1. No category

What might we be feeding in 2020?
Development in pig feed ingredients
Mick Hazzledine
Premier Nutrition
Established pig feed ingredients
• Wheat, barley, wheatfeed, “biscuit”
• Extracted soya bean meal, rapeseed meal,
sunflower meal
– Peas, beans
• Amino acids lysine, methionine, threonine
– Tryptophan, valine
• Liquid co-products
Example UK formulations Q4 2014
Inclusion (%)
£/t
13-35kg 35-65kg 65-110kg
Dry
Lact
Average
Wheat
166
40.4
46
47.8
50
48.1
46.6
Barley
155
25
20
20
13.8
10
19.1
wheatfeed
138
6.7
9.3
30.2
18.9
10.8
Soya meal
350
24.5
15.7
4.6
11.1
10.2
Rape meal
200
5
8
12
7.5
8.3
Suns meal
205
Lysine HCL
1120
0.4
0.42
0.41
0.23
0.29
0.4
Threonine
1530
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.06
0.06
0.1
Methionine
2480
0.13
0.09
0.05
0.01
0.1
Soya oil
620
2.8
1.3
1
1.6
1.5
2
3.1
1.2
1.5
How have formulations changed in the last 25 years?
• Increased usage of raw materials
– Rapeseed meal
• Plant breeding to reduce glucosinolates
– Biscuit/bakery meal
• Better quality and control
Evolution not revolution!
– Sunflower meal
• “Hipro” suns – processing
• Improved definition of nutrients
– NE, SID amino acids, DP
• Feeding programmes
– Single sow and single finisher increasingly rare.
• Additives
– Enzymes
• Cereal and phytase
What might we be feeding in 2020?
• Environmental
Challenges and conflicts
– N and P output likely to increase with home produced/byproduct proteins
of these debates are highly politicised and lack
– CAllfootprint
long
term strategies making accurate forecasts or
• Similar on pigs feed European soya bean meal and poultry meat
plans impossible
meal
• 1-3% lower using algal protein,
• 4-5% higher using sunflower and DDGS (Feed4foodure, 2014)
•
•
•
Welfare and
consumerism
including
GM
Politicians
and diapers
should be
changed frequently
and all
for the same reason.
Food vs fuel
~José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, translated from Portuguese
Antibiotic use
Example UK formulations Q4 2014
£/t
£/t
Wheat
166
77.32
Barley
155
29.55
wheatfeed
138
14.97
Soya meal
350
35.77
Rape meal
200
16.59
Suns meal
205
2.48
Lysine HCL
1120
4.22
Threonine
1530
1.72
Methionine
2480
1.53
Soya oil
620
9.03
£/t
121.84
62.31
9.03
Formulations 2014
• “Proteins” account for about 20% of volume
but 30% of feed costs
– Soya is approximately 50% of protein fraction
– It takes 29kg of soya bean meal to produce a
slaughter pig
• 75% fed below 65kg bodyweight
• Soya meal has a high nutrient concentration and
digestibility; most current alternatives don’t (unless
dehulled?)
UK soya?
• 3,000 acres grown in 2003
•
•
•
•
• 2014
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yielded 1t/acre
Value at the time £170/t, £100/acre cost.
Area payment lower on oilseeds than pulses
Poor agrochems
Improved varieties/agronomics
Much higher soya price
Level playing field with pulses
Improved agrochems
South of Vale of York/Staffs
12-15 farms growing; 150 hectares
Non GM to Cherwell Valley (full fat soya)
Ref: www.soya-uk.com (David McNaughton)
Future formulations?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Crystalline amino acids
Pulses – peas, beans, lupins
Improved rapeseed meal
Yeast
PAP
Wheat DDGS
Insects
Algae
1. Future formulations – crystalline amino acids
If tryptophan/valine price was lower?
