http://edweb.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/accents.htm RULES FOR THE USE OF THE WRITTEN ACCENT IN SPANISH Jill Kerper Mora, Ed.D. San Diego State University The Beauty of Spanish Orthography Spanish is a highly consistent written language. Every word that is written correctly in Spanish can be pronounced correctly, even without knowledge of its meaning, based on orthographic rules. However, it is important to remember that language is spoken first and then written. You must know how a word is pronounced in order to use or omit an accent correctly in Spanish writing. In reading, however, you merely follow the rules. Any exception to the rules will carry a written accent mark. There are no random accent marks in Spanish. The use of any and every accent mark has a justification based on the rules. Word Pronunciation Categories Words fall into three categories according to the way they are pronounced: agudas, graves, esdrújulas.. 1. Words that are stressed on the last syllable are called agudas. If an aguda ends in a consonant other than n or s it is written without an accent mark. If an aguda ends in a vowel, or n or s it carries a written accent mark. Unaccented agudas Accented agudas tapiz almacén ciudad aquí profesor canción papel detrás reloj está 2. Words that are stressed on the next to the last syllable are called graves (or llanas in some countries). If a grave ends in a vowel or n or s it does not carry a written accent. If a grave ends in a consonant other than n or s it carries a written accent mark. Unaccented graves Accented graves payaso ángel orden débil largo huésped clase lápiz 3. Words that are stressed on the third to the last syllable are called esdrújulas. All esdrújula words carry a written accent. All esdrújula words carry a written accent. aéreo artículo católico esdrújula estómago magnífico Diphthongs and Breaking a Diphthong 4. A second use of the accent is to break a diphthong. Diphthongs are formed by combining a strong vowel (a, e, o) with a weak vowel (i, u) or two weak vowels in a single syllable. Examples: seis hacia junio miedo ciudad If a strong and weak vowel appear together but do not form a syllable, the weak vowel carries a written accent to break the diphthong. Examples: maíz día había Raúl río Accents to Distinguish Functions of Homonyms 5. There is a special accent mark called the acento desinencial that is used to distinguish the function of words. It is used in cases of homonyms to distinguish the meaning, or where a pronoun has changed functions. The accent in these cases is placed over the strong vowel of the stressed syllable. Generally in the case of homonyms, the less frequently used meaning will carry the written accent. Unaccented Function (Eng) Word aun even (conjunction) Accented Function (Eng) Word aún yet (adverb) de el si te tu dé él sí té tú subjunctive form of dar- to give he (pronoun) yes (interjection) tea (noun) you (personal pronoun) mí me (direct object) más more (adverb) mi mas of (preposition) the (article) if (conjunction) you (pronoun) your (possessive pronoun) my (possessive pronoun) but (conjunction used in old Spanish) Change of Function of Pronouns 1. este libro (adjective) meaning "this" éste (demonstrative pronoun) meaning "this one" 2. que (relative pronoun) as in "el libro que veo en la mesa" meaning "that" ¿qué? (interrogative pronoun) meaning "what" 3. como (relative pronoun) meaning "as" Ex. "tan grande como un elefante" ¿cómo? (interrogative pronoun) meaning "how" ¿Cómo está usted? As a rule all interrogative pronouns carry a written accent. The Phonetic Function of the Written Accent The examples below show the important phonetic function of the written accent in Spanish. These words are spelled the same but are pronounced differently and have different meanings. Without the written accent mark they could be misread within a text. Two syllable words: Palabras Graves sello esta ira baile mudo cerro caso cortes trago lavo Palabras Aguda selló está irá bailé mudó cerró casó cortés tragó lavó Three and four syllable words: Palabras Esdrújulas ánimo público círculo cántara cálculo célebre práctico término límite depósito partícipe Palabras Graves animo publico circulo cantara calculo celebre practico termino limite deposito participe Palabras Agudas