UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
PERFORMANCE OF GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
NOR AZMAN HAJI NGAH
FPV 1989 3
PERFORMANCE OF GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
By
NOR AlMAN RAJ1 NGAH
A Thesis Subaitted in Fulfil.ent of the
Requireaents for the Degree of Master of Science in
the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and
Ani.al Science
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
October 1989
This thesis is dedicated to
.Y wife.
Zuriyani binti Yusof
.y two sona, Nor Azrin and Nor Azrai
and .y late daughter, Allahyarha.ah Azyan Hafra
for their patience. understanding and acral suppor t .
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
�ould
Associate
the
like to express my gratitude to
Professor Dr .
Department
of
keen
supervi s o r ,
of
H a ji Mohd Hilmi bin Haji Abdullah
Animal
Science,
Medicine and Animal Science,
his
my
of
Veterinary
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia f o r
continous
interest,
Faculty
guidance,
support
and
encouragement rendered throughout the duration of this study.
I am grateful to Yang Berbahagia Datuk Dr.
bin
Haji Babjee,
granting
the
Director General of Veterinary Services
permission
to use the facilities
Rancangan Daging Penusu Padang Hijau,
encouragement
Ahmad Mus t a f f a
given
Kluang ,
for
available
at
the trust
and
in conducting the breeding of the gaur
x
cattle hybrids (Selembu) at the farm.
Special thanks are extended to Associate Professor D r. Ali
bin Rajion, Professor M . R . Jainudeen, Professor P . K . Baseut and
staff
at
Pertanian
constructive
t he
Department
Malaysia
criticism
for
01
Animal
their
SCience,
valuable
universiti
suggestions
during the final preparation
iii
of
and
th is
manuscr i p t .
Special thanks are a l s o extended t o Dr.
Nazri bin
Salim for his guidance on the statistical analaysis and to
Mohd
Dr.
Zamri bin Saad f o r h is precious time in the final editing
of this manuscript .
Sincere
the
appreciation is given to En.
National Artificial Insemination Center ,
assistance
in
the semen collection
and
Rosli
bin Awaluddin,
staff
of
evaluation.
involvement
and
programme
collection
at
the
acknowledgements
Department
directly
Dr.
Abdul Latif bin Borhan and a l l
the
Ahmad bin
or
of
Padang
indirectly
data
in
Hijau
the
Farm,
in
Wildlife
and
National
help
conducting
the
Seleqbu
breeding
Kluang.
Further
are also due for the Zoo Negara,
of
his
Further
Rancangan Daging Penusu Padang Hijau for their
research
the
D r.
Kluang for
of
Mahamood,
acknowledgements are also due to En.
and
Amat bin Aswadi
Parks
Kelang
for
and
their
assistance in the study involving the gaur.
The stenographic service of Puan Sohaila binti Abdul Karim
in the preparation 01
This
been
manuscript and the work it represents could not have
achieved
support
this thesis is greatly appreciated .
without the patience,
of my w i f e ,
undestanding
Zuriyani and . y two wonderful
Azrin and Nor Azrai.
iv
and
sons,
moral
Nor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGElIENTS
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF PLATES
xii
LIST o r ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
xv
ABSTRACT
xvii
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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1
7
Zoological Position of the Gaur and
Cattle
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.
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1
Breeds and Types of Gaur and Cattle .... ...
10
Phenotypic Features of Gaur and Cattle . . . .
12
World Distribution o f Gaur
14
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Numerical Distribution of Gaur i n
Malaysia
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Chromosome Complement of Gaur.
Caltle and Their Hybrids
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Interspec i f i c Hybridization .
"ale Reproductive Status .
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Breeding Soundness Evaluation
v
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15
16
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22
23
Libido
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Jlating Behaviour
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Scrotal Circuaference . . .
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Se.en Evaluation
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26
27
28
Interpretation of Breeding Soundness
Evaluation ...................... .'...... . .
