1. No category

6/3/15 Managing primary pain disorders in
children with underlying chronic-on-acute
conditions
What is PT?
Michael Sangster, PT
Clinical Specialist (Pain Science)
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Why move?
Why move?
“pain is best seen as a need state, like hunger and
thirst, which are terminated by a consummatory act””
- Patrick Wall
analgesic effects
Koltyn KF. Sports Med. 2002;32:477-87
correct motor control
alter features of muscle activation, postural alignment, and
movement patterns that abnormally load tissues
modify self efficacy, catastrophizing, and fear
graded physical activity and graded exposure
lower the threat value and reduce perception of harm of movement
Leeuw M, Goossens ME, van Breukelen GJ, et al. Pain. 2008;138:192-207
reverse or prevent disuse and deconditioning
association between a less active lifestyle and pain and disability is
strong
Lin CW, McAuley JH, Macedo L, et al. Pain. 2011;152:607-13
Macedo LG, Latimer J, Maher CG, et al. Phys Ther. 2012;92:363-77.
Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Phys Ther. 2009;89:9-25.
What is the patient thinking?
I know that something is still wrong with me…
I know I am not crazy…
They won’t believe me either…
I wish they would just find it and fix it…
Is he going to hurt me as much as the last PT?
This dude is just like the rest… he won’t know what
is going on either…
Fear
fear of movement and (re)-injury best predictor of
self reported disability
pain-related fear and concerns about harm avoidance
all appear to exacerbate symptoms
may contribute to persistent pain via
creating lack of movement/avoidance behaviours
maintaining inflammatory mediators which contribute to promotion of
pain mechanisms such as peripheral and central sensitization
Gatchel RJ, et. al. Psychol Bull. 2007 Jul;133(4):581-624.
1 6/3/15 So where does a Physical Terrorist begin?
What is pain?
most salient part of an activated body protection
system
activation of the pain signature or neuromatrix
Know pain and know gain
pain perception takes place in an individual context
physical
social
emotional
Reconceptualizing pain
Reconceptualizing pain
pain does not provide a measure of the state of the
tissues
pain seems relatively straightforward – hitting one’s
thumb with a hammer hurts one’s thumb
pain is modulated by many factors from across
somatic, psychological, and social domains
structural-pathology model
relationship between pain and the state of the tissues
becomes less predictable as pain persists
supposes pain provides an accurate indication of the state of the
tissues
pain can be conceptualized as a conscious correlate
of the implicit perception that tissue is in danger.
Moseley GL, Physical Therapy Reviews 2007; 12: 169–178
2 6/3/15 Social context?
Stress
CRAP
↑HR
NEUROPATHIC PAIN
↓ saliva
production
dilation of bronchi
↓ peristalsis
glycogen to
glucose
adrenaline and
cortisol
blood to big
muscles
↓bladder and
reproduction
PAIN
TISSUE HEALING
INJURY
TIME
Adapted from Moseley GL and Butler D, Explain Pain, 2003
h)p://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/checkershadow_illusion.html 3 6/3/15 Pain neurophysiology education practice guidelines
PNE is indicated when
PNE practice guidelines
the clinical picture is characterized and dominated by central sensitization;
patients should understand their presenting pain
mechanism
and maladaptive pain cognitions, illness perceptions or coping strategies are
present
aim at altering patients’ knowledge about their pain states and
reconceptualising pain
J. Nijs et al. / Manual Therapy 16 (2011) 413-418
when solely cognitive and behavioural responses are encouraged, without
reconceptualising pain, these responses may be counter- intuitive for chronic
pain patients, because pain is still a sign of harm to them
J. Nijs et al. / Manual Therapy 16 (2011) 413-418
PNE practice guidelines
content?
characteristics of acute versus chronic pain
the purpose of acute pain
how acute pain originates in the nervous system
role of the brain
how pain becomes chronic
potential sustaining factors of pain
J. Nijs et al. / Manual Therapy 16 (2011) 413-418
Pain neurophysiology education
may decrease pain ratings, increase physical performance,
decrease perceived disability, decrease catastrophization, and
improve movement
focuses on a detailed description of the biology and physiology of
the nervous system and brain’s processing of pain and nociceptive
input
anatomy- and pathoanatomy-based models have shown limited
efficacy in decreasing pain and disability
Louw, A. et. al., Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 92, December 2011
PNE practice guidelines
patients should receive written information about the
neurophysiology of pain
patients may have neurocognitive impairments,
including concentration difficulties and impairments
in short-term memory which implies that they can
forget a number of aspects of the verbal education
J. Nijs et al. / Manual Therapy 16 (2011) 413-418
Improved endogenous pain inhibition?
improved knowledge of pain neurophysiology
less worry about pain in the short term
long term improvements in physical functioning,
vitality, mental health, and general health
perceptions
lower pain scores and improved endogenous pain
inhibition
VanOosterwijck J., et. al. Clin J Pain. Vol 29(10) October 2013
4 6/3/15 Dysfunctional endogenous analgesia?
How to move in the face of pain
dysfunctioning of endogenous analgesia in response
to exercise in patients with chronic pain
when exercising at the edge of the pain
decreased pain threshold following exercise
is this really dangerous?
vulnerability for new nociceptive input
wilI I regret this later?
exercise therapy should be individually tailored with
emphasis on prevention of symptom flares
keep breathing calm
Pain Physician: Opioid Special Issue July 2012; 15:ES205-ES213
instruct the patient to ask the following questions
then instruct the patient to
keep your body tension calm
monitor the pain
the patient now has 4 alarms, calm mind, calm breath,
calm body and the pain
Neil Pearson, www.lifeisnow.ca, personal communication 2014
Cognition targeted exercise therapy
Preparing patients for cognition-targeted exercise therapy
using therapeutic pain neuroscience education
Cognition-targeted = time-contingent exercises using goal
setting
Cognition-targeted = addressing patients’ perceptions
about exercises
Cognition targeted exercise therapy
“…goal of cognition-targeted exercise therapy is
systematic desensitization, or graded, repeated
exposure to generate a new memory of safety in the
brain, replacing or bypassing the old and
maladaptive movement-related pain memories”
Nijs, J. et. al. Manual Therapy 2014
Cognition-targeted = tackling the feared movements &
activities
Using stress for altering movement-related pain memories
Nijs, J. et. al. Manual Therapy 2014
Video links
understanding pain in 5 minutes or less
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWMKucuejIs
why things hurt – Lormier Moseley
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwd-wLdIHjs
the mystery of chronic pain – Elliot Krane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6--CMhcCfQ
Summary
patient is probably focused on the white team
help them understand the moonwalking bear
pain is like hunger and thirst
know pain and know gain
alter movement related pain memory
Mike is not a physical terrorist
5 6/3/15 Questions
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