1. society
2. crime

Unit 4 Growing Concerns (TB: pp 73-92)
Wordlist
1. a modicum of sth € formal
a
small amount of
something, especially a good quality; v•ike hulk, natuke. a
modicum of common sense
2. absolve € v to say publicly that someone is not guilty or
responsible for something; vabaks kuulutama. He cannot be
absolved of all responsibility for the accident.
3. alert € v to officially warn someone in authority about a
problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it;
hoiatama. The school immediately alerted the police.
4. alleged [€'led€d] € adj formal an alleged crime, fact etc is
one that someone says has happened or is true, although it
has
not
been
proved;
v•idetav.
alleged
offence/crime/incident; their alleged involvement in
international terrorism
5. anticipate € v to think about something that is going to
happen; to expect that something will happen and be ready
for it; ennetama, ette aimama. A skilled waiter can
anticipate a customer's needs.
6. acquit € v to give a decision in a court of law that someone
is not guilty of a crime; ‚igeks m‚istma. All the defendants
were acquitted. n acquittal
7. articulate € adj able to talk clearly and effectively about
things, especially difficult subjects [ƒ inarticulate]; selgesti
v•ljendatud, k‚neosav. You have to be articulate to be good
at debating.
8. assassination € n the act of murdering a famous and
important person (usu for political reasons); Flowers were
laid to commemorate the anniversary of the assassination
of John Lennon
9. assault € n the crime of physically attacking someone;
kallaletung. Assaults on public transportation workers have
doubled in the last 10 years.
10. attempted murder € an act of trying to kill or harm
someone; atentaat. He pleaded guilty to attempted murder.
11. baffling € adj something that is baffling is difficult to
understand or explain; n‚utukstegev, arusaamatu.
12. bail € n money that is given to a court when someone is
allowed to stay out of prison until their trial; kautsjon. He is
not likely to be granted bail.
13. barrister € n a lawyer in Britain who can
argue cases in the higher law courts;
advokaat, k‚rgem advokaat. In 1976 there
were 3,881 barristers and 31,250
practising solicitors, compared with 109,547
police officers.
14. boom € v if business, trade, or a particular
area is booming, it is increasing and being very successful;
‚itsema, h•sti minema. Business was booming, and money
wasn't a problem. to flourish
Upstream Advanced
17. brawler € n a person who fights in a noisy way,
especially in a public place; kakleja.
18. capacity € n the amount of something that a factory,
company, machine etc can produce or deal with;
v‚imsus, tootlikkus. The factory has been working at
full capacity. to a full capacity
19. capital punishment € death penalty; surmanuhtlus.
He seems to become especially intense when
questioning turns to the issue of capital
punishment.
20. charge sb with sth € accuse someone officially of
committing a crime
21. civil liberties € n the right of all citizens to be free to
do whatever they want while respecting the rights of
other people and obeying the law; kodaniku‚igus.
The Westerners, on the other hand, envisaged
progress towards civil liberty and economic justice
along Western lines.
22. claim € n a statement that something is true, even
though it has not been proved; avaldus, v•ide. The
investment management arm of Winston Royal is
facing another claim of mismanagement of a client’s
staff pension fund.
23. clerical € adj relating to office work, especially work
such as keeping records or accounts; kontori-, a
clerical error, clerical workers
24. confer € v formal to discuss something with other
people, so that everyone can express their opinions
and decide on something; n‚u pidama, kaaluma.
Franklin leant over and conferred with his lawyers.
25. congestion € n a situation in which a place is
crowded with people, vehicles or a network is busy
due to some device (mobile phones); „lekoormatus,
ummistus.
26. contempt of court € n disobedience or disrespect
towards a court of law; kohtukorralduse
mittet•itmine; kohtu solvamine. He was jailed for 7
days for contempt of court.
27. community service € work that is not paid that
someone does to help other people, sometimes as
punishment for a crime, „hiskondlik t…….
28. compatible € ideas or systems that can exist
together; likely to have good relations because of
being similar; kokkusobiv, „hilduv.
