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GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS
Sentence
Diagraming
To the Teacher
Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples,
exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of
grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence
and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels,
Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written
and spoken English.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted
to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be
reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families
without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products.
Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the
publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
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8787 Orion Place
Columbus, Ohio 43240
ISBN 0-07-824702-0
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00
PART I
Lesson
Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Simple subject and simple predicate
Understood subject
Lesson
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word
Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Lesson
3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson
4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson
5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Compound subject
Compound predicate
Compound subject and compound predicate
Lesson
6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Direct object
Lesson
7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson
8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lesson
9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Compound direct object
Indirect object
Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
Lesson 10
Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Adjectives
Lesson 11
Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Adverbs
Adverbs modifying verbs
Lesson 12
Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 13
Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lesson 14
Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Adverbs that modify other modifiers
Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Predicate noun
Lesson 15
Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Predicate adjective
Lesson 16
Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Compound subject complements
PART II
Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Lesson 17
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Lesson 18
Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lesson 19
Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appositives and appositive phrases
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
Lesson 20
Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Used to modify other prepositional phrases
Lesson 21
Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Lesson 22
Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Participles
Participial phrases
iii
Lesson 23
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lesson 24
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lesson 25
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Used as predicate nouns
Lesson 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Used as objects of prepositions
Lesson 27
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 28
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Lesson 29
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
Used as subjects
Lesson 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Used as direct objects
Lesson 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Used as predicate nouns
PART III
Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Lesson 32
Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Lesson 33
Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 34
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Clauses connected by a semicolon
Clauses connected by a conjunction
Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns
Lesson 35
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Adverb clauses that modify verbs
Lesson 36
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Lesson 37
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Lesson 38
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Introduced by that
Lesson 39
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Used as objects of prepositions
Lesson 40
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Used as predicate nouns
ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
iv
Simple Sentences
Lesson
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Simple subject and simple predicate
Understood subject
Lesson
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word
Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Lesson
3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson
4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson
5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Compound subject
Compound predicate
Compound subject and compound predicate
Lesson
6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Direct object
Lesson
7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson
8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lesson
9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Compound direct object
Indirect object
Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
Lesson 10
Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Adjectives
Lesson 11
Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Adverbs
Adverbs modifying verbs
Lesson 12
Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 13
Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lesson 14
Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Adverbs that modify other modifiers
Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects
Predicate noun
Lesson 15
Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Predicate adjective
Lesson 16
Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Compound subject complements
Sentence Diagraming
1
Name Date 1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I
A sentence diagram is a chart of a sentence. It shows how the words and parts
of a sentence relate to each other and to the sentence as a whole. To diagram
any sentence, begin with a diagram frame, like the one shown here. Make
the vertical line that cuts through the baseline
baseline
equally long above and below the baseline.
vertical line
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate
Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a
sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. The subject
of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate
appears on the right.
The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject.
The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential
thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and
simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical
line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line.
Example Robins fly.
Robins
fly
simple subject
simple predicate
In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence. However, leave out any
punctuation.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Understood Subject
In some sentences, the subject you is not stated, but it is understood. Place the
understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.
Example Sit.
(you)
Sit
(understood simple subject)
simple predicate
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Dolphins swim.
3. Turn.
2. Wait!
4. Tiffany jogs.
2
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II
Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More than One Word
A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a
compound noun, such as White House, or a person’s full name, such as President
William Henry Harrison. A simple predicate, or verb, may also have more than one
word. A main verb with its helping, or auxiliary, verbs is called a verb phrase. An
example is have been voting, in which the main verb is voting and the helping verbs
are have and been. In a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simple
predicate on the baseline on the correct side of the vertical rule.
Example Sojourner Truth was speaking.
Sojourner Truth
was speaking
simple subject
simple predicate
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order
In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the
main verb. An example is Was she crying? The simple subject, she, comes between
the words of the verb phrase, was crying. In a diagram, however, the locations of
the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same—the subject at
the left of the vertical line and the predicate at the right.
Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in
the original sentence but that punctuation is not used.
Example Is anyone listening?
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
anyone
Is listening
simple subject
simple predicate
EXERCISE 1 Diagram each sentence.
1. Hector has been exercising.
4. Hurry!
2. Did you forget?
5. Dr. Lee has been calling.
3. Ms. Alice Cummins interrupted.
6. Have guests been invited?
Sentence Diagraming
3
Name Date 2
Continued
7. Work!
8. Senator Adams will have retired.
9. Who called?
10. Did Aunt Emily go?
EXERCISE 2 In each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown in
boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence.
4. At the end of the race, drink
some water.
2. Were you planning to fix
the broken window?
5. Plants of many kinds are sold
at the garden center.
3. All year long, the Doans have been
remodeling their old house near
the seashore.
6. One of these statements is false.
4
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Sleet is falling on the
sidewalks and roads.
Name Date 3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I
A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a
single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, the subject or the
predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound
subject or predicate, its diagram still uses only one baseline. However, the baseline
is forked at the appropriate side to make space for more than one part.
Compound Subject
A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined
by a conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram
for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left
(subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part
of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and
write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top
and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as this example shows:
Example Trucks and tractors raced.
part 1 of compound subject
Trucks
part 2 of compound subject
tractors
conj.
and
raced
verb
If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or either . . . or is used, write one
word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line. Study this example:
part 1 of compound subject
trucks
raced
part 2 of compound subject
conj.
conj.
and
tractors
Both
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Example Both trucks and tractors raced.
verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Both Emma and Becky laughed.
3. Boaters and swimmers were rescued.
2. Was Phillip or Annette returning?
4. Either Jeremy or Mark was whispering.
Sentence Diagraming
5
Name Date 4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II
Compound Predicate
A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs
or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The
diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the
right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb,
draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example
below.
Example Icicles gleamed but dripped.
gleamed
dripped
conj.
simple subject
but
Icicles
part 1 of compound verb
part 2 of compound verb
If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line
and the fork, as in the next example.
Example Icicles were gleaming but dripping.
gleaming
simple subject
dripping
helping verb
conj.
were
but
Icicles
part 1 of compound verb
part 2 of compound verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
4. She either complains or criticizes.
2. Waves rose and fell.
5. Elaine paused but continued.
3. Stop and listen!
6. Skiers were slipping and falling.
6
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Rex was growling and biting.
Name Date 5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III
Compound Subject and Compound Predicate
Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram
for any of those sentences has a baseline that is forked on both ends, as in this
example.
Example Tracey and Donna strolled and shopped.
part 1 of compound subject
shopped
part 2 of compound subject
part 1 of compound verb
conj.
strolled
conj.
and
Donna
and
Tracey
part 2 of compound verb
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted.
5. Letters and packages were delivered
and opened.
2. Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and talked.
6. Was Diane or Joan singing?
3. Did Ernie and you stop and look?
7. Mayor Axon visited and spoke.
4. Neither Midnight nor Belle the Cat
scratches or bites.
8. Both Angela and Rudy have been
traveling but will return.
Sentence Diagraming
7
Name Date 6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I
Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action
verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other
elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action
verbs.