33
Testicular Histology . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Performance under Natural Mating .
34
Growth Performance . . .
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35
Liveveight at Different Ages .... . . . . . . . . . .
Birth Weight . . . . .
. ..
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Weaning Weights
..
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Yearling Weight
...
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35
35
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38
Average Daily Gain
39
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Experimental Procedure
3
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41
EXPERIMENT 1
COMPARISOM OM THE PHEMOTYPIC
FEATURES OF THE GAUR, X CATrLE mRIDS AlfD THE
SABIVAL-FRIESIAlf CROSSBRED CATrLE
Introduction
42
Naterial and Methods
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.
Results
Phenotype of the Gaur . . . .
... .
Phenotype of Sahival-Friesian
Cattle
Phenotype of Gaur x Cattle
Hybrids
.
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44
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48
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Discussion
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vi
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43
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51
4
EXPERIMENT 2:
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF
GRONTH PERFORMANCE BETNEEN GAUR X CATTLE
AND SANIWAL-FRIESIAN CROSSBRED CATTLE
Introduction
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Material and Methods
Ani_als .
Manage.ent of Animals
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THE
HYBRIDS
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59
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60
Resu l t s
Mean Liveweights a t Different
Ages
Average Daily Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage Advantage i n
L iveweight
Growth Pattern
•
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11
Discussion
Potential of Gaur x Cattle
Hybrids as Meat Producers
Growth Pattern
. .
Su..ary and Conclusion
5
. . . . . .
..............
73
77
19
EXPERIMENT l: EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF THE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF GAUR X CATTLE HYBRID
AND SlBlfAL-FRIESIAH CROSSBRED CATTLE
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Materials and aethods
L i bido and Mating Abil i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Libido Scoring System
Mating Ability Scoring System
Testicular growth
.............
SeMen Evaluation and Collection
Seaen Evaluation
Breeding Soundness Evaluation
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81
81
82
83
84
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80
Results
Libido and Mating Behaviour
vii
92
Testicular Capacity (scrotal
circullterence) ... ......... ... .... ..
Se.en Evaluation .
Breeding Soundness Evaluation .........
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95
95
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102
Discussion
Libido and Mating Behaviour .. . .. ..
Scrotal Circu.ference .
Se�n Evaluation . . . . .. .... .. .
Breeding Soundness Evaluation .
. . . • . . . . .
102
104
105
108
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108
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Conclusion .
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EXPSIIIIIIIT 4 :m PUrolllAlC
l E OF 1lAL!: AIID FOOL!:
GAUR 1 CATTL!: HYBRIDS OIIDEI NATURAL IlATING AIID
CONPAIED TO SAlIIAL - FRIKSIAII CIOSSBRED CATTL!:
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . . . .
110
Material and Methods
110
Results ...................................
112
... . ...
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115
.......
117
Discussion
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Conclusion and RecOMaendation ....
1
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118
GEIIIlRAL cotICLUSlOli AIID RECOIIIA
IEIID TIOliS
REFERENCES
. . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • • •
APPENDICKS
• • • • • • • • • . • . • • . . . . . . • . • • • • . . • • . . • • • . • .
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SmrCB
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• • • • • • . . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • . . .
viii
121
149
151
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
�PAGE
I
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MALAYAN GAUR
IN THE STATES OF MALAYSIA
17
II
THE NUMBER OF GAUR X
CATTLE
AND
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN
HYBRIDS
CROSSBRED CATTLE UTILISED IN THE
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE
STUDY
62
III
LIVEWEIGHTS OF GAUR X CATTLE
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN
AND
HYBRIDS
•
CATTLE
(Mean
CROSSBRED
Standard Deviation) kg/day
66
IV
AVERAGE DAILY GAIN OF GAUR- X
HYBRIDS AND
SAHIWAL
CATTLE
FRIESIAN CROSSBRED CATTLE (Mean
± Standard Deviation) kg/day
68
V
PERCENTAGE
ADVANTAGE
IN
LIVEWEIGHTS
OF THE MALE AND
FEMALE GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
OVER
THE
MALE
AND
FEMALE
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
70
VI
GRADING OF SPERMATOZOA MOTILITY
89
VII
SOCI�Y
OF
THERIOGENOLOGY
SYSTEM FOR
SCORING
BREEDING
SOUNDNESS EVALUATION
93
ix
VIII
MATING BEHAVIOUR SCORE OF GAUR X
CATTLE
HYBRIDS
AND
94
SAHIWAL
FRIESIAN CROSSBRED CATTLE
IX
SCROTAL
GAUR
(em)
CIRCUMFERENCE
X
CATTLE
HYBRIDS
or
96
AND
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN BULLS
X
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF GAUR
CATTLE
HYBRIDS
AND
X
97
SAHIWAL
FRIESIAN BULLS
XI
INCIDENCE OF SPERM ABNORMALITIES
99
IN THE GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS AND
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN BULLS
XII
COMPARISON
OF
AND
GAUR.
OF SPERM
MORPHOLOGY
101
GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN
CROSSBRED
CATTLE (MICRON)
XIII
BREEDING
SOUNDNESS
EVALUATION
SCORE FOR GAUR X CATTLE
103
HYBRIDS
AND SAHTWAL-FRIESIAN DULLS
XIV
THE
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT METHODS
or
CROSSING
HYBRIDS
GAUR
AND
X
111
CATTLE
SARIVAL-FRIESIAN
BULLS
XV
PREGNANCY
WASTAGE IN THE GAUR X
CATTLE HYBRIDS.
x
113
LIST or FIGURES
FIGURE
I
PAGE
ZOOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE
GAUR
8
AND CATTLE
2
GROWTH
PATTERN
CATTLE
HYBRID
FRIESIAN
OF THE
AND
GAUR
X
SAHIWAL-
72
LIST or PLATES
PLATE
PAGE
1
LATERAL rACIAL REGION or GAUR
46
2
FACIAL REGION
LATERAL
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
OF
46
LATERAL rACIAL REGION OF GAUR
CATTLE HYBRIDS
46
4
FOREHEAD AND HORNS OF GAUR
47
5
AND
FOREHEAD
HORNS
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
6
FOREHEAD AND HORNS OF GAUR
CATTLE HYBRIDS
7
PHENOTYPE OF ADULT MALE GAUR
49
8
OF
PHENOTYPE
ADULT
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
"ALE
49
PHENOTYPE OF ADULT MALE
CATTLE HYBRIDS
GAUR
49
l
X
9
OF
X
47
47
X
10
PHENOTYPE
GAUR
FEMALE
50
11
FEMALE
PHENOTYPE OF ADULT
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
50
OF
xii
ADULT
12
PHENOTYPE
OF
ADULT
GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
FEMALE
50
]J
PHENOTYPE OF NEW BORN GAUR
CATTLE HYBRIDS
14
NEW
OF
PHENOTYPE
SAHIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
15
PHENOTYPE OF GAUR WEANER
53
16
PHENOTYPE OF SAHIVAL-FRIESIAN
WEANER
53
11
PHENOTYPE OF
HYBRID WEANER
53
18
MORPHOLOGY OF SPERMATOZOA
A. GAUR
B. SARIWAL-FRIESIAN CATTLE
C. GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
100
19
PHENOTYPE OF F2 GAUR
HYBRIDS
114
GAUR
xiii
X
X
X
51
BORN
51
CATTLE
CATTLE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SF
Fl HYBRIDS
SAHIVAL FRIESIAN
-
GAUR
X
CATTLE HYBRIDS
PKC
PALM KERNEL CAKE
CMR
CALF MILK REPLACER
BSE
BREEDING SOUNDNESS EVALUATION
ICUN
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
CONSERVATION or NATURE AND
NATURAL RESOURCES
xiv
Abstract of the thesis presented to the Sen�le
of Univers i t i Pertanian Malaysia in ful f i lment �t the
require.ent for the Degree ot Master ot Science
PERFOIXAJCE OF GAUR X CATTLE HYBRIDS
by
Nor Azaan bin 8aj1 Ngab
October 1989
Supervisor
Assoc . Prof . Dr Haji Mohd Hilmi Abdullah, Ph . D .