29. creed € n a set of beliefs or principles; usk,
t‚ekspidamised. religious creed. Marxism has
never been weaker as a political creed.
30. crook € n informal a dishonest person or a criminal;
kelm, suli. The crooks got away across the park.
31. cross-reference € n a note that tells the reader of a
book to go to another place in the book, to get
further information; viide, ristviide. The book has
clear cross-references and a good index.
32. culprit € n the person who is guilty of a crime or
doing something wrong; s„„dlane. Police finally
managed to catch the culprit.
HTG
15. borough ['b€r€]€ n a town, or part of a large city, that is
responsible for managing its own schools, hospitals, roads;
linnaosa. the borough of Brooklyn in New York City.
16. brandish € v written to wave something around in a
dangerous or threatening way, especially a weapon;
vehkima. A man leapt out brandishing a kitchen knife.
1
33. deportation – n making someone leave a country and return
to the country they came from, usually because they do not
have a legal right to stay; maalt väljasaatmine. the
deportation of illegal immigrants
34. detain – v to officially prevent someone from leaving a place;
vahi all hoidma, kinni pidama. Two suspects have been
detained by the police for questioning.
35. deter – v to stop someone from doing something, by making
them realize it will be difficult or have bad results; ära
hoidma, eemale peletama. deter somebody from (doing)
something. The security camera was installed to deter
people from stealing.
36. digit – n one of the written signs that represent the numbers
0 to 9; three-digit/four-digit etc number; number,
numbrikoht. 4305 is a four-digit number.
37. discharge – v a situation in which someone who has been
accused of a crime is judged to be not guilty and officially
allowed to leave prison or a court of law; vabastama.
Florence W was to be handed over to her father as soon as
he was discharged from prison.
38. dismiss – v if a judge dismisses a court case, he or she
stops it from continuing; laiali saatma. The case was
dismissed owing to lack of evidence.
39. displace – v to force someone to leave their own country
and live someone else; välja tõrjuma. Fifty thousand people
have been displaced by the fighting. displaced personümberasustatu, maapagulane
40. domestic violence – violence in a family, especially from a
husband to his wife; koduvägivald.
41. do sth against one’s better judgment – do sth even
though you are not sure that it is a good idea
42. eliminate – v to completely get rid of something that is
unnecessary or unwanted; kõrvaldama, likvideerima. The
credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
43. embezzlement – n stealing money from a company where
you work; raha kõrvaldamine. Two managers were charged
with embezzlement of $400,000.
44. eminently – adv formal completely and without a doubt - use
this to show approval; silmapaistvalt. Woods is eminently
suitable for the job.
45. encapsulate – v to express or show something in a short
way that gives the most important facts or ideas [= sum up];
kokkuvõtvalt väljendama. The words of the song neatly
encapsulate the mood of the country at that time.
46. felony – n serious crime such as murder or robbery;
kriminaalkuritegu. Leach was charged with sexual assault,
which is a felony in Connecticut.
47. fiscal – adj formal relating to money, taxes, debts etc that
are owned and managed by the government; riigikassasse
puutuv, rahandus-. a fiscal crisis, a fiscal year
48. foot the bill – informal to pay for something, especially
something expensive that you do not want to pay for; arvet
kinni maksma: He ordered drinks and then left me to foot
the bill!
49. fraud – n the crime of deceiving people in order to gain
something such as money or goods; pettus.
tax/insurance/credit card etc fraud. He's been charged
with tax fraud.
50. gauge [geid€] traffic speed – v to measure speed using a
piece of equipment and method; kiirust mõõtma. The firm
gauges traffic speed. gauge – n an instrument for
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
measuring the size or amount of something, =
indicator; mõõteriist.
hold in custody – v keep someone in prison until
they go to court for trial; vahi all hoidma. A man is
being held in police custody in connection with the
murder.
homicide – AmE the crime of killing someone; mõrv.
70 per cent of homicides take place within the
family.
imminent – adj an event that is imminent, especially
an unpleasant one, will happen very soon;
paratamatu, möödapääsmatu, lähenev. imminent
danger/threat/death/disaster.
