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2. books and literature

WRITING A BACHELOR THESIS (B.SC.)
AT THE ENDOWED CHAIR OF PROCUREMENT
– Information for Students –
Spring 2015
PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT
These guidelines shall help to structure the process of writing a Bachelor Thesis and to avoid common
mistakes. However, this document should not be regarded as an exhaustive presentation.
REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS
The bachelor thesis constitutes an important element of the Bachelor of Science program. It represents
an independent piece of scholarly work, which testifies not only the student’s knowledge of the
foundations, structures, and methodologies underlying a given topic, but also the ability to approach and
structure a problem independently. Our expectation is that a bachelor thesis makes an original
contribution to knowledge.
MANAGING THE PROCESS
• Most importantly, do not wait until the last minute. Last-minute efforts read like last-minute efforts!
Plan backward from the date the bachelor thesis is due. A good thesis requires careful preparation,
research, critical thinking, writing, and review. These steps take time. Also, allow some slack for
the unexpected.
• During the first week, familiarize yourself with the assigned topic and create an outline of the thesis.
Present the outline to your supervisor. Block the last week for polishing and proof reading.
• Always keep in mind: A bachelor thesis is an independent piece of work! Therefore, we expect
you to work independently and show initiative, leadership, and creativity in the sense that you
tackle upcoming questions and problems yourself, before contacting your supervisor. You
may plan up to three face-to-face-meetings with your supervisor. The supervisor’s role is to guide
you through your thesis (e.g., hint at important literatures, give possible directions, suggest ways
out of dead ends), but the actual work has to be done by you. You may get stuck, of course and,
after exhausting your possibilities, you are always welcome to solicit help.
• Prepare for the scheduled meetings with your supervisor upfront. The more specific the questions
are, the more elaborated the feedback will be. A preparation can be a detailed agenda, slides
describing your problem, or a list of questions. Send this material to your supervisor prior to
the actual meeting.
DOING THE RESEARCH
Good research is the foundation of your bachelor thesis. Clearly formulate the objectives of your thesis!
It stands to reason that without a solid foundation, the bachelor thesis you write will inevitably be weak.
Research relies on knowledge compiled by and analyses done by others. If you write a bachelor thesis
without consulting the literature, then you have written an essay, not a research report. As a general rule,
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your bachelor thesis will be stronger if you use a good variety of the most important, most up-to-date,
and most specific resources.
Start out by reading the references provided by your supervisor and/or a few general studies on your
topic – yet, this provides merely the launching pad for your research. The idea is to get a grasp of your
topic quickly and to gain the ability to identify what is important and on what you need to focus.
Libraries and online-sources contain many types of resources that you can utilize to do your research.
The following list is a mere beginning:
• Books. Some books are fundamental to the procurement and supply chain field, and at least touch
upon the topics assigned for the bachelor theses.
• Articles in scholarly journals. Scholarly journals can deal with certain topics in much greater detail
than (reference) books can do. Also, you must consult scholarly journals because scholars may have
found new information or conducted new analyses.
• Articles in practitioner journals. Practitioner journals may touch upon certain up-to-date topics.
For some contemporary topics, books are not yet available. In such cases, practitioner journals are
more likely sources of information and analysis. You may consult practitioner journals even for
non-contemporary topics because they are a valuable source of examples and case studies to be
integrated in the bachelor thesis.
• Newsmagazines and newspapers. If you are covering a current topic or need to have a day-by-day
account of events and cannot find one elsewhere, you may also turn to newsmagazines and
newspapers. Be sure, however, to check with your supervisor to ensure that these are considered
acceptable sources for your assignment. Mostly they are useful for facts or for contemporary quotes
and are usually not good sources of analysis.
WRITING THE BACHELOR THESIS
(1) Structure and content
The document should consist of the following:
• Cover page should contain the following information “University of Mannheim”, “Endowed Chair
of Procurement”, “Prof. Dr. Christoph Bode”, “Bachelor’s Thesis (B.Sc.)”, [Title of Thesis],
[Name], [Address], [Student ID number], [Supervisor], [Due date].
• Table of content: Shows the structure of your thesis.
• Main body: From introduction to conclusion.
• List of references reports all references cited in your thesis, including (but not limited to) (peerreviewed) journal articles, book chapters, books, newspaper articles, web pages. Has to follow a
specific reference style (see below).