animó publicó circuló cantará calculó celebré practicó terminó limité depositó participé Word Inflection and Accent Marks Changing a word from singular to plural or from masculine to feminine adds a syllable to the word. This may cause the word to lose or add an accent mark. Singular lección corazón compás razón portugués joven orden interés examen galán Plural lecciones corazones compases razones portugueses jóvenes órdenes intereses exámenes galanes Masculine francés inglés catalán Feminine francesa inglesa catalana PRACTICE Pronounce the following words and categorize them as aguda, grave or esdrújula. Add any accents according to rules 1-4 above. Be prepared to explain the reasons you wrote or did not write an accent on each word. Use a dictionary to check your answers or click here for correct responses. abierto adios alguien almacen arbol bateria buzon caida champu concierto bateria buzon caida champu concierto miercoles nariz oracion pais perdon platano policia rascacielos razon recamara reservacion rancho sandia semaforo septimo despues diablo dificil ingles lastima tambien tenedor todavia unico viaje http://www.lingolex.com/accents.htm Accents in Spanish. Introduction: I would like this page to be a complete guide with all the necessary rules which will allow you to write the accents correctly in Spanish. Unfortunately I don't really believe that it is very easy to learn the rules and then be able to apply them. I myself find that writing Spanish accents is difficult and so I use a mixture of knowing the rules and memorising the individual words. Before I send a written text I cheat by using the spell checker although there are some cases where the accents change the meaning so beware. Why do accents exist in Spanish? They show the word stress when the word stress breaks the normal rules. If you understand the written accents you will be able to read Spanish out loud with correct word stress. Some words can have a change in meaning according to the accents eg. esta = this, está = it is. This concept also exists in English, compare the pronunciation of refuse = rubbish, and, refuse = choose not to do something. What are the rules for regular word stress, i.e. words with no accents? We use accents to show irregular word or syllable stress. Therefore first of all we should learn the rules for regular word stress (for words of more than one syllable). Rule 1: Words ending in a vowel; n or s are stressed on the last syllable but one. eg: casa, libro, mesa, coche, madre, lunes, joven Rule 2: Words ending in a consonant (not including n and s) are stressed on the last syllable. eg: beber papel, verdad Now we will look at words that break the rules and therefore have an accent. When a word does not follow the rules above we put an accent over the stressed vowel. eg: Words that break rule 1 (they ought to have the stress on the penultimate syllable) comí, miércoles, cuídate, vivió, estación Words that break rule 2 (they ought to have the stress on the last syllable) lápiz, clímax, difícil, (note: not many of accented words have broken rule2) Now we look at when we have two vowels together and it starts to get complicated. When there are two vowels together we have to consider if they are one or two syllables and if they form one syllable, which one of them should have the syllable stress? There are two types of vowels: Strong vowels: a, e and o Weak vowels: u and I Rule A When two strong vowels come together they make two separate syllables: eg: tarea, caer, poema, peor Rule B When two weak vowels come together they make a dipthong (one syllable): (the stress goes on the second vowel) eg: ruido, viuda. Rule C When there is one strong vowel and one weak vowel together they make a diphthong (one syllable) (the syllable stress goes on the strong vowel) eg: idiota, causa, Juan, oigo Note: A strong and a weak vowel together make one syllable so the stress on "lengua" is on the penultimate syllable in accordance with rule 1 Words that break rule B (the stress ought to be on the second vowel) Flúido Words that break rule C (the stress ought to be on the strong vowel) río, vía, oído, grúa Are you confused yet? You may be thinking to yourself "this is all fine and dandy but I doubt if I can remember all that" Well don't worry because neither can I. Accents