Faculty
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
The
status
were
of
phenotype,
growth
perfor.anee and the
60 heads of �ale and fe.ale gaur x
recorded
and coapared
with
reproduc tive
cattle
hybrids
Sahiwal-Friesian
c rossbred
.ain objectives of this experi.ent were to
evaluate
cattle.
The
the
phenotype
of the hybrids,
the growth potential for
beef
produc tion and to assess the reproduc tive capabilities of these
hybrids for future propagation.
xv
The
present
result shoved that the
phenotypic
features
could be utilised to identify this gaur x catlle hybr.�s .
They
showed similar growth pattern as the Sahiwal-friesian crossbred
cattle
indicating
growth
curve.
the
a faster growth rate at any phases
of
the
The fast growth rate and high carcass value
of
gaur x cattle hybrids indicate that these animals have the
potential for beef production.
The gaur x cattle hybrids were not sterile as
The
aale
but
rated as questionable potential breeders due to the
scrotal
and
poor
hybrids
hybrids
showed normal libido and
speculated.
circuaference,
spera
were
high incidence of spera
quality. Natural aating
related
to low
incidence of pregnancy wastage,
as
breeding
bul l s .
nor�al pregnancy,
indicate
that
hybridization
behaviour
pregnancy
rate
saall
abnoraalities
involving
the
aale
a
high
with
therefore not suitable for use
However the fe.ale hybrids
can
aaintain
produce high calf crop and normal calf which
they
and
.ating
were not affected
aay be used for the
ani.al s .
xvi
by
the
interspecific
propagation
of
these
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat
Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai
.emenuhi keperluan Ijazah Haster Sa ins
IEUPAYAAN lACUIAN
SELADANG X LEMBU ( SELENBU )
ol eb
Mor Azaan
biD Raj1 Igab
Oktober 1989
Penyelia
Prof . Hadya Dr. Haji Hohd Hilmi Abdullah, Ph . D .
Fakulti
Kedoktotan Veterinar dan Sains Peternakan
Ciri-ciri pegenalan fizikal (fenotaip) , kadar tumbesar dan
status
peabiakan
seladang
x
untuk
60 ekor (jantan dan
le.bu (Sele.bu) telah dianalisa
betina)
dan
kacukan
dibandingkan
dengan le.bu-Ie.bu kacukan Sahival-Friesian (SF) .
Objektif-objektif uta.a kajian ini adalah untuk menilaikan
fenotaip
kacukan
pengeluaran
potens}
tersebut ,
pertuabuhan
daging dan .enentukan keupayaan pe.biakan
untuk .ena.bahkan bilangan pada masa akan datang.
xvii
untuk
Sele.bu
Keputusan
fenotaip
boleh
digunakan untuk mengenalpasti kacukan Seladang x Ie.bu .
Mereka
mempunyai
corak
ciri-ciri
menunjukkan
aval
tumbesaran yang serupa dengan
le�t.:
kacukan
Sahival-Friesian tetapi telah menunjukkan Kadar tumbesaran yang
lebih
cepat
dan
aenunjukkan
nilaian
bahawa
karkas
ternakan
yang
ini
tinggi
mempunyai
bagi
Selembu
potensi
untuk
pengeluaran daging.
adalah
diagakkan.
_engavan
Selembu
yang
pembiakan
scrotal
yang keeil ,
kualiti
melibatkan
kebuntingan
jantan
normal
potensi
dan
didapati
sperma
Sele_bu
tidak
saperti
.enunjukkan libido
tetapi
diletakkan
dan
dibavah
keupayaan
l i l itan
terdapat banyak sperMa yang tidak
yang
jantan
kurang
baik.