• Appendix (optional): Very detailed but relevant information should be placed in the appendix, such
as data collection instruments, detailed analyses, programming source code, or detailed
descriptions. All appendices should be referred to in the thesis. If there is more than one appendix,
they should be identified as A, B, ….
• Signed affirmation/ Eidesstattliche Erklärung (in German). The template can be found in the
current version of the examination regulations for your course of studies.
More specifically, the main body of the bachelor thesis should have:
• An introduction, which is the key to letting your reader know where you are headed and what you
will accomplish. The introduction should be compact and focus on introducing your research in an
exciting way for the reader. Motivate and develop your research question(s) so that a reader
becomes interested in your thesis. Remember always that while the organization of your bachelor
thesis may be clear to you, it is not clear to your reader. Therefore, the introduction must provide
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an overview of how the research question will be addressed. It is something like a road map that
acquaints the reader with the journey ahead. Tell the reader in concise terms what the subject of the
bachelor thesis is and why it is relevant. State the objectives or research question(s) of the work
and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the
results.
• A main part, which represents the largest part of the bachelor thesis. The structure depends on the
research question(s) at hand and the chosen research design. In any case, however, it should follow
a logical organization. To this end, divide the main part into sections and subsections with
appropriate headings. Do not assume too much special knowledge on the part of the reader and
include all important information, explain its significance, and detail your logic. Your supervisor
wants to know what you know and will not necessarily “read into” the bachelor thesis information
that is not there.
For the literature review, explain the current state-of-the art in the respective field of study, present
relevant theories and concepts, identify streams and trends in the literature, and add your own
reasoning by making comparisons and evaluations. Examples are important to illustrate abstract
concepts. Make sure that you dig sufficiently deep into what we already know. Often times,
literature reviews are too shallow and fail to adequately structure and reflect the state of the field.
For tasks that go beyond the literature review (e.g., building a theoretical framework), familiarize
the reader with the applied theoretical concepts regarding the subject under scrutiny and the chosen
methodology. Develop your own framework by capitalizing on the previously explained concepts.
Then use the framework to answer your previously defined research question(s).
• A conclusion and implications section, which sums up what you have found and stresses the
evidence that supports your analysis. There is something very human about wanting to have things
summed up, so do not leave your reader hanging without a conclusion. Discuss the limitations of
your work, highlight implications for research and practice, and provide an outlook on future
research opportunities.
(2) Style
Besides structure, the other hallmark of a good bachelor thesis is clarity in writing. It is important to
realize that your report will be judged in part by such standards as logical and consistent flow of
argumentation, grammar, and wording. Remember that if a bachelor thesis fails to communicate well,
then its research – no matter how well done – will have limited impact. In the following you will find
some essential style considerations:
• Watch your sentence structure. Students and scholars too often seem to assume that long, complex
sentences are symbolic of profundity. They are not; they are mostly just cumbersome. Simple,
subject-verb-object sentences are best. They are powerful. Still, if you do not vary them
occasionally, numerous short sentences do not “read” well. So, after several simple sentences, add
a longer one. However, do not go too far. Consider “Rourke’s Rule of 2s”: “Sentences more than
two lines long or with more than two commas are probably too long to be understood easily,
especially if there are two in a row.”
• Use Standard English. Colloquial English typically does not make a good impression unless you
are writing fiction.
• Watch your paragraph length. Paragraphs over one page in length are usually too long. They may
contain redundant statements or more than one major idea. Rework such paragraphs to streamline
and condense the content or to separate ideas into additional paragraphs. At the other extreme, onesentence paragraphs are not acceptable. Remember that each paragraph should have a lead-in and
several sentences that detail or develop an idea.
• Get to the point. Please avoid verbiage, buzzwords, inflated rhetoric, and do not overdo it with
salesmanship and bombast. Do not beat around the bush; save a tree; avoid word pollution.
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Your bachelor thesis must be free of common writing mistakes. Cautions about some of these are:
• Avoid sentence fragments. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb.
• Check your spelling. Misspelled words make you appear uneducated, careless, or both. Keep in
mind that misspelled words and typographical errors cannot be distinguished from each other by a
reader. Both are unacceptable. Use a dictionary, the “spell check” program on your computer, and
a second reader to proofread your drafts.