Direct Object
A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that
answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects.
Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may be direct objects.
To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the
baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical
line above the baseline only.
Example I like picnics.
I
like
picnics
subject
action verb
direct object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
5. Ants were bothering us.
2. Fran packed cookies.
6. Boys and girls played baseball.
3. Tony cooked hamburgers.
7. Both Max and I hit homers.
4. Did anyone bring napkins?
8. Has everyone had fun?
8
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Everyone brought food.
Name Date 7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II
Compound Direct Object
If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the
direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw
parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the
lines with a dotted vertical line at their left. Write the conjunction along that line.
Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the
baseline. Study this example.
Example Herbert roasted both corn and potatoes.
roasted
part 1 of direct object
subject
potatoes
action verb
conj.
conj.
Herbert
both
and
corn
part 2 of direct object
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Parks have tables and benches.
5. We saw neither rain nor clouds.
2. You use either grills or campfires.
6. Danelle and Gina had prepared salads
and rolls.
3. Did you drink juice or cola?
7. Mike ate both food and bugs.
4. Chang was swatting houseflies and
mosquitoes.
8. Campers should bring bedrolls and tents.
Sentence Diagraming
9
Name Date 8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what?
after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence with an indirect object also has a
direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and
the direct object.
To diagram a sentence with an indirect object, begin by diagraming the
subject, verb, and direct object. Then draw a line that slants down from the
baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the
indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.
Example Ranger O’Brien gives campers directions.
Ranger O'Brien
gives
directions
campers
subject
action verb
direct object
indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
4. Ms. Varsey told us stories.
2. He taught me birdcalls.
5. She handed everyone marshmallows.
3. We made ourselves dinner.
6. Roger lent Manny sunglasses.
10
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Mr. Norris assigned us jobs.
Name Date 9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV
Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects
In some sentences with a compound verb, all parts of the verb share a single direct
object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb
parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend the
baseline at the right to hold the shared direct object.
Example Campers examined and compared maps.
part 1 of compound verb
and
Campers
maps
subject
compared
conj.
examined
direct object
part 2 of compound verb
The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps.
In other sentences with a compound verb, a direct or an indirect object
completes only one part of the verb. To diagram that type of sentence, connect
the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example.
Example Steve drew maps and made us copies.
maps
subject
made
copies
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
us
conj.
Steve
and
drew
part 1 of compound verb
direct object
part 2 of compound verb
direct object
indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is related
to the correct verb or verb part.
1. Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice.
2. Campers collected and buried leftovers.
Sentence Diagraming
11
Name Date 9
Continued
3. Food can attract bears and bring campers problems.
4. Weather can help or hurt vacationers.
5. Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen spirits.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Have you camped or visited parks?
12
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 10
Adjectives and Adverbs I
In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, many sentences use modifiers. The
two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. An
adjective can tell what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples include
strong, this, three, and less. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In
addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because
they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are children’s, adults’, and Mrs.
Dean’s. Possessive pronouns include our, your, his, and her. In the example below,
every adjective is underlined.
Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more
adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective on a slant
line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same
word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in
the sentence.
Example Lucy’s older brother oiled her squeaky bicycle wheel.
brother
oiled
subject
wheel
verb
ct
iv
e
e
e
iv
iv
ct
ct
je
je
ad
ad
je
e
e
iv
e
y
iv
ct
ct
je
je
ad
ad
ad
cl
ak
cy
r
’s
r
ue
bi
sq
de
cy
he
ol
Lu
3
2
1
2
1
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
direct object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Those happy fans watched a great race.
2. Did the famous cyclist win first prize?
Sentence Diagraming
13
Name Date 10
Continued
3. Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event.
4. My cousin enjoys extreme sports.
5. That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Tough triathlons attract him.
7. Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills.
14
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 11
Adjectives and Adverbs II
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to what extent? In
the examples below, the adverbs are underlined.
To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant
line below the word it modifies.
Adverbs Modifying Verbs
In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the
verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these
examples, the adverb often takes two different positions. However, because often
modifies hosts in both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences are the same.
When diagraming a sentence in which two or more adverbs modify the verb,
place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence.
Example My family often hosts parties.
My family hosts parties often.
family
hosts
parties
subject
direct object
verb
ad
iv
rb
ct
ve
je
n
y
te
ad
of
M
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Cold winds howled noisily.
4. Soon, everyone was seated comfortably.
2. The Dawsons greeted their guests
warmly.
5. Had the Lopezes been there before?
3. Immediately, they hurried the guests
inside.
6. The visit ended early.
Sentence Diagraming
15
Name Date 12
Adjectives and Adverbs III
Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers
A single sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying
nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs.
Example Watchful explorers choose their paths carefully.
explorers
choose
subject
paths
direct object
verb
ad
je
ve
ct
iv
e
e
iv
rb
ct
fu
lly
ch
fu
r
je
ei
re
ad
ad
th
ca
at
W
l
Also, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram
an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line,
write the additional adverb on a slant line parallel to but slightly lower than the
slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line
at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbs very and extremely
modify the adjective watchful and the adverb carefully.
Example Very watchful explorers choose their paths extremely carefully.
explorers
choose
subject
paths
direct object
verb
ad
je
iv
rb
e
rb
e
ve
ct
ve
ad
iv
el
rb
lly
l
m
ve
ct
ad
fu
r
je
ad
ad
ei
re
fu
y
tre
ch
r
Ve
ex
at
th
ca
w
y
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Alarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everywhere.
2. The travelers looked about rather wearily.
16
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 12
Continued
3. Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast.
4. The usually energetic leader walked exceedingly slowly.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The group was entering a particularly dangerous area.
6. Suddenly, the least courageous member yelled shockingly loudly.
Sentence Diagraming
17
Name Date 13
Adjectives and Adverbs IV
Modifiers with Compound Subjects, Verbs, and Objects
In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe
one part of the compound element or all parts. What the modifier describes
affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below, immediately
modifies blew. In the second example, immediately modifies both verb parts. See
how the diagrams differ.
Examples The leader turned and immediately blew a whistle.
The leader immediately turned and blew a whistle.
part 1 of compound verb
turned
ad
e
whistle
je
Th
blew
conj.
subject
and
leader
direct object
part 2 of compound verb
ct
ad
ct
e
ia
iv
ed
rb
m
ve
je
e
ad
iv
a
im
te
ly
part 1 of compound verb
turned
ad
part 2 of compound verb
direct object
e
ad
rb
iv
iv
ly
ct
te
je
ia
a
ed
ct
ve
whistle
je
blew
conj.
subject
ad
m
e
im
Th
and
leader
e
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The cowardly explorer shivered
suddenly and fainted.
3. Both the book and its sequel
sold well.
2. Scary stories always frighten and
delight me.
4. The story fascinated adventurous
teens and adults.
18
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it
under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it
under the shared baseline.
Name Date 14
Subject Complements I
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase
describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be.
Other linking verbs are appear, sound, and feel. The word or phrase linked to the
subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject
complements: predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. They are diagramed the
same way.
