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CGC1D—Ms. Duff
Textbook Work--Unit 2
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In the Making Connections textbook, read page 101-117, and complete the questions below.
Page 102, #1-4
1) What is a landform region? Use your own words.
--an area of the Earth’s surface with certain physical landforms (structures of land) that set it apart from other areas;
for example, the Canadian Shield is a landform region of ancient rock that encircles Hudson’s Bay
2) How many landform regions are there in Canada?
-7
3) Which landform region is the largest? Which one is the smallest?
-Canadian Shield is largest
-Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland is the smallest
4) a. In which landform region do you live?
-Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowland
b. Describe the landforms in the region in which you live.
-mostly rolling landscape, escarpments, good soil for agriculture
Page 105, #1-4, #6
1) a. What types of rock make up the platform on which much of Canada is built?
-igneous and metamorphic
b. What is the topography of the Shield like?
-relatively flat with rounded hills of rock (actually the roots of ancient mountains; plentiful water; low-lying at
the centre
c. What geologic processes created this topography?
-magma rose towards the earth’s surface, forced its way into the cracks in the rock; as it cooled, created rock
(often full of minerals!); glaciation created the drainage pattern (scraping of ice created depressions in the
bedrock which then filled with water; glaciers deposited sand/clay/etc. causing damming and forcing them
to flow in different directions
2) Why is the Canadian Shield also referred to as the Precambrian Shield?
-because it is the geologic era in which it was formed
3) a. Why is the Shield called Canada’s storehouse of metallic minerals?
-vast deposits of minerals—lead, gold, nickel, copper, zinc, etc.
b. Using your own words, describe how mineral deposits form.
- magma rose towards the earth’s surface; as it cooled some minerals deposited in the magma, and some
deposited when the minerals dissolved in very hot water and forced deep into cracks of surrounding rock;
process allowed for high concentrations of deposits good for mining!
CGC1D—Ms. Duff
c. Why are nickel and copper often found together?
-because they have similar densities
4) Describe the effects of glaciers on:
a. The land’s surface material, such as soil, rocks, and gravel
- glaciers moved around and deposited sand/clay/etc.; also, broke them down
b. The drainage of the Shield
- glaciation created the drainage pattern (scraping of ice created depressions in the bedrock which then filled
with water; glaciers deposited sand/clay/etc. causing damming and forcing them to flow in different
directions
5) Question regarding products we use that use raw materials found in the Canadian Shield.
Responses will depend on student!
Page 110, #1-5
1) How was the bedrock in the Lowlands formed?
-sediments eroded from the Shield; sediment laid down in the seas and as the rock particles collected the weight of
the upper layers compressed the lower layers into sedimentary rock
2) a. How thick is the bedrock in the Interior Plains and why is it so thick?
-several thousand meters thick; took millions of years of sediment from the Shield and the Rocky mountains to be
compressed into layers
b. Why are the ancient coral reefs of the Interior Plains important today?
-they contain oil and gas
3) a. Describe the topography of the Interior Plains as you would see it if you were driving across the region from
west to east on the Trans-Canada Highway.
-rolling hills and deep, wide river valleys; slopes downward (lowers in elevation) from west to east
b. Explain the major processes responsible for what you see.
-escarpments caused by different rates of erosion; (escarpment: cliff formed by harder rock layer over a softer
layer; resists erosion)
-glaciation left deposits that produced rounded, gently rolling landscape; when glaciers melted, formed large
lake over what is now southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan (what is left is now Lake Winnipeg, Lake
Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis and Cedar Lake); bottom of BIG lake covered in sediment, making it very flat; that
flat land is not southern Manitoba and Sask.
4) Parts of the southern portion of the Interior Plains are often called Canada “bread basket”. Why?
--the soil on the sediments is deep and fertile; therefore, so much wheat grown
5) What separates the Great Lake Lowlands from the St. Lawrence Lowlands? Where does this occur and what is the
appearance of this area?
-thin wedge of the Canadian Shield just across the St. Lawrence River near Kingston
CGC1D—Ms. Duff
Page 116, #1-5
1) Use your own words to describe how the Appalachian Mountains were formed.
-layers of sedimentary rock uplifted and folded when North America collided with Europe and northen Africa during
the formation of Pangaea
2) Why does the Appalachian region have many excellent harbours?
-during the last Ice Age, the weight of the ice pressed the mountains down; land sunk, ice melted and created deep
harbours
3) a. Describe the composition and appearance of the Innuitian Mountains.
-contain igneous and metamorphic rocks, but mostly sedimentary rock icy; tower-like mountains, some over 2500
metres in height; less erosion because they are younger; barren bc trees cannot grow due to cold temps and
short summer season; vast areas of ice and permanent snow
b. Why has this region not been developed as much as other regions?
-remote therefore very expensive—cheaper options farther south
4) a. How were the fiords of British Columbia created?
-were once glaciers that eroded the land below sea level; when the glaciers melted, the valleys were flooded by
the sea; long narrow inlets, typically with high, steep mountains on sides
b. What effect do the fiords have on land transportation along the coast?
--need to travel by boat or seaplane as there are few roads through the mountains
5) Explain why the West Coast of Canada has so many earthquakes.
-North American and Pacific platesheavier Pacific plate is sinking below the NA plate creating a subduction
zone 2 to 10 cm of movement each year