Some
of
the
buildings were in a state of imminent collapse. n
imminence
impartial – adj not involved in a particular situation,
and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of
advice; erapooletu, objektiivne. We offer impartial
advice on tax and insurance.
implement – v to take action or make changes that
you have officially decided should happen;
kehtestama, täide viima. We have decided to
implement the committee's recommendations in full.
implement a policy/plan/decision. We have
decided
to
implement
the
committee's
recommendations in full.
inadequacy – n the failure to be of the quantity or
quality needed for a particular purpose; puudulikkus,
ebapiisavus.
incentive – n something that encourages you to
work harder, start a new activity etc; stiimul, ajend.
Awards provide an incentive for young people to
improve their skills. create/provide/give somebody
an incentive
inmate – n someone who is kept in a prison, mental
hospital or other institution; vang, kongikaaslane.
More than half the inmates were there for some sort
of violent crime.
intelligence – n information about the secret
activities of foreign governments, the military plans
of an enemy; salaluure. According to our
intelligence, further attacks were planned.
in the interim – in the period of time between two
events [= meanwhile] or while waiting for sth
permanent of final to become available; vahepeal,
ajutiselt. The child will be adopted but a relative is
looking after him in the interim.
integrity – n he quality of being honest and strong
about what you believe to be right; ausus,
terviklikkus. personal, professional, political
integrity a man of great moral integrity
invasion of privacy – n a situation in which
someone tries to find out details about another
person's private affairs in a way that is upsetting and
often illegal; eraellu tungimine. Moreover the whole
notion of testing employees is an invasion of
privacy.
invasive – adj intrusive; annoying because of being
too close, too noisy, or too involved in people’s
personal life; sissetungiv.
HTG
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
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64. issue – n a subject or problem that is often discussed or
argued about, especially a social or political matter that
affects the interests of a lot of people; probleem,
vaidlusküsimus. Abortion is a highly controversial issue.
65. jaywalking – n crossing the street in a
wrong place; vales kohas tee
ületamine.
66. juror – n a member of a jury;
vandekohtunik.
But
the
panel
deadlocked on manslaughter charges,
with nine jurors favoring acquittal.
67. Justice of the Peace – n JP someone who judges less
serious cases in small law courts and, in the US, can
perform marriage ceremonies; rahukohtunik. He has been a
Justice of the Peace for 27 years. = magistrate
68. juvenile delinquency – n crimes committed by young
people, kuritegevus. n juvenile delinquent
69. kidnapping – n taking sb illegally by force and holding sb
against their will in order to gain sth, usually money (called
ransom); inimrööv. The police were informed about series of
kidnappings in this area.
70. legislation – n a law or a set of laws; seadusandlus.
71. lenient ['li:ni€nt]– adj not strict in the way you punish
someone or in the standard you expect; leebe, armuline. the
lenient sentences handed down by some judges.
72. liability – n legal responsibility for something, especially forr
paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury;
kohustus, võlakohustus. Tenants have legal liability for any
damage they cause.
73. libel ['laib(€)l]– n writing and publishing untrue statements
about someone to damage their reputation; kirjalik laim. Holt
sued the newspaper for libel.
74. littering – n leaving rubbish in a public place; prügi
mahaviskamine.
75. loitering with intent – n
remaining in a public place without
an obvious reason [= hang about,
hang around]; aega surnuks
lööma, “hängima”. Five or six
teenagers were loitering with
intent in front of the newsagent's.
with intent – jur tahtlikult
76. make a killing – informal to make a
lot of money in a short time;
kasulikku tehingut tegema; kasu
lõikama : He made a killing on the
stock exchange.
77. mandatory ['m•nd€t(€)ri] – adj if something is mandatory,
the law says it must be done [= compulsory, obligatory];
sunduslik, kohustuslik. Drug smuggling carries a mandatory
death sentence.
78. manslaughter – n the crime of killing someone illegally but
not deliberately; ettekavatsemata tapmine. She was cleared
of murder but found guilty of manslaughter.