Inclusion (%)
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Rape meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
possible Valine
Tryptophan
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
Leucine limiting
£/t
166
155
138
350
200
1120
1530
2480
5000
5000
620
30-65kg
46
20
6.7
15.7
8
0.42
0.14
0.09
n/a
n/a
1.3
47
20
8.4
13.3
8
0.49
0.17
0.1
0.04
0.01
1.3
18.5
17.8
2. Future formulations – Peas
Opportunity value of peas
Inclusion (%)
Price
Peas
Availability
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Rape meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
£/t
192
166
155
138
350
200
1120
1530
2480
620
30-65kg
46
20
6.7
15.7
8
0.42
0.14
0.09
1.3
20
32
20
4
11
8
0.31
0.14
0.12
1.4
18.5
19.1
3 Future formulations – improved rape meal?
Inclusion (%)
Possible
Rape meal
Timescale?
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
£/t
200
166
155
138
350
1120
1530
2480
620
30-65kg
8
46
20
6.7
15.7
0.42
0.14
0.09
1.3
25
43
25
2.6
0.44
0.13
0.07
2.6
18.5
19.1
4.Future formulations – Yeast
Opportunity cost of yeast
Inclusion (%)
Price
Brewers Yeast
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Rape meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
£/t
260
166
155
138
350
200
1120
1530
2480
12500
620
30-65kg
0
46
20
6.7
15.7
8
0.42
0.14
0.09
n/a
1.3
8
46
20
8.4
13.3
8
0.49
0.17
0.1
0.06
1.3
18.5
19.3
Yeast
• Yeast products
– Cell walls
– B glucan
– Nucleotides
• Benefits
–
–
–
–
Competitive exclusion and binding of pathogens
Immune stimulation
Mycotoxin binding
Stimulation of gut fermentation
• >22 yeast products currently in stock at Premier!
5.Future formulations – PAP
Opportunity cost of PAP
Inclusion (%)
Price
PAP
Consumerism
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Rape meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
£/t
350
166
155
138
350
200
1120
1530
2480
12500
620
30-65kg
0
46
20
6.7
15.7
8
0.42
0.14
0.09
n/a
1.3
4.3
44
20
9.9
11.3
8
0.43
0.15
0.09
0.01
1.0
18.5
18.9
6.Future formulations – Wheat DDGS
Opportunity cost of wheat DDGS (HQ)
Inclusion (%)
Availability
Variability Wheat DDGS (HQ)
Cattle
Wheat
Barley
wheatfeed
Soya meal
Rape meal
Lysine HCL
Threonine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Soya oil
Crude protein (%)
£/t
190
166
155
138
350
200
1120
1530
2480
12500
620
30-65kg
0
46
20
6.7
15.7
8
0.42
0.14
0.09
n/a
1.3
14.6
47.1
20
18.5
18.7
18.8
6
0.62
0.18
0.10
0.01
1.0
Insects are part of the diet of 2bn people
Beetles, 31%; caterpillars 18%; bees, wasps, ants 13%
Lunch 13.10 Hot Fork Buffet!
Desert locust
Thailand – 20,000 cricket farms – USD 3.5m
FCR 1.7-2.0
Availability of edible insects in Thailand
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Insect
Grasshopper, tortoise beetle, skipper
Adult red ant, dung beetle, scarab beetle, stink bug
Cicada, termites, dung beetles
Dung beetle, grasshopper
Ground cricket
Giant water bug, wood-boring beetle, diving beetle
Back swimmer, crawling water beetle, damselfly, spider
Bee hornet, wasp, beetle
Rhinoceros beetle, spider
Cricket
Long-horned beetle
Mole cricket, river swimmer, true water beetle, water
scavenger beetle, water scorpion beetle
Source: Yhoung-Aree and Viwatpanich, 2005.
Mealworm
Black soldier fly larvae
At 29°C, black soldier fly can develop from egg to adult in 38 days
House fly larvae
(maggot)
1 kg dry weight of insect meal contains approximately 200,000 housefly larvae
Insect meal
• “We throw away 20% of our food. This could
be a sustainable source for insect production
which on a global scale could produce 3 times
more protein than current soya protein
production”
• “Insect protein can replace the fishmeal in
salmon feeds”
•
Erik Jan Lock National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research
PROteINSECT
Insects as a sustainable source of protein
• PROteINSECT is a 3 year EC funded project (20132016) co-ordinated by FERA (Food & Environment
Research Agency) in the United Kingdom.