will help you read correctly but for a non native they are difficult to use when you are writing. Here are some notes which will help you: Tip1: The most common use of the ó accent are the words that end in -ación. eg. nación, concentration There are not many words that end in -on that don't have an accent, the big exception is the third person plural preterites eg. jugaron = they played, amaron = they loved etc Tip2: Learn the accents in the regular verbs because they will be the verbs that you use most. Tip3: Learn the accents in of the most common words. Examples which come to mind are, aquí, más, allí, página, sí (yes not if). Accents to show meaning Some words which are spelt the same have an accent to show their meaning or different grammatical function. Unaccented Accented adjectives pronouns mi my tu your tú you el the he demonstrative adjectives mí él me demonstrative pronouns este this éste this one ese that ése that one etc. etc. misc misc aun even aún still, yet como as, like cómo How mas but más more si if sí yes solo alone sólo only Notes: The question words such as que, donde, adonde, cuando, cual, cuanto have an accent when they are used for questions (either direct or indirect) or exclamations but no accent when they are used as relative pronouns. http://www.spaingrammar.com/english/tildes.php Gramática Española Normas de acentuación o tilde en español (Rules of Spanish Accents) PALABRAS AGUDAS They have tilde (written accent): 1. If they end in vowel, n or s: así , thus, camión , truck, sofás , sofas 2. If they have the accent on a weak vowel preceded by a strong one, even though they do not end in vowel, n or s: Raúl , raíz , root, oíd , listen. 3. Infinitives ending in -air, -eir and -oir: oír , listen, freír , fry, reír , laugh. They do not have tilde : 1. If they end in any consonant but n or s: Madrid , prohibir , forbid, temer , fear. 2. Monosyllabic words, except when there is any confusion in the meaning. fue , went, dio , gave, vio , saw. 3. Words ending in -ay, -ey, -oy, -uy. Uruguay , muy ,very. PALABRAS LLANAS They have tilde (written accent): 1. If they end in any consonant but n or s: fácil , easy, carácter , personality. Exceptions: aprecien , they appreciate, confiemos , we trust. 2. If the accent is on a weak vowel preceded or followed by a strong one: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ia, io, ua, ue, uo. Caída , fall, río , river. 3. If they end in n or s preceded by another consonant. bíceps , biceps. They do not have tilde : 1. If they end in vowel n or s: Verbo , verb, Mientras , while. 2. In the diphthong ui: huir , flee, contribuir , contribute. Exceptions : lingüística , linguistics , huía , fled . PALABRAS ESDRÚJULAS Y SOBREESDRÚJULAS They all have tilde without exception: Tráfico , traffic, Crítico , critic, Órgano , organ http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55746.asp Spanish Language Site Angeles Fernández BellaOnline's Spanish Language Editor Spanish accents - Words' classification Accents... How to use them? It is not as difficult as you may think. But first of all, as an introduction, let me explain you the basics: Spanish words, according to the syllable pronounced with more "stress", belong to one of the following groups: 1. Palabras agudas ("Agudas" words) When we pronounce any of theses words, we put the stress on their last syllable. For example: canción, verdad, jamón or radiador. These four words have they last syllable pronounced with more emphasys, more strength. If we were able to mark the syllable with more strengh when pronounced, we could do something like this: canción, verdad, jamón, radiador 2. Palabras llanas ("Llanas" words) Theses words take the stress, when pronounced, on their penultimate syllable (The second syllable from the end of the word). For example: silla, gallina, árbol or almíbar. See, in bold, the syllable pronounced with more emphasys : silla, gallina, árbol or almíbar 3. Palabras esdrújulas ("Esdrújulas" words) When pronounced, the stress will be on their antepenultimate syllable, the "second next to the last syllable", that is, the third syllable from the end of the word. For example: esdrújula, típico, mágico or práctico. See, in bold, the syllable pronounced with more emphasys : esdrújula, típico, mágico or práctico These