Predicate Noun
A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames
or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives.
To diagram a sentence with a predicate noun, place the noun or pronoun on
the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb
and the predicate noun that ends at the baseline.
Example A parrot can be a good pet.
parrot
can be
subject
linking verb
predicate noun
ct
iv
e
e
e
iv
iv
ct
ct
je
je
ad
ad
je
od
ad
go
A
pet
a
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Kiwi is a yellow cockatiel.
3. Parrots are popular pets.
2. Cockatiels are parrots.
4. How long has Kiwi been Frank’s pet?
Sentence Diagraming
19
Name Date 15
Subject Complements II
Predicate Adjective
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further
describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs.
To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, place the adjective on the
baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and
the predicate adjective that ends at the baseline.
Example Many parrots are quite clever.
linking verb
predicate adjective
ad
rb
iv
y
ct
ve
je
an
subject
ite
M
clever
ad
are
qu
parrots
e
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
4. Kiwi seems smart.
2. Kiwi appears happy.
5. Are her tricks difficult?
3. Her birdcage is rather large.
6. Kiwi’s owner feels extremely fortunate.
20
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Frank’s cockatiel is very friendly.
Name Date 16
Subject Complements III
Compound Subject Complements
Both predicate nouns and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. The
diagram of a sentence with a compound subject complement has a baseline that is
forked at the right of the slant line. Study these examples.
Examples Today, our major parties are Republicans and Democrats.
The parties’ history is quite long and colorful.
part 1 of comp. predicate noun
parties
linking verb
subject
ad
ve
part 2 of comp. predicate noun
rb
e
e
or
iv
iv
ct
ct
je
je
ad
ad
Democrats
ay
aj
r
d
To
m
ou
and
are
conj.
Republicans
part 1 of comp. predicate adj.
long
subject
ad
ve
part 2 of comp. predicate adj.
rb
e
iv
ct
je
ad tive
c
je
es
ite
colorful
linking verb
ad
qu
r ti
e
pa
Th
and
is
conj.
history
’
In the second example, note how the adverb quite, which modifies both parts
of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before
the fork.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject
complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate
that word from the verb.
1. Political cartoons can be both funny and meaningful.
2. Their messages may be timely but durable.
Sentence Diagraming
21
Name Date 16
Continued
3. Teddy Roosevelt was both a strong president and a memorable public figure.
4. One cartoon showed Teddy and a cute bear.
5. The teddy bear is still popular and lovable.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Wartime political cartoons are often critical or inspirational.
22
Sentence Diagraming
Simple Sentences with Phrases
Lesson 17
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appositives and appositive phrases
Lesson 18
Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lesson 19
Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson 20
Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
Used to modify other prepositional phrases
Lesson 21
Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Participles
Lesson 22
Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lesson 23
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lesson 24
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Participial phrases
Used as subjects
Used as direct objects
Lesson 25
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Used as predicate nouns
Lesson 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Lesson 27
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 28
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Used as objects of prepositions
Used as adjectives
Used as adverbs
Lesson 29
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Used as subjects
Lesson 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Lesson 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Used as direct objects
Used as predicate nouns
Sentence Diagraming
23
Name Date 17
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in
the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive. To diagram a
sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it
identifies, and set it off in parentheses.
Example A California stagecoach driver, Charley Parkhurst, had a secret.
driver
(Charley Parkhurst)
had
secret
(appos.)
subject
verb
dir. object
ad
ad
je
ct
iv
e
e
e
e
iv
iv
iv
ct
ct
ct
je
je
je
ad
ad
a
h
ia
ac
rn
co
ifo
ge
al
sta
C
A
Example Legends describe that colorful character, Charley Parkhurst.
Legends
describe
character (Charley Parkhurst)
subj.
verb
dir. object (appos.)
ad
ct
e
e
iv
l
iv
ct
r fu
je
je
ad
lo
at
co
th
An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that
modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive
within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers
on slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified.
Example Parkhurst, a fearless driver, could handle almost any horse.
could handle
horse
subj. (appositive)
verb
dir. obj.
ad
ct
iv
t
rb
e
e
e
iv
iv
ve
ct
ct
ad
je
je
je
ad
os
ss
m
le
al
ar
y
ad
an
fe
a
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Charley Parkhurst was really Charlotte Parkhurst, an orphan.
2. Fifteen-year-old Charlotte, a tall, strong girl, left an unfriendly orphanage.
24
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Parkhurst (driver)
Name Date 17
Continued
3. She took a man’s job, stable hand.
4. She also took a man’s name, Charley.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Charley, the pretend man, became the first woman voter.
6. Her one vice, tobacco, gave Charley cancer.
7. Death finally revealed her secret, her womanhood.
Sentence Diagraming
25
Name Date 18
Prepositional Phrases I
A preposition is a word that indicates how a noun or pronoun relates to some
other word in its sentence. Examples include before, throughout, and with. Some
prepositions are made up of more than one word, such as in front of and except for.
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object, and any
modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “before the storm,”
“during heavy rain,” and “in front of an old barn.” Prepositional phrases may act
as adjectives or as adverbs.
Used as Adjectives
To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a
slant line below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition
on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line
should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition
has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object.
Example Most people in Emma’s class like rock music.
people
music
like
verb
direct object
ad
ct
ct
t
iv
e
iti
e
os
iv
ep
je
pr
je
ck
ad
ro
os
in
M
class
subject
on
Em
m
s
a’
object of preposition
ad
je
ct
iv
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Posters throughout the city announced the rock concert.
2. Holders of particular tickets would also receive passes to backstage areas.
26
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 18
Continued
3. Will you get tickets for the show?
4. Spotlights in many different colors lit the stage.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The loudspeakers behind my ears blared announcements about souvenirs.
6. Could you see the drummer with long blond hair?
Sentence Diagraming
27
Name Date 19
Prepositional Phrases II
Used as Adverbs
A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is diagramed the same way as one used
as an adjective. Study this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb.
The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object is placed on the
adjoining horizontal line. Note that the phrase is placed beneath the verb
modified.
Example The science lab was displayed on Parents’ Night.
lab
subject
was displayed
pr
ad
ep
je
je
on
e
e
iti
iv
iv
e
os
ct
ct
nc
e
ie
ad
on
sc
Th
Parents’ Night
verb
object of preposition
If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place
it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared
baseline.
Example On that night, my mother came and saw the school.
part 1 of compound verb
subject
pr
ep
part 2 of compound verb
direct object
.
e
obj. of prep.
j.
th
n
night
ad
O
school
j.
y
saw
ad
m
and
mother
conj.
came
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
j.
at
ad
th
As shown above, a prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always
immediately follow the verb. You can identify a phrase used as an adverb if it
answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur?
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Before Parents’ Night, we practiced our experiments.
2. Mrs. Sanchez wrote precise instructions on the chalkboard.
28
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 19
Continued
3. Turtles and frogs crawled over the aquarium rocks.
4. A gray mouse slept quietly inside a cardboard tube.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The teams performed the experiments with great care.
