1. No category

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BBN-ANG-241 Phonology: The Rules of English Phonology
11. Vowels 03
Törkenczy Miklós
Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University
(1) Topics discussed in this lecture
—
Vowel reduction: predictability
—
Tense & Lax Vs: limited contrast
˜
Trisyllabic Laxness
˜
-ic, -id, -ish Laxness
˜
CiV Laxness/Tenseness
˜
Other restrictions: Final Tenseness, Pre-vocalic Tenseness, Pre-cluster Laxness
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(2) Vowel reduction (continued)
(2.1) Predictability: reduction vs. no reduction ("3ry stress") = (mainly) lexical(=unpredictable)
i.
ii.
lexical/unpredictable
morphological
fórmat
Z!eN9lzs\
clímate Z!jk`Hl?s\
páradise
Z!ozq?c`Hr\
cháracter Z!jzq?js?\
gráduateV Z!fqzcYTdHs\
gráduateN Z!fqzcYT?s\
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(2.2) The quality of reduced vowels (Gen/Trad BrE)
i.
reduced and full Vs
UNSTRESSED
schwa
ii.
STRESSED
(1ry, 2ry)
[?]
academy
+
!
[H]
reduction, static,
+
+
(kiss)
([T])
stimulus, accurate
+
+
(push)
predictability of the quality of reduced vowels: quality is lexical (unpredictable)
-ion
-ic
-ity
?
+
!
+
H
!
+
+
T
!
!
!
no
no
yes
VARIATION
affixes
action
static
vanity
stems
addition
edition
claret
melon
+
±
+
+
!
+
+
!
!
!
!
!
no
yes/no
yes
no
accurate
+
!
+
yes
if ZT\ is possible then [?\ is also possible
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(2.3) Rule: Vowel Reduction (lexical conditioning)
V = Vreduced / in an unstressed syllable
Vowel Reduction is lexically conditioned
works most of the time, but sometimes it is suspended
depending on the (given syllable) of the lexical item
the output of Vowel Reduction is lexically conditioned
the quality of the reduced V depends on the (given
syllable) of the lexical item
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(3) Tense & lax vowels (phological classes of Vs)
Classification
TENSE
FLEECE, GOOSE, FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT, FACE, PRICE, CHOICE
GOAT, MOUTH, NEAR, SQUARE, CURE
GOOSE
FULL
LAX
(3.1) Contrast
A:
B:
KIT, DRESS, TRAP, LOT, FOOT, STRUT
START, NURSE, FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT
Pete
.h9.
pet
.d.
hate
.dH.
hat
.z.
road .?T.
rod
.P.
Although tense and lax vowels do contrast, their contrast is contextually limited since in certain environments
only one or the other class of vowels can occur.
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(4) Trisyllabic Laxness
V = lax
[-stress]
*
σ σ σ1 #
*
/ __
i.
stress:
qZ?T\tátion, m[`H]grátion, v[`H]tálity, T[`H]tánic ...
ii.
target V … /it9/
immúnity, únity ....
iii.
3rd or earlier than 3rd σ
vánity, céremony, mílitary ...
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(4.1)
Type A
Phonotactics: monomorphemic words: Type A > Type B
(X>Y= type frequency of X is greater than that of Y)
Lax vowel in a trisyllabic context
animal, origin, possible, ... etc.
Type B
.
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Tense vowel in a trisyllabic context
Abraham
dynasty (US)
protege
agency
genealogy
protocol
apricot
Ireland
rhododendron
boomerang
isogloss
rotifer
Clytemnestra
microscope
savoury
cogency
nightingale
stevedore
coterie
Novocain
trilobite
dinosaur
Oberon
troubadour
drapery
Omaha
vitamin
dynamo
Polaroid
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(4.2) Morpho-phonology/alternations: structure dependence
weak boundary affixes
i.
strong boundary affixes
#penal# ~
#penal+ty#
#penal# ~
#penal#ize# ~
#vain#
#van+ity#
#crazy#
~
#crazi#ness#
#divis+ible#
#grade# ~
#grad#able#
~
#divide# ~
ii. -al
a.
nature~natural; nation~national; femur~femoral;
b.
notion~notional,
season~seasonal;
feature~featural;
occasion~occasional;
devotion~devotional; climate~climatal,
sensation~sensational; and all -ational words (except national and rational)
iii. Exceptions
obesity, nicety, probity; notify, nitrify; denotative, donative, excitative; secretive, vibrative;
titanous, mountainous
strong boundary affixes: #ing, #ness, #ly, #hood, #dom, #able, #eragentive, #ed, #(e)s, #ishadjectival
weak boundary affixes:
+ity, +ify, +itude, +ical, +icide, +ison, +itive, +ifer, +inal, +eral, +ite, +ative, +ous,
+acy, +ible, +age, t/dirregular past
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(5) -ic, -id, -ish Laxness:
V = lax / __ C {-ic, -id, -ish}#
i.
target V … /it9/
Punic, putrid, stupid ...
ii.
presence of preceding C: *V_
heroic, algebraic, ...
