
in golgi: protein is finished and packaged for transport Protein Synthesis Machinery Role in protein synthesis of secreted proteins Pro/Euk/both ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus nucleus DNA/gene 6. Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype
●
silent:
Does not change the ___________ acid ●
nonsense:
creates a stop codon ●
frame-shift:
insertion or _______________ that changes the “reading frame” (all the codons are shifted) 7. Exp
l
ain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture
●
selective breeding:
we breed traits we like into cows, horses, dogs, vegetables and fruit, etc. and get different breeds/strains with different phenotypes. ●
gene splicing
: we can move genes from organism to organism. ●
cloning:
we create identical copies of organisms for research and developing medicines ●
genetically modified organisms:
food crops like corn and wheat are modified to resist pesticides ●
gene therapy
: we correct genetic mutations in the person instead of using drugs 8. Explain the mechanisms of evolution.
●
Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population. ❖ Favorable (advantageous) alleles are selected for =
allele frequency increases!! ❖ unfavorable alleles are selected AGAINST = allele frequency _______________!! ●
Describe the f
actors that can contribute to the development of new species
: i.
ii.
isolating mechanisms (prevent reproduction!
) 1.
geographical barriers like a _____________ or ____________ prevent mating. 2.
behavioral: song, dance, flashes of light , etc., that signal to mates is different. 3.
temporal (time): different species mate at different times. ex: Eastern and western skunks genetic drift:
random chance affecting SMALL populations 1.
example
: founder effect
small group of people start a colony Amish 2.
example:
bottleneck
disaster kills most of the population, only small group survives Northern sea lions (humans hunted them almost to extinction) iii. migration individuals move to a new area with different environmental pressures ●
Explain how
genetic mutations
may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population. Mutations create variation in alleles! New traits like red hair. 9. Evidence supporting the theory of evolution:
★ fossils ★ anatomical
(anatomy like the homologous forelimbs)
★ embryological:
all vertebrate embryos look the same, and develop in the same way gill slits! ★ biochemical
ex: all organisms do glycolysis burn glucose the same way! ★ universal genetic code:
all organisms use the same genetic code. 10. Describe ecological levels of organization
●
organism ●
population ●
community ●
ecosystem ●
biome ●
biosphere 11. Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Desert:
Rainforest:
Grassland:
Deciduous Forest:
Tundra:
12. Describe interactions and relationships in an
ecosystem. ●
Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem ○ food chains: producers to consumers ○
food webs: food chains connected ○
energy pyramids (remember the 10% rule) ●
Describe biotic (living) interactions in an ecosystem ○ competition
: examples: competition for food, mates, nesting sites ○
predation:
ex.:lynx and arctic hare ○
symbiosis parasitism
example: ticks, fleas, tapeworm benefit, host is harmed commensalism
:: barnacles on whales get more food, but don’t affect the whale mutualism,
ex: pollinators and flowers help each other ●
Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem: water; carbon cycle/oxygen cycle; nitrogen cycle Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbance
s ○ climate changes ○
introduction of nonnative species ○
pollution ○
fires Describe the effects of limiting factors on populations and potential species extinction.
Limiting factors
(control population size): ● food
●
space for nesting/homes ●
water ●
competition ●
predation ●
disease