.enunjukkan
Kacukan
kaitan
menghasilkan
anak
dengan
antara
spesis (interspesifik) dan
.ena_bahkan bilangan ternakan ini .
xviii
yang
Kadar
dan
tidak
Tetapi Selembu betina
yang
normal
dan
.enunjukkan yang mereka tidak terlibat dalam masaaalah
di
normal
tabii
yan� rendah dan pembaziran kebuntingan
mengandung.
yang
ciri-eiri
yang dipersoalkan kerana mempunyai
sesuai digunakan sebagai jantan pembiak.
boleh
mandul
boleh
digunakan
ini
kacukan
untuk
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In 1974,
of
the Malaysian Govern.ent through the
Veterinary services (DVS) had decided a target of 80\
sufficiency tor beet by 1990.
on
DeDartqent
various
self
Since then the DVS had embarked
programmes in trying to increase and improve
production towards achieving this goal.
Among the
meat
progranmes
that had been i.pleaenled were:
a)
up
grading the s.all local indigenous
Kedah-Ke lantan
(KK) cattle by crossing thea with the larger exotic or
improved
breed
of cattle through natural aating
and
artificial inseminations with the hope of establishing
new breeds of beef cattle,
importation of feeder calves for feedlot schemes. both
h)
in the government farms and smallholder schemes,
c)
importation
ot frozen meat to satisfy
the
country's
de.and for animal protein and
d)
utilization of dairy calves for s laugh t e r .
When
f a rms.
to
the
a n interesting incident took place i n one o f the DVS
the DVS has decided to add that as a special
existing progra..e s .
prograa.e
This incident occured in
1
early
2
April, 1983 at Padang Hijau Farm. Kluanq where a lone gaur (Bos
qaurus
hubbacki)
aated
Seladang,
�et
and
x
Bos
a "group of crossbred dairy heifers (Bas indicus
taurus) .
born
or locally known as the
As
12 calves
a result of this chance mating,
dif ferent
which calves look phenotypically
on the fara.
Thus, blood samples
f rom normal calves (Ah�ad Mabamood, 1984) .
were sent to the Cytogenetic Laboratory.
Medicine and Ani.al Science.
were
Faculty of Veterinary
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia tor
chro.osome analysis.
karyotype of these calves were analysed and found
The
possess chromosoae complement 2n=58 ,
that
crossbred
and
a complement d i f f e rent to
the chroaosoee
their parents;
of
to
[or
complements
the
heifers were 20=60 wbile tbe gaur were 2n=56 (80ngso
1989) .
Hilmi,
tbese
Since the cbro�osome comple.ents of
calves were intermediate to that of the dam
(Sahiwal-Friesian)
and the sire (Gau r ) , these new born calves were confirmed to be
hybrids of interspecific hybridization between gaur and cattle.
The resulting gaur x cattle hybrids were shown,
observation,
cattle
by
to
exhibit
showing
better productivity
on preliminary
than
better growth rate and bigger
crossbred
size.
body
They also showed no difficulties in the local envieo.ent .
with
this
have
characteristics,
the
Fl hybrids were
thought
to
potential for increasing beef production in Malaysia. A special
progra..e
involving
the interspecific
hybridization
between
J
Sahiwal-Friesian crossbred cows to the gaur sire was created by
the
DVS
at the Padang Hijau Farm.