79. misdemeanour [,misdi'mi:n€] – n a crime that is not very
serious; formal a bad or unacceptable action that is not
very serious; väärtegu. A misdemeanour has been
committed but the offender has not been caught.
80. mitigation n– if you say something in mitigation, you try to
make someone's crime or mistake seem less serious or
show that they were not completely responsible;
leevendus, kergendavad asjaolud. The captain
added, in mitigation, that the engines may have
been faulty. adj mitigatory ['mitig€t•:ri]
81. MoT - The Ministry of Transport test (more usually:
MOT - pronounced by spelling out the letters); a test
in Britain that all cars more than three years old must
pass every year in order to show that they are still
safe to be driven tehnoülevaatus. My car's just failed
its MOT. An MOT certificate
82. mugging – n attacking and robbing someone in the
street; röövimine. Crime is on the increase,
especially mugging and burglary.
83. net – adj the total amount of money after taxes or
costs have been removed; neto. The net profit
(=after taxes, costs etc) was up 16.3% last month.
84. out-of-court settlement – an agreement between
the people involved in a legal argument that an
amount of money will be paid without the case being
decided officially in a law court; kohtuväline lahend.
But Education Department lawyers made the out-ofcourt settlement and agreed to pay his £12,000
costs.
85. overwhelmingly – adv used for emphasizing the
amount of strength of sth; largely; ülekaalukalt.
Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of the bill.
86. parole – n permission for someone to leave prison,
on the condition that they promise to behave well;
tingimisi vabastamine. on parole He was released
on parole after serving two years.
87. perjury ['p‚:d€(€)ri] – n the crime of telling a lie after
promising to tell the truth in a court of law, or a lie
told in this way: valetunnistus. Hall was found guilty
of perjury.
88. perpetrator ['p‚:pitreit€] – n formal someone who
does something morally wrong or illegal; (kuriteo)
toimepanija. The perpetrators were never caught. v
perpetrate
89. persistent – adj continuing to exist or happen,
especially for longer than is usual or desirable;
püsiv, järjekindel. persistent efforts to bring the
warring factions together
90. plead guilty or innocent – to say in a court of law
whether you are guilty of a crime or not; süüd
tunnistama, süüd mitte tunnistama.
91. precision – n accuracy; the quality of being
accurate and exact; täpsus. The work was carried
out with military precision.
92. presumption of innocence – the belief that a
person is innocent until proved guilty; jur süütuse
presumptsioon (eeldus)
93. probation – n a system by which someone who has
committed a crime is not sent to prison but has to
agree not to break the law again and let a probation
officer check their behaviour for a specific period of
time;
tingimisi
vabastamine,
katseaeg,
kriminaalhooldus. The judge sentenced Jennings to
three years' probation. put/place somebody on
probation
HTG
3
94. probation officer € n someone whose job is to watch,
advise, and help people who have broken the law and are on
probation; kriminaalhooldusametnik. Carolyn worked the
North Branch as a probation officer.
95. prohibit € v to say that an action is illegal or not allowed [=
ban, forbid]; keelustama, •ra keelama. Smoking is strictly
prohibited inside the factory. n prohibition
96. promote € v to attract people†s attention to a product or
event by advertising; to support or encourage sth;
reklaamima, edendama. She's in London to promote her
new book.
97. prosecutor € n a lawyer who is trying to prove in a court of
law that someone is guilty of a crime; prokur…r. A special
prosecutor was appointed to deal with that particular case.
98. prompt action € immediate or quick action
99. raise money € collect money for a particular purpose; raha
koguma (eriti heategevuseks)
100. remand € v to send someone back from a court of law, to
wait for their trial; eelvangistusse tagasi saatma. Smith was
remanded in custody (=kept in prison) until Tuesday.
101. retain € v to store or keep something inside something
else; to remember information; s•ilitama, salvestama. A lot
of information can be retained in your computer
102. revocation € n formal the act of officially saying that a law,
decision, or agreement is no longer legal; t„histamine,
tagasiv‚tmine. His license was revoked for selling alcohol to
minors.