Prevocalic Tenseness >> -ic, -id, -ish Laxness
iii.
#ishadj … +ishV, N
eightish, Polish, Danish
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(5.1)
Phonotactics: monomorphemic words: (Type A > Type B)
Type A
Lax vowel in the syllable before -ic, -id, -ish
.,Hj.
panic, Eric, Warwick, ...
.,Hc.
vivid, arid, OvidLatin poet, ...
.HR.N, V
blemish, flourish, parish, fetish ...
Tense vowel in the syllable before -ic, -id, -ish
.,Hj.
–
.,Hc.
OvidUS surname , David, aphid, hybrid
fetish %
.HR.N, V
Type B
(5.2) Morpho-phonology/alternations:
i.
state ~ static
ii.
#ishadj
iii.
Exceptions
(pale ~ pallid
final ~ finish)
#catt#ish#, #green#ish#
phobic, basic, scenic, encyclopedic, anemic, aphasic, photic, amnesic, Gaelic, hybrid
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(6) CiV Laxness/Tenseness
(6.1)
CiV position:
___CHV
|
[+stress]
(6.2) i. CiV TENSING
Canadian .j?!mdHcH?m.
Vα = VTENSE / __CHV
where Vα … ZH\
or equivalently
)VαLAXCHV where Vα … ZH\
ii. CiV LAXING
`H = H / __CHV
or equivalently
)`HCHV
vs. Darwinian
.c@9!vHmH?m.
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(6.3)
Phonotactics: exceptions
to
(4.2i):
Daniel, Harriet, mafia, terrier, stallion, patio, warrior ...
to
(4.2ii):
NONE
(6.4) Morpho-phonology/alternations
i.
Cyprus~Cypriot; bile~bilious; hide~hideous
ii.
-ion Z?m\ behaves as if it were HVn:
iii.
CiV Tenseness:
relate~relation; emote~emotion; complete~completion
CiV Laxness:
divide~division; precise~precision
Exceptions
overapplication:
proceed~procession; concede~concession,
underapplication: express~expression
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(7) Other restrictions on the tenseness/laxness of vowels: Final Tenseness, Pre-vocalic Tenseness, Pre-cluster
restrictions
Position
restrictions apply
contrast between TENSE and LAX vowels
a) _ #
YES
±
b) _ V
YES
!
c) _ C
NO
possible
non-coronal
YES
!
coronal
NO
possible
non-onset
YES
!
onset
NO
possible
d) _ CC #
e) _ CC !
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a)
pay /!odH.
*/!oz.
par /!o@9.
Final Tenseness
V = Tense / __ #
where V … Lax B
b)
ruin /!qt9Hm.
*/!sUHRm/
Prevocalic Tenseness
V = Tense / __ V
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.!kh9j.
lick .!kHj.
c)
leak
d)
*.sdHMj.
tank .!szMj.
paint .!odHms.
punt .!oUms.
*/!dHos?m.
captain /!jzos?m.
equal /!h9jv?k.
mattress /!lzsq?r.
e)
Pre-Cluster Laxness
Pre-Cluster Laxness
V = lax / __ CC
where
CC = non-coronal if CC#
CC…
onset cluster if CCV
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(7.1) Structure dependence
#like#ness#
#seep#ed#
.!k`Hjm?r.
.rh9os.
#kep+t#
#descrip+tive#
.jdos.
.c?!rjqHosHu.
nicely, sameness, ...
ached, mimed, piped, ...
).jh9os.
).c?!rjq`HosHu.
(8) Tense~Lax pairs: 'Vowel Shift', alternation evidence
(8.1) Regular/frequent
type
TENSE
~
LAX
FACE-TRAP
grave
~
gravity
FLEECE-DRESS
keep
~
kept
Cyprus
~
Cypriot
tone
~
tonic
PRICE-KIT
GOAT-LOT
kept, wept, dreamt, ...
intervention, depth, ...
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(8.2) Infrequent/irregular(?)
type
TENSE
~
LAX
MOUTH-STRUT
grave
~
gravity
GOOSE-STRUT
keep
~
kept
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