6. We recorded data and observations in our lab notebooks.
Sentence Diagraming
29
Name Date 20
Prepositional Phrases III
Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed
like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object
of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example.
Example Boaters in canoes raced down the river through the Scout camp.
Boaters
subject
raced
pr
.
obj. of prep.
ep
river
.
n
ep
w
pr
do
in
canoes
verb
obj. of prep.
pr
ad
.
ug
ep
j.
ro
e
th
th
h
camp
obj. of prep.
ad
j.
j.
ad
ou
e
Sc
th
t
In this example, the prepositional phrase “down the river” tells where the
boaters raced, so it is placed under the verb raced. The prepositional phrase
“through the Scout camp” tells which river, so it is placed under the object
of the first phrase, river.
Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to
determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase
under the word it modifies.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The race was held on a day with threats of rain.
2. Danny rowed with a winner of the previous race.
30
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 20
Continued
3. Near the end of the race, dark clouds filled the sky.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Danny and his partner sped to the goal at the fork in the river.
5. Immediately, the rowers in all of the other boats stopped.
Sentence Diagraming
31
Name Date 21
Participles and Participial Phrases I
Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that
functions in a sentence as an adjective. Participles may be either present or past.
Present participles end in –ing. Most past participles end in –ed, but some have
irregular forms.
Participles
To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the
participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and
extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the
angle of the line, as shown in this example.
Example Growling, the monster charged the wounded hero.
charged
monster
hero
verb
subject
direct object
j.
a r ti
p
ad
j.
c i ple
ad
a r ti
p
e
o u n ded
w
th
e
r o w li n g
th
G
c i ple
Irregular participles such as risen or caught may not be recognized easily.
Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The hero swung a broken branch at the creature.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Defeated, the monster fled from the relieved fighter.
3. The satisfied crowd soon left the crowded theater.
32
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 22
Participles and Participial Phrases II
Participial Phrases
As a form of verbs, participles may take direct objects, indirect objects, predicate
nouns, and predicate adjectives. They may also be modified by adverbs and
prepositional phrases. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any
complements it may have, and all words and phrases that modify the participle
and its complements.
To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line.
Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding
them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the
correct element of the participial phrase.
Example Cheerfully whistling a tune, Jacob walked to the store.
walked
Jacob
ep
.
ci ple
dir. obj. of participle
obj. of preposition
j.
j.
v.
he
ad
a
C
ad
ad
a r ti
p
e
tune
store
th
tli n g
pr
to
w
h is
verb
subject
er
fu
lly
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Participial phrases can occur almost anywhere in a sentence. Be sure to identify
which word is modified by each participial phrase, and diagram the phrase so that
the participle extends below that word.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Looking over his shoulder, Jacob spotted a large dog.
2. The dog, barking furiously, chased the frightened boy.
Sentence Diagraming
33
Name Date 22
Continued
3. Thinking quickly, Jacob jumped over a fence.
4. The confused dog stopped, giving the exhausted boy a rest.
5. Surprised, he noticed the dog’s wagging tail.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Jacob, holding his breath, opened the gate.
34
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 23
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I
A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A
gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the
gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in
sentences wherever nouns may be used.
In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The
stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put
a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used.
Used as Subjects
To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the
baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and
curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements,
and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line.
Example Giving speeches frightens some people.
Givin
g
geru
nd
speeches
frightens
people
direct object of gerund
verb
direct object
j.
m
ad
so
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. Jogging tires me quickly.
2. Hearing that joke reminds me of a funny story.
Sentence Diagraming
35
Name Date 24
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II
Used as Direct Objects
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, draw a
stilt on the baseline where the direct object is usually placed. Draw a stepped line,
as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any
complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line.
Example Armando enjoys solving difficult riddles.
solvin
g
geru
nd
riddles
cu
subject
verb
j.
ffi
enjoys
ad
di
Armando
direct object of gerund
lt
Both gerunds and present participles end in –ing. However, gerunds act as nouns,
while participles act as adjectives. Test for gerunds by asking this question: Can
the verb form be replaced with the pronoun it? If so, that verb form is a gerund.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. My whole family enjoyed watching the fireworks display.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. I remember being lifted by my father for a better view.
36
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 25
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III
Used as Predicate Nouns
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate noun, place
a stilt on the baseline where the predicate noun belongs, following a slant line.
Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any
other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.
Example My least favorite chore has always been washing windows.
washi
ng
chore
geru
nd
windows
has been
subject
dir. obj. of gerund
linking verb
ad
v.
j.
s
ad
j.
ay
ad
w
t
v.
e
as
rit
le
vo
y
ad
al
fa
M
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Use the correct line before each gerund—straight or
slanted—to indicate whether it is used as a direct object or as a predicate noun.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The first step of any job is finding the right tools.
2. The tired workers stopped doing their best.
3. Elena’s hobby was repairing dolls.
Sentence Diagraming
37
Name Date 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV
Used as Objects of Prepositions
To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a
preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that
preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the
preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund
over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to
the stepped line. Study this example.
Example The people cheered us for entertaining them.
people
cheered
us
subject
verb
dir. obj.
pr
ep
r
them
j.
fo
e
ing
ad
Th
entert
a in
gerun
d
dir. obj. of gerund
.
Whenever you find a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it
with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a
diagram. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first how each gerund is used, and place
the stilt for the gerund in the correct place.
1. You win this game by popping five balloons.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The library has a policy against talking loudly.
3. Marsha dreams of competing in the Olympics.
38
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 26
Continued
4. I found the instructions for assembling the unit.
5. Skiing in Colorado has been extremely enjoyable.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Maynard’s habit of finding lost coins is uncanny.
7. Tutoring younger children prepares you for becoming a teacher.
Sentence Diagraming
39
Name Date 27
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I
An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually
preceded by the word to. An example is “to tell.” An infinitive phrase is made
up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its
complements. An example is “to tell a friend the news.” Infinitives and infinitive
phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
Used as Adjectives
Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives are diagramed in the same way
as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the noun
or pronoun modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a
horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study
this example.
Examples Band members announced their decision to tour again.
members
announced
decision
subject
verb
“t
o”
j.
j.
ad
ad
r
nd
ei
to
th
Ba
tour
dir. obj.
infinitive (base form)
ai
v.
n
ad
ag
The infinitive phrase “to tour again” tells what kind of decision. It acts as an
adjective modifying decision.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The audience shouted demands to play favorite songs.
2. On tour, musicians need the ability to sleep at odd hours.
3. An overnight bag to hold essential items is a necessity.
40
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 28
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II
Used as Adverbs
Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives and those used as adverbs are
diagramed in the same way. Write the word to on a slant line below the word
modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line
drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Here is an example.
Examples Eager fans competed to buy tickets to the show.
subject
competed
fans
o”
j.
ge
tickets
“t
ad
to
Ea
buy
verb
r
infinitive
to
dir. obj. of infinitive
pr
show
ep
.
th
e
obj. of prep.
ad
j.
In the example, the infinitive phrase “to buy tickets” tells how or why the fans
competed. It acts as an adverb, modifying competed.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. To get closer to the stage, some audience members pushed others.
