1. science
2. social science
3. linguistics
4. translation

Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
1
A Gene is a Segment of DNA
When a ___________________ is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to
produce ___________________________________.
Genotype and Phenotype
• _____________________________________________________
1. Genetic Composition of an Organism
2. Represents the __________________________________________ Properties
3. ________________ ___________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________
1. The Expression of the Genes
2. What You See
DNA
1. Double Stranded ______________________
2. Subunits: __________________________
3. Each subunit:
A. ________________________________________
B. ___________________________ group
C. ___________________________ base
4. _________________ _________________ between Nitrogenous Base Pairs (rungs of a ladder)
5. Adenine-Thymine (_____ - _____) and Guanine-Cytosine (_____-_____)
DNA codes for Proteins (and sometimes RNA)
• The sequence of _______________________________ in DNA codes for proteins!!!!
– Order of ____________________ ______________________
– Central to cell function and life
• Tells the cell what to do, what to produce, and when to do it!!!
DNA Between Organisms
DNA similarity between humans and chimps: ______________________________
DNA similarity between humans and mice: _________________________
DNA similarity between humans and bananas: ____________________
BETWEEN YOU AND ME?
DNA within an Organism
• With few exceptions, _________ cells of an organism have the __________ __________ and ____________
number of chromosomes but _____________ in expression of genes
– Example: Skin cells have the same DNA as your brain cells.
• ________________ organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells!
– Variation in gene expression and gene activity determines the
– ______________________ of cells and ultimately their ______________________
Specialization
• During differentiation, only _____________________ parts of the __________________ are activated (switches
on and off)
•
The parts of the DNA that are activated determine the function and specialized structure of the cell
•
______________________ (like hormones) can act as switches to turn genes on or off in a cell
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
2
Differentiation
• Because all cells contain the same __________________ in a organism, all cells initially have the
_________________________ to become any type of cell
But, once a cell differentiates, the process ____________________ reverse
– The cell is _______________ in its cell cycle!
Stem Cells
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
•
Types of Stem Cells
• ______________________________
– Not yet differentiated into various cells types
• ______________________________
– Differentiated into niches to produce specific types of cells
Stem Cell Niches in Humans
(Adult Stem Cells!)
• _____________________ stem cell niche: neurons, nerve cells
• ____________________ stem cell niche: osteocytes (bone cells) for growth and repair
• Blood stem cell niche: ___________ _____________ ________________, white blood cells, platelets (controls
bleeding)
• ________________________ stem cell niche: produces satellite cells which differentiate into muscle cells
• ___________________ stem cell niche: ____________ and ______________
DNA  Cell Structure  Cell Function
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
3
Cell Differentiation in Plants
Phloem: sugar two ways!
Xylem: water up!
Central Dogma of Biology
Biological information only travels in one direction
___________  ___________  _________________________
Remember…
Cells respond to their environment by producing different types and amounts of
_____________________________.
How?
The process of _________________________ ____________________________.
3 parts:
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Replication
• The duplication of DNA which occurs during the S phase of ____________________.
• 1 Strand  2 Complementary Strands
• DNA Polymerase
– _________________________________ that lays down new strand of DNA using the old strand as a
template.
DNA Replication
One of the strands of the ________________________ DNA molecule is from the
_______________________________ DNA molecule.
Daughter cells have an exact copy of parental DNA.
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
DNA Structure
Hydrogen bond
(H-bonds)
thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
Sugar / phosphate “strand”
Nitrogenous base “rung”
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
RNA nucleotide
ribose sugar
Nitrogenous base
(guanine)
phosphate
DNA Replication
Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between
complimentary nitrogen bases break
_______________________________________, a
specialized enzyme, unzips DNA
Step 2: DNA strands ____________________
________________________ from each other
Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell match
up with each side of the “unzipped” DNA
Each “unzipped’ strands forms a
_________________________________ for a new
strand
Step 4: Each “old’ strand forms a template
for a “new” strand
Two _________________________________ DNA
molecules form
______________________________________________, a
specialized enzyme, lays down new
nucleotides to form new DNA molecules
Nitrogenous base
(uracil)
4
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
5
Transcription
• Occurs in the ____________________________________
• The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a ______________________________ strand of RNA.
• 1 Strand DNA  2 Strands RNA
• RNA Polymerase
– ______________________________ that transcribes
DNA to RNA
– RNA grows in the 3’ to 5’ direction
• Final product
– Messenger RNA (mRNA)
– mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves onto the ___________________________________
DNA
•
•
•
•
•
RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Sugar: ____________________________
Nitrogen bases: A, T, G, C
Double-stranded
Self-replicating
•
•
•
•
•
Ribonucleic acid
Sugar: ____________________
Nitrogen bases: A, U, G, C
• No T (A bonds with U)
Single strand
Made only when needed
using DNA as a template
NO T in RNA!!! U REPLACES T
Words: Coding strand, template
strand, mRNA
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
6
RNA Transcription
Step 1: _________________________________ ________________________ between complimentary bases break
DNA “unzips”
Step 2: DNA strands pull ___________________ from each other
Step 3:
RNA _________________________________ in the cell match up with only one side of the “unzipped” DNA
Each “unzipped’ strands forms a ______________________________ for a mRNA strand
Step 4:
RNA nucleotides continue to match up with “unzipped” DNA until the message is completely transcribed
Step 4:
mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand
Step 5:
mRNA strand leaves the nucleus for the ______________________________ in the cytoplasm
Step 6: Once the mRNA leaves, the DNA “zips” back together
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
7
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
OVERALL GOAL:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
PROTEINS CAN BE:
________________________________________ (forming a part of the cell materials)
________________________________________ (hormones, enzymes, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry)
Translation
• The process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of
__________________________________ is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a ________________________.
• 1 Strand RNA  Amino Acid Chain  Protein
– Amino acids are linked by _______________________ _______________________ to form polypeptides
– Polypeptide chains form protein molecules
• ___________________________________ = Transfer RNA
RNA and Protein Synthesis
• RNA is a _________________________ Stranded Nucleic Acid
• RNA Acts as a ______________________________ between DNA and Ribosomes
• Process Takes Amino Acids and Forms Proteins
Why is it Necessary?
• DNA / ________________________
• Ribosomes / ____________________________
• Need a Messenger
Definitions
• ___________________________________
1. Three-base segment of _______________________ that specify amino acids.
2. Sense Codons
3. Nonsense Codons
• ____________________________________
1. Three-base segment of _____________________ that
dock with a codon.
2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.
Unit 6 Guided Notes:
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
8
Protein Synthesis
• Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. What’s
up with that?
mRNA Codon Charts
To read:
– First letter, second letter,
third letter of codon of mRNA
tells you the amino acid
Translate:
mRNA:
AUG GUG CAC AAU CAA UUU
•
Protein Synthesis: Replication, Transcription, Translation
Words: Ribosome, Amino Acid, mRNA, Anti-Codon, Transcription, Codon, Translation, Protein
(polypeptide chain), tRNA