1. No category

International Black Out Experience And
Potential Power Grid Black Outs
Dr. Michael Weixelbraun
Power System Stability, Assistant to the Management Board
Austrian Power Grid AG (APG)
April 17th, 2015
Overview
 Introduction and main Reasons for Blackouts
 Power System in fundamental Change
 Remedial Actions of Transmission System Operators
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Austrian Power Grid AG (APG)
• Austrian Transmission System Operator
• unbundled & regulated enterprise









secure and reliable system operation
grid enforcement & development
market facilitation & integration
forecast & integration of Renewable
Energy production
3.500km length of lines (starting with 110-kV)
450 employees
€ 1.436 Mio. Assets
€ 200 Mio. investments per year
100% owned by Verbund,
Austrian Electricity law § 28, ITO
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
APG 380-kV-Österreich Ring
APG 380-kV
APG 220-kV
Verteilnetze
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International Connections and Cooperation –
the ENTSO-E1)
•
National Transmission Grids are directly
synchronously interconnected
(within Regional Group Continental Europe, RGCE)
•
Strong interdependence & supra-regional
importance of the overall system stability
•
•
•
41 TSOs
34 countries
500 Mio. people
Control Area APG:
1) ENTSO-E
= European Network of Transmission System Operators (TSOs) for Electricity
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Grid structure in Austria – Transmission and Distribution
Conventional
power plants
Hydro power
Pumped storage power
Wind power
Photovoltaics
Transmission Grid
SUPRAREGIONAL
Rail traffic
Research and
Industry
Distribution Grid
≤
Transformer
Residential areas
Industry, Craft, Offices
and Warehouses
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
Small Companies
AC/AC Converter
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Farming
Households
Historical Power Outages
Selection
Recent Outages in
European Power System
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
Source: news.nationalpost.com