The
main objectives
laid
dovn for this programme were :
a)
to
increase
the number of gaur
x
cattle
hybrids
allowing
the crossbred cattle to mate with
gaur
the far. as wel1 as using other
on
gaur
in
the
country
through
natural
the
by
lone
sources
of
mating
or
artificial iose.ination,
b)
to
deter.ioe the growth performance of gaur x
hybrids
cattle
at d i fferent phases of growth under dif ferent
planes
of
nutrition and ca.pare
these
values
with
those of cattle.
c)
to
deter.ioe and co.pare carcass characteristics
percentage between the gaue
dressing
x
and
cattle hybrids
and cattle.
d)
to
assess
potential
of gaur
e)
of
x
reproductive
status
the hybrids for continous
to
x
and
breeding
propagations
cattle crossbreds,
to investigate the possible barriers o(
through
f)
the
hybridization
chro.osa.al studies and
e.bark on the conservation of a gene pool of
cattle hybrids by backcrossing and upgrading.
gaur
4
Hyb ri dization
between two different species
(interspecif i c
hybridizatio n) often takes place a t experimental stations o r
.
chance
matinq
female
hybrids are often associated with problems
under natural condition.
reproductive
capabal ities
fertility
may
not be
animals.
particularly
co.p lement
the
affected
between
(B,enirschke.
horse
although
those
two
related
occassionally
(Gray,
with
species
The resulted male
1957) .
Host
different
are
be
donkey
effected
males of
their
hybrid
sterile
typically
(Me
Govern,
1976) .
Even
(Basrur and
Hoon,
1961) .
rather
affected.
than
the
homogametic
when
sex
(l922)
occur, the
should
be
The prediction has been borne out in the
bison (Bos bison) x domestic cow (Bas taurus) hybrids
(Basrur
and Moon,
1961) ,
yak (Boa qrunniens) x domestic
hybrids
(Popescu,
1969) ,
mule x hinny
1961)
the
fertility
Haldane
that if such fertility problems were to
heterogametic
adversely
to
1967) , as observed in the case of crosses between
and
predicated
or
chromosome
chromosomes 01 the hybrids are apparently identical,
.ay
by
zebra
cross
horse
hybrids
hybrids
(King.
1967)
cow
{Benirschke,
and
female
peregrine talcon x pairie falcon hybrids (Schmutz and Oliphant,
1981).
However,
report by Frechkops (1964) on equine hybrids
buffaloes vith different chromosome co.plements.
qaurus)
x
with
pairs
2
crossbred cattle (80S taurus/80S
of unidentical chromosoaes
The gaur
(80S
indicus) ',Iybrids
may
have
impaired
fertility as reported in other species.
Before embarking on extensive breeding programme, a proper
and
concise
study should be done to assess its potential
·viability.
So
observations
little
far,
other
than
scattered
on the gaur x cattle hybrids and
and
preliminary
other
hybrids,
study has been done in Malaysia or elsewhere to (urther
justify the hybrids propagation programme.
The
present �tudy ��s divided into 4
experiments
with a
specific objective for each experiment:
a)
Experiment
of the gaur,
x
1
roaparison of the phenotypic features
the Sahhal-Friesian cattle and the gaur
cattle hybrid.
To
Objective
establish
identHication
characteristics of the gaur x cattle hybrids.
b)
Experillent
growth
2 :
The evaluation and comparison on
performances
between
the
the
Sahiwal-Friesian
crossbred cattle and the gaur x cattle hybrids.
Objective : To evaluate the beel potential of the gaur
x cattle hybrids.
6
c)
Experiment)
Evaluation and comparison on the
reproductive
and
status
of
Sahi�al-rriesian
the gaur
crossbred
x
cattl.�
cattle
lRale
hybrids
using
the
breeding soundness eValuation technique (8SE).
To
Objective
deter�ine
the
reproductive
capabilities of the male gaur x cattle hybrids.
d)
4
Experiment
perforMances
under
Comparison between
the
reproductive
of male and fe.ale gaur x cattle hybrids
natural Mating condition and the perforMance of
Sahiwal-Friesian cattle.
Objective
: To determine the reproductive perfor.ance
ot .ale and female gaur x catlle hybrids.
The
results
sufficient
breeding
obtained
frOB
this
study
should
basic information Lo help forMulate an
policy
productivity
provide
appropriate
through hybridization ai�ed at increasing the
of beef and conservation of the gaur which is now
considered an endangered species.