2. Guards at the auditorium worked to prevent injuries.
3. The band played two encores to show their appreciation.
Sentence Diagraming
41
Name Date 29
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III
Used as Subjects
To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first
identify its role in the sentence. If the phrase is used as a subject, draw a stilt on
the baseline where the subject belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the
stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line, as in the example
below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the
horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add
complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study
this example.
Examples To build the largest ship was the engineer’s goal.
o"
"T
To
build
ship
infinitive
dir. obj. of infinitive
j.
j.
ad
ad
rg
e
la
th
es
t
was
verb
goal
pred. noun
gi
e
en
th
ne
er
’s
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. In good weather, to ride a bike to school saves time.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. To buy a secondhand bike was a wise decision.
3. To change this tire will take twenty minutes.
42
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV
Used as Direct Objects
To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a direct
object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object belongs. Next, draw a
horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal
line. See the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form
of the verb on the horizontal line. (Place the verb form directly above the stilt.)
Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line.
In this example, the infinitive phrase is the direct object of the sentence.
Examples Jean asked me to go with her.
“t
o”
to
go
infinitive
subject
me
verb
.
her
ep
ith
asked
pr
w
Jean
object of prep.
indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Callers to the station asked to hear your song.
2. The child refused to eat broccoli.
3. None of my friends can afford to buy every new video game.
Sentence Diagraming
43
Name Date 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V
Used as Predicate Nouns
An infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a predicate noun is diagramed the same
way as one used as a direct object, except that it follows a slant line after the verb
rather than a vertical line. Study this example. Note where the word to and the
base form of the verb are placed.
Examples Dean’s long-range plan is to run his own business.
o”
n
ow
s
infinitive
dir. obj. of inf.
hi
is
business
“t
to
plan
run
subject
verb
ad
j.
-ra
’s
j.
ng
an
ad
lo
De
ng
e
EXERCISE Identify the role of the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence, and then
diagram the sentence.
1. Alicia’s hobby is to ride trail horses.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The purpose of this booklet is to explain pet licenses.
3. To stick to the exact truth took courage.
44
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 31
Continued
4. Everybody wanted to see the parade.
5. One aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of this disease.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. To increase sales at the store will not be easy.
7. Your first step is to notify the police of the theft.
Sentence Diagraming
45
Compound and Complex Sentences
Lesson 32
Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Clauses connected by a semicolon
Lesson 33
Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 34
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 35
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Clauses connected by a conjunction
Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns
Adverb clauses that modify verbs
Lesson 36
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Used as subjects
Lesson 37
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Lesson 38
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 39
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Used as direct objects
Introduced by that
Used as objects of prepositions
Lesson 40
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Used as predicate nouns
Sentence Diagraming
47
Name Date 32
Compound Sentences I
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a
part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a
simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone.
A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate
clauses. The clauses are joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction.
In a diagram of a compound sentence, each independent clause is diagramed
separately; then the clauses are connected. The type of connection used depends
on whether the clauses are joined by a semicolon or a conjunction.
Clauses Connected by a Semicolon
When two main clauses in a compound sentence are joined by a semicolon, first
diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence.
Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here.
Example Folktales are always popular; you have probably heard many of them.
Folktales
are
popular
verb
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
al
MAIN CLAUSE #1
w
ay
s
you
have heard
many
of
pr
ob
them
ab
ly
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.
1. Some folktales have been told for generations; many different versions exist.
2. In many tales, animals talk; they stand for humans.
48
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 32
Continued
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. In some tales, the animals are wise; in others, they are foolish or selfish.
4. Writers in various countries have made collections of folktales; the Grimm brothers are among
these writers.
Sentence Diagraming
49
Name Date 33
Compound Sentences II
Clauses Connected by a Conjunction
When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction
such as and, but, or or, first diagram each clause separately. Next, write the
conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw
vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown
in this example.
Example Do you like scary stories, or do they give you nightmares?
you
Do like
stories
MAIN CLAUSE #1
verb
sc
do give
nightmares
conj.
y
ar
they
or
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
you
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.
1. In very old English tales, Grendel was a terrible monster, and his mother was equally horrible.
50
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Grendel terrorized the countryside, but finally the hero Beowulf stopped him.
Name Date 33
Continued
3. In the Odyssey, Scylla and Charybdis were monstrous neighbors, and sailors feared them.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Scylla tore ships apart, or Charybdis pulled them and their crews underwater.
Sentence Diagraming
51
Name Date 34
Complex Sentences with Adjective or
Adverb Clauses I
A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part
of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple
sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are
three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses.
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses. The diagram of a complex sentence depends on the type of subordinate
clause it includes.
Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in
the main clause. Most adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who,
whom, whose, that, and which).
Always begin the diagram of a complex sentence by diagraming the
independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the
subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect
the two clauses. To connect a main clause and an adjective clause that begins with
a relative pronoun, draw a dotted line between the introductory pronoun and the
word in the main clause that the adjective clause modifies. Study this example.
Example Geologists are scientists who study rocks.
Geologists
are
study
rocks
MAIN CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
modified noun
relative pronoun
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. Evidence that is found in rocks shows changes in the earth.
2. Information about the center of the earth is found in lava, which is rock from volcanoes.
52
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
who
scientists
Name Date 34
Continued
3. Valerie, who is the daughter of a geologist, shares his love of rocks.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. She also learns about the field from other geologists who work with her father.
Sentence Diagraming
53
Name Date 35
Complex Sentences with Adjective or
Adverb Clauses II
Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective,
or an adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating
conjunctions such as these: after, before, because, as, as if, as soon as, in order that,
until, although, when, where, and whenever. An adverb clause that modifies a main
clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why.
To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first
diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next, diagram
the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a
dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants
down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, write the conjunction on the
dotted line.
Study this example.
Example Although land on Earth looks solid, the continents are actually moving.
continents
are moving
MAIN CLAUSE
modified verb
ac
co
nj
ly
gh
.
ou
al
th
tu
e
Al
th
land
looks
solid
ADVERB CLAUSE
verb
on
Earth
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins
with the main clause. The adverb clause “Although land on Earth looks solid”
modifies are moving.
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. Continents move because massive plates under them shift.
2. Where two plates collide, land on one plate may push over the other.
54
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 35
Continued
3. If you could watch the collision for millions of years, you would see the growth of a
mountain.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. When two plates pull away from each other suddenly, an earthquake results.
Sentence Diagraming
55
Name Date 36
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used
wherever nouns are used. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as
who, whom, and whatever. Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where,
and why.
Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is a part of the main clause.
It is diagramed within the main clause. How this is done depends on how the
noun clause is used in the sentence.
Used as Subjects
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw a
diagram frame for the main clause. Draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject
belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on
that baseline, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt.
Study these examples.
Example Whatever you decide is fine.
you
decide
Whatever
fine
is
NOUN CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
Example How we get there is your problem.
we
get
NOUN CLAUSE
er
e
ow
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
th
H
is
MAIN CLAUSE
problem
yo
ur
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. Whoever made this pottery did a good job.