103. riot € violent protest by a crowd of people; t•navarahutus,
m•ss. A riot broke out after a police shooting of a local man.
104. road hog € n informal someone who drives badly or too
fast without thinking about other people's safety;
liiklusj‚hkard
105. rule € v to make an official decision about something,
especially a legal problem; otsustama. The judge ruled that
she should have custody of the children.
106. sentence € n a punishment that a judge gives to someone
who is guilty of a crime; karistus, kohtuotsus. Berger is
serving a life sentence for the murders.
107. slander € n a false spoken statement about someone,
intended to damage the good reputation of that person; laim.
Can a teacher sue a principal for slander for making critical
remarks about his or her teaching techniques?
108. solicitor € n a type of lawyer in Britain who gives legal
advice, prepares the necessary documents when property is
bought or sold, and defends people, especially in the lower
courts of law; jurist, advokaat. You need to see a solicitor.
109. spokesperson € someone whose job is to officially
represent am organisation, e.g. in dealing with journalists;
pressiesindaja. A spokesperson for the company read to
waiting reporters from a prepared statement.
connected
with
criminal
activities.
Under
surveillance, surveillance cameras; valve,
j•relvalve. 24-hour surveillance of the building
113. suspended sentence € n a punishment given by
a court in which a criminal is told they will be sent to
prison if they do anything else illegal within the time
mentioned; tingimisi karistus, a
two-year suspended sentence
114. tax disc - a small round
piece of paper on a car
windscreen in Britain that
shows the driver has paid road
tax
115. the dock € the part of a court
of law where the person who is
accused of a crime stands or
sits; s„„pink.
116. to pose objections € to express your
disagreement with sth; esitama vastuv•iteid
117. trafficking € n the buying and selling of illegal
goods,
especially
drugs;
hangeldamine,
ebaseaduslik kauplemine. drug trafficking
118. trespassing € n illegally entering somebody†s
property; kellegi maa-alale loata minema. She was
arrested for trespassing on government property.
119. tribunal [trai'bju:n(‡)l] € n a type of court that is
given official authority to deal with a particular
situation or problem; tribunal, vahekohus. The case
of your redundancy will be heard by an independent
tribunal.
120. truancy € n when students deliberately stay away
from school without permission. Fifteen miles away
in Witney Henry Box School reported just three
percent truancy. popitegemine
HTG
110. suborn [s€'b•:n] – v to persuade someone to tell lies in a
court of law or to do something else that is illegal, especially
for money; (altk•emaksuga või muu vahendiga) kihutama,
(er valevandele) meelitama, •ra ostma. an attempt to
suborn a witness
111. substantial € adj large in amount or number [=
considerable]; mahukas, oluline. We have the support of a
substantial number of parents.
112. surveillance [s€'veil€n(t)s] € n when the police, army,
etc watch a person or place carefully because they may be
121. truncheon ['tr€n(t)ƒ(‡)n] € n BrE a short thick stick
carried by a police officer as a weapon; kumminui.
Police at first used rubber truncheons to prevent
them, but then stood back.
122. unprecedented € adj never having happened
before, or never having happened so much:
pretsedenditu,
enneolematu.
He
took
the
unprecedented step of stating that the rumours
were false.
123. usher € v to lead someone politely somewhere,
e.g. into a room or towards a seat; juhatama. He ushered
her into the room.
124. valid € adj a valid or agreement is legally or officially
acceptable [ƒ invalid]; valid reason, argument that is based
on what is reasonable or sensible; kehtiv, paikapidav,
‚ige. Police officers must have a valid reason for stopping
motorists.
125. vandalism € n the crime of deliberately damaging
things, especially public property. More than 40 people
were arrested, some on suspicion of vandalism.
126. verdict € n an official decision made in a court of law by
the jury, especially about whether someone is guilty or not
guilty of a crime; kohtuotsus. The jury has retired to
consider its verdict
127. violation € n an action that breaks a law, agreement,
principle etc; (seadusest) „leastumine. Troops crossed the
border in violation of the agreement.
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