• Know when and how to use specific punctuation. Consult dictionaries and style manuals on the
proper usage of commas, colons, semicolons, parentheses, brackets, and the like.
• Make sure subjects and verbs agree. Subject-verb disagreement is most likely to occur when the
two are separated in the sentences by several other words.
• Be careful of verb tense. Many poor writers use only present tense. Use past tense, future, and other
tenses as appropriate. Also be careful to keep verb tense consistent within paragraphs. For the
literature review, past tense is usually the preferred tense, e.g., “Williamson (1975, p. 255) defined
opportunism as ‘self-interest seeking with guile’.”
• Avoid the use of contractions. Contractions like “can’t”, “won’t”, or “don’t” are inappropriate for
a formal text.
• Be careful of abbreviations. In operations management, a large number of abbreviations is used.
Do not expect the reader to be familiar with them. The first time you use an abbreviation, provide
the term followed by the abbreviation in parentheses, e.g., transaction cost economics (TCE).
(3) Format
A well-formatted and stringent layout emphasizes your research findings – and is part of the evaluation.
Therefore, pay attention to a professional appearance of your thesis.
• General layout. Print only on one side of a page. Use Times New Roman as font with a 12pt size
and a line spacing of 1.5. In footnotes use the same font with a 10pt size and single line spacing.
Set your page to full justification with hyphenation. The top, right and bottom margin are 2.5 cm,
the left margin is 3.5 cm (for binding). Page numbering is on the bottom of the page.
• Numbered sections. As described above, divide your thesis into clearly defined and numbered
sections. Subsections should be numbered using Arabic numerals 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2,
etc.. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. And please remember: If there is a 2.1.1
then there should also be a 2.1.2. Use the numbering also for internal cross-referencing.
• Footnotes. Footnotes should be used sparingly! Number (again Arabic) them consecutively
throughout the thesis.
• Figures. All figures should be numbered (Arabic) according to their sequence in the text and must
be referenced in the main body of the thesis. Within the figures, use a sans-serif font (e.g., Arial or
Helvetica). If you have not developed a figure on your own, mention the source using an appropriate
citation. Please try to avoid bitmap graphics (pixels) where possible and use vector graphics instead.
• Tables. Tables have to be integrated as editable text and not as images, and consecutively numbered
in accordance with their appearance in the text. Again, every table has to be referenced in the text.
Table notes have to be placed below the table body.
(4) Citations and references
In research, you always build on the previous work of others (“dwarfs standing on the shoulder of
giants”), which has to be cited. There are two reasons why citations are mandatory. The first is to allow
the reader to explore the subject further by consulting the works that you have used. Second, intellectual
honesty requires citations. Failure to use them is plagiarism, which is unacceptable in any form.
Plagiarism is the theft of the thoughts, facts, sentences / text blocks, or knowledge of others by not giving
them proper credit. Follow these guidelines to protect yourself:
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• Anytime you quote or paraphrase (i.e., putting it in your own words) the thoughts or work of others,
cite the source. It is incorrect to believe that only quotations require citations. You should also
insert a note whenever you are relying on someone else’s thoughts or research, even if you are only
paraphrasing.
• Simple, commonly known facts need not be cited. A rule of thumb is that if you did not know the
information before you started the bachelor thesis, then you should use a citation to show where
you found the information. Also, even if you know something when you start, you should cite the
source of any controversial “fact”.
• The most important rule is: When in doubt, cite the source. Plagiarism is unethical and bears serious
risks: Grades, reputations, and academic careers have been ruined by plagiarism. Manage these
risks by erring on the side of safety. One citation too many is far better than one citation too few.
Please note that your supervisor will take the issue of plagiarism very seriously!
The use of correct formats for citations – in-text and in the list of references – often seems complex and
cumbersome. However, the advantages of following a consistent format are completeness and
consistency. Preferably, the formal style of a bachelor thesis should follow the APA guidelines. For
more details, see:
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,
6th ed., Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the list of references (and vice
versa).
COMPLETION
At or before the fixed deadline, you have to submit two hard copies (with appropriate binding, e.g.,
metal or plastic spiral binding; we do not need leather binding with gilt edged pages) and soft copies,
including source files (MS Word or Latex) and a PDF file, of the bachelor thesis. The grade will be
based on these documents.
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