2. When the plane will actually depart has not yet been announced.
56
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 36
Continued
3. How a room is furnished affects its noise level.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What the detective discovered about her client raised new questions.
5. Why rust forms on metal is easily explained.
Sentence Diagraming
57
Name Date 37
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II
Used as Direct Objects
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, begin
with a diagram frame for the main clause. Fill in the subject, the verb, and a
vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main
clause baseline where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second
baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the
noun clause immediately above the stilt, as shown in the following example.
Example Mr. Denton taught us how plants make sugar.
make
plants
sugar
ho
w
Mr. Denton
NOUN CLAUSE
NOUN CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
taught
us
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
1. The engineers finally discovered who caused the oil spill.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. At the buffet, take whatever you want.
3. That dog licks whomever it meets.
58
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 38
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III
Introduced by That
The word that is a special introductory word. It often appears before a noun
clause, but it doesn’t always have to.
In this example, the noun clause has no introductory word.
Example Everyone says time travel is impossible.
travel
is
impossible
tim
MAIN CLAUSE
e
Everyone
NOUN CLAUSE
says
A noun clause may begin with the word that. Usually, however, that introduces a
noun clause without being part of it—as in the example below. To diagram a
complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its
own solid line above the verb of the noun clause. Draw a vertical dotted line from
that to the verb of the noun clause.
Example Everyone says that time travel is impossible.
“that”
that
travel
is
impossible
NOUN CLAUSE
tim
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
MAIN CLAUSE
Everyone
says
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
1. The police officer claimed the car had been speeding.
2. That I could even surf was incredible.
Sentence Diagraming
59
Name Date 38
Continued
3. The reporter noted that Rocky fouled fourteen pitches in a row.
4. We regret that we arrived late.
5. That the club has powerful members gives it influence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. We hope you will get well soon.
60
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 39
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV
Used as Objects of Prepositions
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a
preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Under the word
modified by the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause, draw a long slant
line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the
preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally,
diagram the noun phrase on the second baseline. Study this example.
Example Terry made a list of whatever supplies we needed.
Terry
made
list
a
we
needed
supplies
w
of
ha
te
ve
r
MAIN CLAUSE
NOUN CLAUSE
NOUN CLAUSE
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Give this fruit to whoever wants it.
2. Researchers were puzzled by how cave dwellers had made paintings on the cave wall.
Sentence Diagraming
61
Name Date 39
Continued
3. I read a book about how organic food is grown.
4. Your school work is affected by how late you stay up at night.
5. The kitten ran to whoever rang the bell.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Despite what her stepmother told her, Cinderella had hope.
62
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 40
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V
Used as Predicate Nouns
To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate noun, first
diagram the subject and verb of the main clause. Then draw a slant line after the
verb to separate it from the predicate noun. Place a stilt on the main clause
baseline where the predicate noun belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second
baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example.
Example A long vacation is what you need.
you
vacation
need
is
what
NOUN CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
lo
A
ng
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Tomorrow is when we leave.
2. This hammer is what I need for my construction project.
3. My wish is that I can visit a kelp forest someday.
Sentence Diagraming
63
9. Who
PART I
Lesson 1 Simple Subjects
and Simple Predicates I
10. Aunt Emily
1.
Dolphins
(you)
Wait
1.
Sleet
2.
(you)
Turn
2.
you
3.
Tiffany
3.
Doans
4.
4.
(you)
5.
Plants
6.
One
Exercise 2
jogs
Exercise 1
1.
Hector
2.
you
3.
Ms. Alice Cummins
4.
(you)
5.
Dr. Lee
has been exercising
is falling
Were planning
have been remodeling
drink
are sold
is
Did forget
interrupted
Lesson 3 Compound Subjects
and Compound Predicates I
Emma
Becky
Both
and
1.
Hurry
or
guests
laughed
Phillip
has been calling
2.
6.
Did go
swim
Lesson 2 Simple Subjects
and Simple Predicates II
Was returning
Annette
Have been invited
Boaters
7.
(you)
Work
and
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
called
3.
were rescued
swimmers
8.
Senator Adams
will have retired
Jeremy
Mark
Sentence Diagraming
Either
or
4.
was whispering
65
Ernie
you
growling
Midnight
Waves
and
2.
Belle the Cat
delivered
opened
packages
Stop
and
Diane
listen
complains
either
or
She
Was singing
or
6.
4.
were
and
5.
(you)
Joan
visited
criticizes
7.
Mayor Axon
paused
Elaine
spoke
but
5.
bites
Letters
fell
3.
or
4.
rose
Neither
nor
biting
scratches
and
was
look
and
Rex
and
1.
Did
and
3.
stop
and
Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound
Predicates II
Angela
have been traveling
continued
Rudy
Skiers
were
falling
Lesson 5 Compound Subjects
and Compound Predicates III
Nick
and
1.
and
swept
dusted
Lawanna
Tina
66
and
Mr. Lopez
and
2.
fished
talked
will return
Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I
brought
food
1.
Everyone
2.
Fran
packed
cookies
3.
Tony
cooked
hamburgers
4.
anyone
5.
Ants
Did bring
napkins
were bothering
us
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6.
and
slipping
but
Both
and
8.
food
Boys
7.
ate
Mike
both
and
baseball
played
and
6.
girls
bugs
bedrolls
Max
I
8.
fun
Has had
everyone
8.
1.
2.
and
1.
use
either
or
You
Mr. Norris
assigned
He
taught
birdcalls
me
3.
We
made
dinner
ourselves
campfires
4.
Ms. Varsey
told
Did drink
5.
or
you
She
handed
was swatting
and
Chang
marshmallows
everyone
houseflies
6.
Roger
lent
sunglasses
Manny
mosquitoes
5.
We
saw
neither
nor
rain
clouds
salads
6.
had prepared
Gina
Sentence Diagraming
and
Danelle
and
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
cola
4.
stories
us
juice
3.
jobs
benches
grills
2.
tents
us
tables
have
should bring
Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III
Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II
Parks
Campers
and
homers
hit
Both
and
7.
rolls
67
3.
people
re
at
ce
th
nt
ia
y
us
an
sti
Rangers
and
c
1.
hikes
event
th
M
led
attended
en
Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV
gave
advice
4.
cousin
enjoys
sports
ex
y
tre
M
hikers
m
e
collected
Campers
and
2.
leftovers
teenager
climbs
mountains
ep
nt
at
ve
ste
ad
Th
buried
5.
ur
bears
bring
problems
ou
attract
s
can
Food
and
3.
6.
triathlons
7.
activities
him
u
To
campers
attract
gh
help
Weather
vacationers
give
thrills
em
him
nourishment
plants
Rain
Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II
but
5.
s
gives
spirits
1.
winds
parks
2.
Dawsons
3.
they
4.
everyone
howled
no
C
or
visited
ly
Have
d
you
isi
ol
camped
r
m
ly
hurried
guests
th
e
ed
sid
e
in
m
t
y
e
pp
os
ea
Im
gr
a
cyclist
race
ei
ar
e
watched
ha
2.
