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Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography the niche and species’ geographic distribu,ons Let’s consider the concept of niche—
If I knew what it meant I’d be rich.
It’s dimensions are n
But a knowledge of Zen
Is required to fathom the bitch.
—Grant Cottam and David Parkhurst
A. Michelle Lawing Ecosystem Science and Management Texas A&M University College Sta,on, TX 77843 [email protected] With your concept of niche I agree
But there’s clearly one hitch I can see.
You blame the wrong sex
For the inherent hex,
For the niche is no she, but a he.
—Joy Zedler
I’m amazed a smart woman like Joy
Would believe that a niche is a boy;
For a niche is elusive,
Deceitful, confusive—
It’s quite clear it’s a feminine ploy.
—Grant Cottam
Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Announcements •  May 5th is redefined day (go to your Friday classes), so no presenta,ons •  Final Project (2 op,ons) – 10% of final grade –  Turn in a video of your final project (around three minutes, these will be posted on my webpage) (e.g., h\p://www.kindealabs.com/) –  Turn in a manuscript for cri,cal review and feedback. Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Schedule for today •  My presenta,on –  the niche •  SDM Presenta,on •  SDM Demonstra,on •  ?BREAK •  ?SDM Tutorial ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing the niche ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing The great debate •  What is a niche? •  How to quan,fy and compare the niche? •  Are various terms the same? – 
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ecological niche modeling species distribu,on modeling habitat suitability modeling habitat modeling environmental niche modeling climate niche modeling climate envelope modeling ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche as habitat •  Joseph Grinnell (1877–1939) •  First director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Berkeley •  First use of niche in published paper •  Grinnell, J. 1917. The niche rela,onships of the California Thrasher. The Auk 34: 427-­‐433. ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche as an occupa,on •  Charles Elton (1900–1991) •  English Zoologist •  Defined the niche a bit differently – the role a species plays •  Elton, C. 1927. Animal Ecology. Great Britain: William Clowes and Sons Ltd. ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Niche as an n-­‐dimensional hypervolume •  Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991) •  Father of modern ecology •  Dimensions are environmental condi,ons and resources that allow a species to survive and reproduce •  Defined the concept of fundamental vs. realized niche •  Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. Concluding Remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quan,ta,ve Biology 22: 415-­‐427. Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography The Ecological Niche Concept •  Hutchinsonian Niche •  Defini,on ~ the sum total of an organism's use of the bio,c and abio,c resources in an environment •  Generally it includes –  Space u,liza,on –  Food consump,on –  Temperature range –  Moisture requirements Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Fundamental vs. realized Niche •  Some species are not able to occupy their en,re niche –  Bio,c interac,ons (posi,ve or nega,ve) –  Availability (in space and ,me) •  Fundamental niche: the set of resources a popula,on is theore&cally capable of using under ideal condi,ons •  Realized niche: the resources a popula,on actually uses •  The realized niche may be smaller than the fundamental niche and vice versa Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Poten,al Niche •  the set of resources a popula,on is theore&cally capable of using AND that is available for them to u,lize Tolerance Niche •  the set of resources a popula,on can survive in, but not thrive in (reproduce) Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Realized Niche ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Realized Niche Posi,ve Bio,c Interac,ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Realized Niche Nega,ve Bio,c Interac,ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Realized Niche (R) Realizable Niche (R*) Nega,ve Bio,c Interac,ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Poten3al Niche = R + R* AKA: Suitable Habitat Realized Niche (R) Realizable Niche (R*) Bio,c Interac,ons -­‐Bio3c Interac3ons -­‐Dispersal Limita3ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Tolerance Niche is where species can survive, but not thrive. Realized Niche (R) Realizable Niche (R*) Tolerance Niche Bio,c Interac,ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Poten3al + Tolerance may be greater than Fundamental Realized Niche (R) Realizable Niche (R*) Tolerance Niche Bio,c Interac,ons ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Niche Theory Change -­‐Evolu3on -­‐Developmental Plas3city Change -­‐ Disturbance -­‐Random -­‐Historical Con3ngency Realized Niche (R) Change -­‐Astronomical Forcing Realizable Niche (R*) -­‐Atmospheric and Ocean Tolerance Circula3on -­‐Tectonic Ac3vity Niche -­‐Con3nental Placement Bio,c Interac,ons Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Duality of Geographic and Environmental Spaces Guisan et al. 2014 TREE Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Duality of Geographic and Environmental Spaces Guisan et al. 2014 TREE Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Duality of Geographic and Environmental Spaces Guisan et al. 2014 TREE Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing R + T Niche > Fundamental Niche Sax et al. 2013 TREE Tolerance Niche ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Why model? •  We need to know... –  where is species’ suitable habitat –  where was it in the past –  where will it be in the future –  how fast will the habitat change •  It is difficult to get species environmental tolerances from experiments •  Make use of vast resources -­‐-­‐ biodiversity collec,ons Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Model Algorithms ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Benefits and Dangers of the Interac,on Guisan et al. 2014 TREE Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Benefits and Dangers of the Interac,on •  Benefits – 
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Gevng it right, right now Very accurate High resolu,on Local areas •  Dangers – 
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Over fivng Not applicable to other places Not applicable to other ,me periods Leaves out *poten,al* Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography There are many modeling limita,ons •  We talked about some of these along the way, but... •  we will hear more in the next Presenta,on! Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Think about “best prac,ces” •  Species distribu,on modeling is an ART •  There are many cau,onary papers •  There is not a comprehensive guide •  Field is moving quickly ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography Ecosystem Science and Management | Texas A&M University (c) 2015, A. Michelle Lawing Think about “best prac,ces” •  Species distribu,on modeling is an ART •  There are many cau,onary papers •  There is not a comprehensive guide •  Field is moving quickly It Depends ESSM 689 Quan,ta,ve Methods in Ecology, Evolu,on and Biogeography