are the basics to understand how to use Spanish accents. More information: See Spanish Accents Rules Spanish accents Rules We already know about the classification of Spanish words, according to the syllable with stress. (See article Spanish Accents - Words' Classification ). So it is time to learn the rules to correctly write the orthographic accent in Spanish. Palabras (Words) agudas: These words must be written with an accent whenever they end in vowel, n or -s. Examples: - camión - Nicolás - Panamá (When we pronounce these words, we pronounce the last syllable with more emphasys and, as these last syllables end in "n", "s", "a" (vowel), we need to write the accent.) Palabras (Words) llanas: These words must be written with an accent if they do not end in vowel, -n or -s. Examples: - almíbar - lápiz - hábil Palabras (Words) esdrújulas: These words always need an accent. So whenever the word has the stress on its third syllable (if we start counting syllables from the end of the word), we'll write the accent. Examples: - lámpara - análisis - único http://faculty.weber.edu/tmathews/grammar/marks.html A Complete Guide to Written Accent Marks in Spanish by Thomas J. Mathews, Ph.D. http://weber.edu/tmathews Weber State University © October 1996 For some pointers on how to do accent marks on a computer, click here: Basic Rules of Thumb: If a word ends in a vowel, or 'n' or 's', the stress is usually on the next to the last syllable. If a word ends in a consonant other than 'n' or 's', the stress is usually on the last syllable. ....... If the stress in a word doesn't follow rules 1 and 2, then the syllable that is stressed needs a written accent mark over the vowel. Section One THE SYLLBLE IN SPANISH ..There are two kinds of syllables in Spanish: those that are stressed (tónicas) and those that are unstressed (átonas). ..One-syllable words will be either tónicas or átonas. ..In words with more that one syllable, only one can be stressed. . Stressed vs Unstressed Syllables In the following paragraph all of the stressed syllables are underlined. Notice that sometimes the stressed syllables have an accent mark, but that usually they don't. However, an unstressed syllable will never, ever, have an accent mark. Some one-syllable words are stressed and some are not. If you want to write a word and you don't know which syllables are stressed and which ones aren't, try pronouncing the word out loud, or ask a native speaker to pronounce it for you. Aquí todo va de mal en peor. La semana pasada se murió mi tía Jacinta, y el sábado, cuando ya la habíamos enterrado y comenzaba a bajársenos la tristeza, comenzó a llover co mo nunca. A mi papá eso le dio coraje, porque toda la cosecha de cebada estaba asoleándose en el solar. Y el aguacero llegó de r epente, en grandes olas de agua, sin darnos tiempo ni siquiera a esconderaunque fuera un manojo; lo único que pudimos hacer, todos los de mi casa, fue estarnos arrimados debajo del tejaván, viendo cómo el agua fría que caía del cielo quemaba aquella cebada amarilla tan recién cortada. Y apenas ayer, cuando mi hermana Tacha acababa de cumplirdoce años, supimos que la vaca que mi papá le regaló para el día de su santo se la había llevado el río. Section Two DIPHTHONGS IN SPANISH The vowels a, e, and o are strong in Spanish. They always form their own syllable wherever they appear. The vowels u and i are weak, and only form their own syllable when they are separate from other vowels. When a weak vowel is next to a strong vowel or another weak vowel, they AUTOMATICALLY form a diphthong, that is, just one syllable. . ...Diphthongs In the following examples the number of syllables in each word is shown in parenthesis after the word. The stressed syllables are in boldface. Strong vowels (a, e, o) always form their own syllables: o - tor - gar (3) es - pa - ña (3) ra - na (2) ha - blar (2) a - van - za - da (4) a - po - sen - to (4) co - rre - o (3) sá - ba - na (3) Weak vowels (i, u) form a their own syllable if they are "surrounded" by consonants: tri - bu (2) cu - bo (2) mi - to (2) fút - bol (2) ci - ne (2) la - rin - gi - tis (4) mís - ti - co (3) es - pí - ri - tu (4) Otherwise, weak vowels form a diphthong with the strong vowel that is next to them: lue - go (2) far - ma - céu - ti - co (5) tie - nes (2) buey (1) a - dios (2) dio (1) co - mió (2) que - réis (2) Section Three ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS One-syllable words in Spanish never have an accent mark unless they fall into the group described in Section Six. Don't get in the habit of putting accent marks on onesyllable words as some sort of ornament. Don't put an accent mark on a one-syllable word unless you know why! This rule was adopted by the Academia de la Lengua Española in 1952. There are still many native speakers (most of them either old and educated before the new rules or not well educated at all) who continue to put accent marks on many one-syllable words (particularly verbs). Don't do it! It's a nasty habit. Section Four POLYSYLLABIC WORDS There are four categories of multisyllabic words in Spanish, as far as stress is concerned. A word's stress category has to do with which syllable is tónica. ..Palabras llanas are stressed on the next to the last syllable (la penúltima). ..Palabras agudas are stressed on the last syllable (la última). ..Palabras esdrújulas are stressed on the third to the last syllable (la antepenúltima). ..Palabras sobresdrújulas are stressed on the fourth to the last syllable. . ...Palabras llanas All of the follwing words are stressed on the next to last syllable (o la penúltima sílaba). no - che pe - rro fa - bu - lo - so fi - lo - so - fí - a cés - ped ár - bol ca - ba - llo lib - ro es - ta - cio - nes hue - so bi - go - te co - ci - na ac - ci - den - te hi - jos sa - ra - pe . ...Palabras agudas Each of the follwing words is stressed on the last syllable (o la última sílaba). fri - jol an - dén ma - ra - tón baj - ó . ...Palabras esdrújulas can - tar so - por - tar re - loj sar - tén hab - ló sen - tí ñan - dú pin - cel All of the follwing words are stressed on the third to the last syllable (o la antepenúltima sílaba). Notice that esdrújulas always have a written accent mark. fan - tás - ti - co es - tú - pi - dos es - drú - ju - la an - gé - li - cas pa - ra - lí - ti - co lu - ciér - na - ga miér - co - les sín - te - sis én - fa - sis mur - cié - la - go ri - dí - cu - lo a - ná - li - sis . ...Palabras sobresdrújulas All of the follwing words are stressed on the fourth to the last syllable (¡o la preantepenúltima sílaba!). Notice that sobresdrújulas always have a written accent mark.Notice also that in each of them the last two syllables are attached pronouns. fu - mán - do - me - la es - cri - bién - do - se - lo di - cién - do - me - lo Section Five THE RULES THE WRITTEN ACCENT MARK (acento ortográfico or tilde) ..One-syllable words DO NOT have a written accent mark unless they follow the rules in the next section. ..If a word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or n or s and it is not llana, put an accent mark over the stressed syllable. ..If a word ends in a consonant (other than n or s) and it is not aguda, put an accent mark over the stressed syllable. ..An accent mark will also be placed over a weak vowel (u or i) in order to break an automatic diphthong. . ...Words that end in a vowel (or "n" or "s") and are not llanas ha - bló sar - tén mas - ti - có viv - vió cor - tés pon - dréis can - té fre - ne - sí Tim - buk - tú . ...Words that end in a consonant (not "n" or "s") and are not agudas ár - bol pós - ter cés - ped di - fí - cil chó - fer fá - cil . ...Breaking natural diphthongs ba - úl a - ún pa - na - de - rí - a rí - o Ma - rí - a mí - a . Look at the differences between the following: river río I used to do. . . hacía ha - cí - a con - ti - nú - a dú - o rio hacia he laughed towards Section Six HOMOPHONOUS MONOSYLLABIC PAIRS One-syllable words, when they are part of a homophone pair, are distinguished from each other by marking the one that is stressed (tónica) with an accent mark. . To count as a homophonous monosyllabic pair, the two words must: ..Be just one syllable long ..Be spelled the same ..Belong to two distinct grammatical categories (i.e., nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositions, etc.) Therefore, although the word "ve" is a homphone (from "ver" it means "he sees" and from "ir" it's a command form for "go"), since both words are verbs (in the same gramatical category), neither one carries an accent mark. Indeed they are both streesed without it. However, the word "se" can have three meanings. One is the reflexive pronoun, is unstressed and does not have an accent mark, and the others are both verbs (from "ser" it's a command for "be" and from "saber" it means "I know") and both carry a written accent. NEVER PUT AN ACCENT MARK ON A ONE-SYLLABLE WORD UNLESS YOU ARE AWARE OF THE CORRESPONDING HOMOPHONE THAT DOES NOT NEED AN ACCENT MARK. . ...The list of homophonous monosyllables I believe that this is a complete list of all of the one-syllable words that can carry an accent mark in Spanish. If you find any others, please email me at [email protected] UNSTRESSED WORD STRESSED WORD el the ("el anillo") él he, him ("es él", "es para él") te yourself ("¿Cómo te llamas?") té tea if sí yes, himself ......si...... se himself, herself sé I know, be ("¡Sé bueno!") mas but ("quiero, mas no puedo") más more ("¿Quieres más?") que that ("más que nada") qué what ("¿Qué piensas?") tu your ("tu libro") tú you ("¿Cómo estás tú?") mi my ("mi casa") mí me ("es para mí") de of dé give cuan So (tan) (uso arcaico) ("Mira el pelo cuan largo lo tengo") cuán how ("¡Cuán desgraciado soy! ") cual which ("Esta carta, la cual no tiene remitente, llegó ayer") cuál which ("¿Cuál es el mejor?) quien who ("Hay quien dice eso") quién who ("¿Quién es esa mujer?") Section Seven PROSODIC STRESS & MISCELLANEOUS ACCENT MARKS Demonstrative pronouns have a tilde over their stressed syllable to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives. These adjectives always precede nouns, the pronouns never do. Interrogative pronouns have a tilde over their stressed syllable to distinguish them from adverbial conjunctions. The work sólo means solamente, while solo means alone (masculine singular). The word aún means todavía or still, while aun means incluso or even. The word o (meaning or) carries an accent mark only between numberals so that it is not confused with 0 (zero). "Quiero cinco o sies dulces." vs "Quiero 5 ó 6 dulces." In exception to the comment in Section One, that any Spanish word may have only one stressed syllable, those adverbs that end in -mente, actually have two stresses: one (unwritten) on the suffix -mente, and the original stress in the adjective from with the adverb is derived. If the adjective by itself carries a tilde, then it is maintained in the adverbial form. . ...Demonstratives Demonstrative adjectives always immediately precede a noun. If there is no noun right after the adjective, then you have a demonstrative pronoun, and it needs an accent mark. Look at the following examples: DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES DEOMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS esta casa this house ésta this one aquella escuela that school aquélla that one esos libros those books ésos those ese perro that dog ése that one aquellos muchachos those boys aquéllos those The pronouns "esto" y "eso" never have an accent mark because they are always pronouns and never adjectives. . ...Interrogatives CONJUNCTIONS & RELATIVE PRONOUNS INTERROGATIVES ......que...... "that" (Es importante que estudies). qué "what" (¿Qué deseas comer?) cuando "when" (Me acuesto cuando tengo sueño.) cuándo "when" (¿Cuándo vas a venir?) cómo "how", "what" (¿Cómo te llamas?) como "since/because", "like", "as" (Como tiene gripe, está guardando cama. / Marta baila como una princesa.) donde "where" (Vamos a comer donde vive mi hermano.) dónde "where" (¿Dónde vives?) quien "who/that" (Fue Enrique quien rompió la ventana.) quién "who" (¿Quién escupió en el suelo?) "because" (Paco ayuna porque está de por "why" (¿Por qué hablas tanto?) régimen.) qué Notice that interrogatives carry accent marks even if they are in an indirect question. Observe the following: Paco aprendió cómo tocar el piano. No sabemos dónde poner el sofá. El profesor nos explicó el cómo y el porqué. No sé quién me escribió la carta. . ...Adverbs that end in "-mente" If the adjective has an accent mark then the adverb with -mente does also. porque ADJECTIVES lenta hermosa espiritual ADVERBS lentamente hermosamente espiritualmente ..... ADJECTIVES fácil cómoda rápida ADVERBS fácilmente cómodamente rápidamente total simple alta totalmente simplemente altamente crítica ágil estrépita críticamente ágilmente estrépitamente
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