Th
fans
th
w
Th
Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I
1.
guests
greeted
ia
te
ly
Did win
prize
fir
st
m
e
fa
th
ou
was seated
fo
on
m
So
co
s
r ta
bl
y
68
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
can dampen
6.
le
ou
ab
er
or
ng
hurt
m
or
can
Da
4.
5.
Lopezes
Had been
Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV
e
e
fo
er
be
th
th
shivered
re
su
dd
explorer
and
1.
ly
ended
en
ar
e
rly
e
w
Th
ea
Th
dl
fainted
y
Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III
bushes
blocked
path
2.
me
y
ay
ar
w
delight
s
he
gl
re
in
t
m
os
yw
m
ar
y
book
3.
el
l
ea
its
er
y
th
ril
t
ra
ou
path
fa
a
sh
cleared
sold
w
sequel
w
ab
e
hatchets
e
looked
Both
and
th
travelers
Th
3.
al
Sc
e
er
al
k
Al
ic
th
ev
th
2.
stories
and
1.
frighten
teens
st
story
fascinated
ad
e
adults
ve
Th
nt
ur
y
y
bl
el
ka
m
ar
tre
m
p
re
ar
Ex
4.
and
visit
co
6.
ou
leader
walked
w
ly
ce
ed
lly
tic
ua
ge
ex
er
us
e
slo
en
Th
in
gl
y
5.
group
area
was entering
da
a
la
s
cu
ou
r ti
er
pa
e
ng
Th
rly
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
s
4.
6.
member
yelled
lo
Su
ud
oc
ng
ly
us
ki
en
ly
sh
dd
t
eo
as
ag
le
ur
e
co
th
ly
Sentence Diagraming
69
Lesson 14 Subject Complements I
Kiwi
is
funny
ye
cockatiel
a
llo
1.
cartoons
can be
w
Po
both
and
1.
Lesson 16 Subject Complements III
lit
meaningful
ic
Cockatiels
are
al
2.
parrots
timely
Parrots
are
pets
2.
messages
may be
durable
r
la
ei
pu
Th
po
but
3.
r
Kiwi
has been
president
pet
s
k’
ow
both
and
was
g
an
ng
H
Teddy Roosevelt
on
Fr
lo
3.
str
a
4.
figure
bl
or
ic
em
pu
m
a
Lesson 15 Subject Complements II
ab
cockatiel
is
le
friendly
ve
an
ry
Fr
Teddy
s
k’
4.
appears
happy
ne
Kiwi
showed
O
bear
cu
a
2.
cartoon
and
1.
te
birdcage
is
large
5.
bear
5.
tricks
Are
difficult
critical
cartoons
of
ic
n
lit
inspirational
al
tim
e
feels
te
po
ar
W
r
owner
are
or
6.
he
6.
lovable
y
smart
ll
dd
e
seems
sti
te
Th
4.
Kiwi
is
and
er
er
th
H
ra
popular
fortunate
ex
w
m
el
i’s
tre
Ki
y
70
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
PART II
Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I
Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive
Phrases
1.
ro
e
ck
th
ug
ho
Charlotte Parkhurst (orphan)
ut
Charlotte ( g i r l )
ro
2.
th
was
concert
announced
city
an
Charley Parkhurst
re
1.
Posters
e
ly
th
al
left
orphanage
2.
Holders
passes
would receive
so
to
al
en
g
ck
cu
ge
r ti
sta
ld
pa
r-o
ba
ea
y
-y
dl
en
of
fri
on
ll
fte
un
an
str
ta
a
Fi
areas
tickets
(hand)
job
r
took
la
She
e
’s
bl
an
sta
m
a
3.
3.
you
tickets
Will get
fo
r
She
took
name (Charley)
show
th
4.
e
m
a
so
an
al
’s
4.
colors
e
voter
became
stage
lit
th
Charley (m a n)
in
5.
Spotlights
re
ffe
di y
d
an
an
om
en
st
m
w
fir
e
e
et
th
pr
th
vice
(tobacco)
gave
cancer
5.
loudspeakers
t
ears
souvenirs
m
secret (womanhood)
ou
nd
revealed
ab
hi
e
y
7.
Death
announcements
blared
be
Th
Charley
e
er
on
H
he
r
r
al
he
fin
ly
6.
you
Could see
drummer
w
e
ith
th
hair
on
d
ng
Sentence Diagraming
bl
lo
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
nt
6.
71
Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II
1.
we
Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III
experiments
practiced
1.
race
was held
on
r
Th
ou
e
Be
day
w
ith
re
a
fo
Parents' Night
threats
of
2.
Mrs. Sanchez
rain
instructions
wrote
pr
ec
Danny
rowed
w
on
ise
2.
ith
winner
chalkboard
of
a
th
race
e
ev
e
pr
th
io
us
Turtles
crawled
3.
clouds
filled
th
e
ea
rk
rocks
sky
N
er
frogs
da
ov
and
3.
r
of
race
e
riu
th
ua
e
aq
th
end
m
th
e
4.
mouse
slept
in
e
sid
tly
ie
ay
qu
gr
A
Danny
4.
rd
goal
at
th
e
d
s
ar
hi
bo
fork
e
5.
gr
Im
all
m
ed
ia
of
te
boats
ly
ot
e
he
th
r
and
stopped
in
e
t
recorded
rowers
th
ea
We
e
e
e
ith
th
w
Th
care
data
6.
river
th
experiments
performed
in
th
5.
teams
observations
in
notebooks
b
r
la
ou
72
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
to
ca
a
partner
sped
and
tube
Lesson 21 Participles and Participal Phrases I
w
ag
g'
s
ging
gate
th
e
breath
hi
s
fro
e
m
fighter
e li
r
th
e
3.
ing
fled
th
e f e ate d
do
h
e
old
monster
D
opened
Jacob
6.
th
2.
ed
b
e
r o ken
a
at
Th
creature
p ris
e
branch
tail
th
ur
S
1.
swung
hero
noticed
he
5.
left
Joggi n
g
theater
c
e
e
on
ro
th
so
s
Th
crowd
a ti
s fie d
Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I
e ved
w ded
tires
1.
me
qu
ic
kl
y
Lesson 22 Participles and Participal Phrases II
1.
spotted
Heari
ng
dog
joke
la
L
a
Jacob
oo
kin g
at
e
th
rg
ov
er
shoulder
reminds
s
of
hi
2.
me
story
htene
d
fu
rio
Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II
us
ly
display
fir
ew
e
or
enjoyed
ks
w
y
ho
fence
M
er
king
family
1.
ov
hin
g
th
3.
watch
in
jumped
Jacob
T
le
a
qu
ic
kl
y
stopped
2.
I
remember
father
view
be
a
rest
y
g
m
vin
r
e
gi
fo
c
dog
on
fuse
d
being
lifte d
by
4.
Th
tte
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
y
rig
f
e
e
kin g
boy
nn
chased
th
Th
dog
b ar
fu
a
2.
r
a
boy
e
th
e
Sentence Diagraming
xh
a u ste
d
73
Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III
4.