– The consortium has partners from Europe, Africa and Asia,
ranging from feed industry multinationals, research
centres and universities, to farmers and experts in policy
change and communications.
– Life cycle assessment, quality and safety
– www.proteinsect.eu
• GREENiNSECT – Kenya/Denmark
Insect meal
• Dutch feed company Coppens and Dutch insect
producer Protix Biosystems have signed an
agreement to include insect meal in livestock
feed when legislation allows
– Coppens agreed on the use of 200 tonnes insect fat
and 300 tonnes insect protein (black soldier fly)
– Kees Aarts from Protix, expects that the use of insect
meal will be allowed next summer
• Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed
security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. ISSN 02586150. 201 pages
Future formulations- insect meals
* High omega 3
Black
soldier fly
larvae
Housefly
maggot meal
Housefly
pupae meal
Mealworm*
DM (%)
91.3
92.4
92.1
92.0
Crude Protein (%)
42.1
50.4
70.8
48.6
Crude fibre (%)
7.0
5.7
15.7
Fat (%)
26.0
18.9
15.5
33.1
Ash (%)
20.6
10.1
7.7
2.8
GE (MJ/kg)
22.1
22.9
24.3
24.6
Lysine (% prot)
6.6
6.1
5.5
5.4
M+C (% prot)
2.2
2.9
2.4
2.3
Thr (% prot)
3.7
3.5
3.2
4.0
Tryp (% prot)
0.5
1.5
Valine (% prot)
8.2
4.0
4.2
6.0
Isoleucine (% prot)
5.1
3.2
3.4
4.6
Ref: Feedipedia
0.6
Future formulations- Algae?
• Algae are the most widespread of the photosynthetic
plants
– Filamentous algae
• Spirulina, spirogyra, cladophora
– Seaweeds
• Filamentous blue green algae 60-74% crude protein,
0.7-5.0% oil, 2-7% CF, 3-11% ash
• High omega 3 fatty acids
• Successfully used as a feed additive increasing
performance of fish (Japan, 0.5-5%) eg Nibbler
Harvesting algae and solving the worlds
obesity problem!
Future formulations?
Black
soldier
fly larvae
Housefly
pupae
meal
Hipro
Soya (S.A)
Fish
(S.A)
DM (%)
91.3
92.1
88.5
91
Crude Protein (%)
42.1
70.8
47.0
69
Crude fibre (%)
7.0
15.7
4.3
-
Fat (%)
26.0
15.5
2.6
9.5
Ash (%)
20.6
7.7
6.3
13.5
GE (MJ/kg)
22.1
24.3
17.4
19.6
Lysine (% prot)
6.6
5.5
6.1
7.2
M+C (% prot)
2.2
2.4
2.78
3.6
Thr (% prot)
3.7
3.2
3.9
4.0
Tryp (% prot)
0.5
1.36
1.03
Valine (% prot)
8.2
4.2
5.7
4.7
4.69
Isoleucine (% prot)
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.5
4.0
Chlorella
stigmatop
hora
39
13.4
4.9
Insect meals – Wikipedia; Algae - www.algae4feed.org; Soya/fish - Premier Atlas 2014
Summary
What might we be feeding in 2020?
Ingredient
Possibilities
Crystalline amino acids Increase likely but limited
Peas/beans/lupins
Limited, need circa 30-40% increase in pea/bean yield on
current analysis. Lupins much higher protein, agronomics
improving?
Rape seed meal
Huge potential. Complex science. Unlikely on this timescale
Yeast
Impact already as a specialist feed additive but unlikely to be
major dry feed ingredient
PAP
Limited. Consumer (and industry) acceptability. Price
DDGS
Limited. Worth more in ruminant. Subsidies? Variability
Insects
Excellent analysis and huge potential. Consumer
acceptability? Legislation? Economics? Timescale?
Algae
Excellent analysis. Economics? Interesting environmentally
A parting quiz
What connects the following?
$17/lb – now that’s added value!
Answer: Cannabis
8.9m Euro Danish project to look at hemp
- has to be low THC (psychoactive)
- Pre-weaning mortality, gut health post
weaning