March 27th : Amsterdam
1 Mio people for 1h

March 31st : Turkey
70Mio people
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Main Reasons for a Blackout
Production
Demand
Balance
(frequency 50 Hz)
Massive imbalance between
generation and demand
 Generators get accelerated/decelerated
Overloaded transmission lines
 cascade effects
(frequency <> 50 Hz!)
Balance of production and demand is the basis for security of supply!
A blackout is mainly driven by a severe imbalance or overloaded line(s).
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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4.11.2006 – The European grid was splitted
planned
shut-off
for cruise liner
Separation
West - East
Conneforde
Diele
Landesbergen
Wehrendorf
Altheim
Simbach
Pleinting
Pirach
Bechterdissen
Elsen
D
Salzach
Dipperz
Großkrotzenburg
Redwitz
Oberhaid
Etzenricht
TAUERN
Raitersaich
Kaprun
Hauptstufe
Lienz
Source: UCTE
Soverzene
Over-frequency through production-excess
Under-frequency through production-shortage
1 missing (double-)line in an inauspicious moment lead to a
European disturbance  10 Mio. Europeans have been without electricity!
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Blackout in Italy on the 28.9.2003
Congestions on transmission lines endanger security of supply!
European wide blackout in the ENTSO-E for 24 hours
might effect an economic damage of over 100 billion €*!!
* Basis: 60 million € economic damage per hour in Austria with about 8 million inhabitants, extrapolation to est. 500 million inhabitants in the synchronous area of ENTSO-E RG CE
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Overview
 Introduction and main Reasons for Blackouts
 Power System in fundamental Change
 Remedial Actions of Transmission System Operators
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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General Goals for System Change
• Increase of RES
• Integrated EU Market
System
• Carbon emission
reduction (trading
system)
but…
• no general view on
electricity system
• different energy
politics on European,
national & regional
level
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Integration of renewables –
current status and outlook in Austria
 Integration of rapidly increasing amounts of
renewable energies in Europe (mostly in GER)
 View of Transmission System Operator: Biggest
„virtual power plant“ situated on „Parndorfer Platte“
Austria:
 By end of 2020
more than 1GW PV*,
est. 4 GW Wind
* Source:
Hans Kronberger, PV Austria
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Impact of the Change in Generation Structure
Example: Germany and Austria
Congestions, Load Flow Hotspots
Thermal Power Plants
Closure of Nuclear Power Plants
AKW Grafenrheinfeld
Shut down 2015
AKW Gundremmingen
Shutdown 2017
AKW Isar II
Shut Down 2022
Change in Generation Structure
Mostly distant to
consumption
Mostly close to consumption
!
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
Grid Development
Grid Development is important Pillar of Energy Change!
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It‘s a European System!
Problem „Loop Flows“  Contractual Path ≠ physical Path
(qualitative Visualization)
Contractual path (according to Schedules)
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Physical Path
Congestions, Load Flow Hotspots
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Grid is not ready to fulfill Requirements for
Energy Change!
 Development of Costs to adapt Power Plant Schedules in order to resolve grid
congestions
 Mostly thermal Plants need to be utilized for redispatch countermeasures (!)
?
incl. 25.03.2015
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Challenges for Grid Operation –
fundamental Change in System Characteristic
Discrepancy!!
 Smart quality management by the TSO
24:00
Wind power production
Demand characteristics
12:00
24:00
Completely different
infeed characteristics
12:00
00:00
1.1.
<>
00:00
1.1.
24:00
1.6.
Explanation
demand and production power as % of maximum
value
1.6.
31.12.
Solar energy production
31.12.
80...100%
60...80%
40...60%
20...40%
0...20%
12:00
00:00
1.1.
1.6.
31.12.
APG is responsible for the forecast process of available renewable energy infeed
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Overview
 Introduction and main Reasons for Blackouts
 Power System in fundamental Change
 Remedial Actions of Transmission System Operators
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Grid Security Cooperations / Awareness Systems
CTDS – prinziple
●
●
●
●
●
Regional Alarm and Awareness-System (RAAS)
Common Tool for Data acquisition and Security assessment („CTDS“)
Coordinated operational planning process in 24/7 organisation
Daily video conference & coordination of cross border remedial actions
(congestion management)
Exchange of information via real-time monitoring system
Development and implementation of innovative multi-lateral processes and
actions for optimised system stability
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Network Development is designed nationwide and
European wide,
but…
Ten Year Network Development Plan
…realization makes very slow process!
Examples:
 „Salzburgleitung“
 Power Links in Germany
Netzentwicklungsplan Österreich
Result: change in generation mix and
change in network development take
place in different speeds
Intelligent Network Development requires consideration of new technologies
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Threefold Pillar
for successful Grid Restoration
Grid Restoration
Provide
periodical
physical
Tests
Optimization
of
Restoration
Concepts
Periodical
Simulator
Trainings
Transmission System Operator, Distribution System Operator, Power Plant Operator
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Conclusion
• Energy politics are mainly driven by climate
politics
• Transmission Grid = key factor for energy
change
• Public does not get the big picture about the
change in generation landscape and the
related need for grid expansion
• Need of a systemical view
!
Risk is (mainly) driven by Lack of Grid Development
System Change takes time
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Headquarters:
Wagramer Straße 19, IZD-Tower
1220 Wien
POWER GRID AG
Tel.: +43AUSTRIAN
(0)50320-161
www.apg.at
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Backup
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Network Optimization and Network Expansion
Options for action
to enable the
Energy Change
Optimization of
operational
management
Grid upgrade and
network optimization
Network
expansion
• Forecasting tools (TSC)
• Thermal rating
• New lines
• Online data exchange
and monitoring
• High-temperature conductors
• DE: HVDC and
overlay network
• Upgrade 220kV to 380kV
• Coordinated redispatch
 Largely exhausted
potential
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
 Limited potential exists,
feasibility needs to be simplified
 Great potential
for further
developments
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Grid Restoration Concept of APG – main Strategies
CZ
● Forwarding the „healthy“
ENTSO-E voltage from 8 neighboring TSOs
DE
HU
CH
IT
● Inter-TSO-agreements signed with
international Grid partners
SL
● Black start with Generators in Kaprun &
Malta and forwarding
● Power plants under contract
● Regular tests for proving
● Enlarging und resynchronisation of existing
regional islands
● Cooperation contracts signed with directly
connected DSOs
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Grid restoration concepts of APG – Main directions
Strategy:
Forwarding the
ENTSO-E voltage – main
directions:
• from west
• from east
• from south
Beilage 3
Hauptrichtungen des Netzwiederaufbaues in Österreich
durch Weiterschalten der RG CE-Spannung
CEPS
Internationale Netzkuppelstellen zum RG CE-Netz
CZ
(6) N
ordo
stbüge
l
TenneT D
220 kV
Bisamberg
vom Westen
sterr
TenneT D
(5
• Forwarding this voltage
to the supra-regional
island oparation
in the control area APG
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
Kaprun
Hauptstufe
(1) Westbügel
Westtirol
Hessenberg
Zell/Ziller
Tauern
Malta Hauptstufe
Kaunertal
MAVIR
g
rin
H
)S
Bürs
st
(1 0
Meiningen
)O
Weißenbach
Silz
Swissgrid
Wien
Südost
Neusiedl
ring
eich
(9) Ö
tbü
ge
l
220
(2) Westring
Salzburg
os
Amprion
TransnetBW
(4)
iene
Donausch
üd
St. Peter
kV
Ernsthofen
D
Amprion
SK
Dürnrohr
(3) Nordwestbügel
Alternatively:
• Building islands in the
federal states
Salzburg and Carinthia
vom Osten
CEPS
Kainachtal
(7) Südring
Lienz
CH
Swissgrid
I
Leitungszug 220-kV
Leitungszug 380-kV
Leitungszug abgeschaltet
Obersielach
(8) Südbügel
TERNA
ELES
vom Süden
ELES
SLO
Weiterschalten der Spannung konzeptgemäß in Pfeilrichtung
Dipl.-Ing. Markovic
Ringschluß bzw. Kupplung konzeptgemäß vorgesehen
29.03.2012
24.04.2015
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Net Generating Capacity 2011/ 2030 AUSTRIA
Net Generation capacity 2011 & 2030
Source: TU Graz/ APG Masterplan 2013
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
24.04.2015
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Imports and Exports in Control Area APG
Schedules
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
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Einspeisemengen Gas/Kohle in AT
KW mit Anschluss an das öffentliches Netz
20.000
Einspeisemengen in GWh
Gas
Kohle
15.000
10.000
 Massive Reduktion der
Einsatzstunden von
Gaskraftwerken
(Halbierung in nur 3 Jahren)
 „Einmottungen“ und
geplante Schließungen
sind die Folge
5.000
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
Datenquelle: E-Control
AUSTRIAN POWER GRID AG
26.11.2014
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