I
found
instructions
assem
b
th
e
fo
findin
g
r
ling
unit
th
tools
e
ht
e
is
rig
th
step
1.
of
fir
e
st
Th
Skiing
job
y
in
an
has been
5.
doing
Colorado
enjoyable
ex
best
tre
m
r
stopped
y
ei
Th
workers
t ir e
el
th
2.
e
d
6.
habit
is
uncanny
M
na
dolls
findin
g
rd
g
of
ay
repai r
in
's
coins
lo
st
hobby
3.
was
El
en
s
a’
Tutori
ng
children
yo
un
win
game
7.
teacher
you
is
balloons
r
by
fo
th
poppi
ng
prepares
becom
ing
a
You
r
1.
ge
Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV
e
2.
has
policy
shouted
audience
demands
to
Th
ns
e
ai
e
ag
a
Th
1.
talkin
g
songs
play
t
rit
ly
vo
ud
fa
lo
e
3.
Marsha
dreams
2.
need
musicians
ability
to
tour
e
n
ting
th
O
of
comp
e
sleep
at
in
Olympics
hours
od
e
d
th
is
bag
3.
necessity
a
ov
to
er
An
ni
gh
hold
items
t
es
se
nt
ia
l
74
Sentence Diagraming
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
fiv
Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases I
library
Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases II
pushed
members
others
to
1.
Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases IV
Callers
asked
ur
1.
er
to
os
to
cl
ce
stage
song
yo
To
en
e
di
m
au
so
get
hear
station
th
th
e
e
worked
Guards
2.
to
to
at
auditorium
injuries
prevent
th
e
played
refused
encores
e
band
child
broccoli
Th
3.
2.
eat
tw
to
e
o
Th
to
buy
game
appreciation
3.
None
can afford
o
de
vi
w
ne
y
er
ev
show
of
th
ei
friends
r
m
y
Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases III
to
bike
ride
saves
In
time
weather
go
od
To
bike
buy
se
a
co
nd
ha
decision
nd
was
2.
w
a
ise
To
change
tire
th
is
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
a
to
school
3.
will take
minutes
tw
en
ty
Sentence Diagraming
75
to
Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V
disease
th
is
of
ne
il
is
is
O
tra
hobby
aim
5.
of
to
1.
horses
ride
awareness
raise
campaign
ia
e
ic
th
Al
’s
To
to
licenses
increase
sales
at
pe
is
t
purpose
store
th
2.
explain
e
of
Th
e
booklet
will be
th
6.
easy
no
is
t
to
To
stick
notify
police
of
is
theft
e
step
th
st
e
fir
t
u
Yo
ac
e
ex
th
7.
th
to
truth
r
3.
took
courage
to
see
parade
th
wanted
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
76
Everybody
e
4.
Sentence Diagraming
PART III
Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II
Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I
1.
Grendel
was
monster
bl
e
ua
s
lly
talk
2.
Grendel
terrorized
e
tales
but
m
stand
countryside
th
In
an
they
rri
eq
hi
nt
animals
te
horrible
was
re
y
ffe
an
di
m
2.
ish
mother
gl
d ry
ve
r
generations
exist
En
ol
fo
and
e
versions
a
tales
In
have been told
m
folktales
So
1.
y
fo
hero (Beowulf)
r
him
stopped
al
e
fin
th
humans
ly
3.
animals
are
wise
e
In
th
Scylla
tales
m
e
str
ou
or
s
have made
collections
folktales
4.
Scylla
tore
ships
ar
t
va
or
them
ap
of
countries
feared
sailors
selfish
others
Writers
in
them
rio
Charybdis
are
un
de
brothers
pulled
and
us
crews
r
er
g
m
on
ei
at
th
rw
am
rim
e
G
th
writers
th
es
e
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
on
e
in
4.
and
th
are
Odyssey
m
foolish
they
neighbors
In
Charybdis
were
and
so
3.
Sentence Diagraming
77
Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I
1.
shows
Evidence
changes
in
is found
e
in
2.
th
that
earth
rocks
Information
is found
in
ab
ou
lava
t
center
of
th
which
is
e
earth
rock
fro
e
m
th
3.
shares
Valerie
love
of
hi
s
who
is
volcanoes
rocks
daughter
of
th
e
geologist
a
4.
She
learns
fro
t
m
ou
so
ab
al
field
geologists
he
e
r
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ot
th
who
work
w
ith
father
he
r
78
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective
or Adverb Clauses II
1.
Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses I
move
Continents
Whoever
made
pottery
th
be
is
ca
us
e
plates
shift
od
e
will depart
ly
n
al
he
er
he
other
th
re
e
e
on
has been announced
2.
t
ye
t
no
collide
plates
tu
W
e
ov
W
on
plate
ac
may push
th
2.
go
a
r
siv
de
as
un
m
them
plane
land
job
did
1.
tw
o
is furnished
room
growth
H
would see
a
of
th
ow
3.
you
e
mountain
a
If
affects
3.
th
e
fo
millions
r
of
detective
discovered
What
ab
years
th
ou
e
t
results
client
he
r
4.
earthquake
W
an
he
n
raised
4.
questions
ne
pull
plates
w
su
en
m
other
dd
fro
ay
o
aw
tw
ly
ea
rust
ch
forms
on
W
hy
5.
metal
is explained
ea
sil
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ise
collision
no
its
could watch
you
level
y
Sentence Diagraming
79
that
Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses II
te
en
Th
e
discovered
fin
Th
al
e
that
ly
we
want
arrived
whatever
la
you
row
noted
a
l
e
engineers
oi
th
1.
3.
reporter
ur
spill
fo
caused
pitches
in
who
fouled
Rocky
te
2.
(you)
take
At
4.
buffet
We
regret
th
e
That
it
meets
club
whomever
has
members
po
th
w
e
er
fu
dog
licks
l
3.
Th
gives
at
5.
influence
it
Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses III
you
will get
well
so
had been speeding
th
e
officer
1.
6.
We
hope
claimed
po
e
lic
Th
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
on
car
e
That
I
could surf
ev
en
2.
80
was
incredible
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV
1.
Give
(you)
fruit
th
is
to
2.
wants
whoever
it
were puzzled
Researchers
dwellers
paintings
had made
on
w
ve
ho
ca
by
wall
read
ve
e
I
ca
th
3.
book
is grown
a
food
ho
ni
w
t
ga
ou
or
ab
c
4.
is affected
work
sc
ho
u
Yo
stay
you
w
5.
kitten
ran
whoever
Th
e
rang
bell
th
to
e
6.
Cinderella
had
hope
De
r
ite
Sentence Diagraming
stepmother
he
sp
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
at
ho
te
by
la
up
ol
r
night
told
what
her
81
Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses V
we
leave
w
he
n
1.
is
Tomorrow
I
need
what
fo
r
is
hammer
project
n
co
y
m
2.
uc
is
str
Th
tio
n
that
I
can visit
forest
ed
ay
is
lp
m
wish
ke
a
so
3.
M
y
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
82
Sentence Diagraming