22.1 - What Is a Plant?
alternation of generations- life cycle that has two alternating phases -- a haploid
(N) and diploid (2N) phase
sporophyte- spore producing plant; that multicellular diploid phase of a plant life
cycle
gametophyte- gamete-producing plant; multicellular haploid phase of a plant life
cycle
What do plants need to survive?
How do plants adapt to life on land?
What feature defines most plant life cycles?
22.2 - Seedless Plants
bryophyte- group of plants that have specialized reproductive organs but lack
vascular tissue; includes mossed and their relatives
vascular tissue- specialized tissue I'm plants that carries water and nutrients
archegonium- structure in plants that produces egg cells
antheridium- male reproductive system in some plants that produces sperm
sporangium- spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis
tracheophyte- vascular plant
trachied- hollow plant cell in xylem with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin
xylem- vascular tissues
phloem- vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates
produced by photosynthesis
22.3- Seed Plants
seed- plant embryo and food supply encased in a protective covering
gymnosperm- group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of
cones
angiosperm- group of seed plants that bear their seeds inside a layer of tissue
that protects the seed; also called a flowering plant
pollen grain- structure that contains the entire male gametophyte in seed plants
pollination- transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female
reproductive structure
seed coat- tough covering that surround and protects the plant embryo and keeps
the contents of the seed from drying out
ovule- structure in seed cones where the female gametophytes develop
pollen tube- structure in a plant that contains two haploid plant nuclei
22.4- Flowering Plants
ovary- in plants, the structure that surrounds and protects seeds; in animals, the
primary female reproductive organ, produces eggs
fruit- structure in angiosperms that contains one or more mature ovaries
cotyledon- first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plan
monocot- angiosperm with one leaf in it's embryo
dicot- angiosperm with two seed leaves in it's ovary
woody plant- type of plants primarily made of thick cells that support the plants
body; includes trees, shrubs, and vines
herbaceous plants- type of plant that has smooth and nonwoody stems; includes
dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers
23.1- Specialized Tissues in Plants
epidermis- in plants, single layer of cells that makes up dermal tissue; in humans,
the outer layer of the skin
lignin- substance in vascular plants that makes cell wall ridged
vessel element- type of xylem cell that forms part of a continuous tube through
which water can move
sieve tube element- continuous tube through the plant phloem cells, which are
arranged end to end
companion cell- in plants, phloem cell that surrounds sieve tube elements
parenchyma- main type of ground tissue in plants that contains cells with thin cell
walls and large central vacuoles
collenchyma- in plants, type of ground tissue that has strong, flexible cell walls;
helps support larger plants
sclerenchyma- type of ground tissue with extremely thick, ridged cell walls that
make ground tissue tough and strong
meristem- regions of unspecialized cells responsible for continuous growth
throughout the plant's life time
apical meristem- group of unspecialized cells that divide and produce increased
lengths of stems and roots
23.2- Roots
root hair- small hairs on a root that produce a large surface area through which
water and minerals can enter
cortex- region of ground tissue just inside the root through which water and
minerals move
endodermis- layer of ground tissue that completely encloses the vascular cylinder
vascular cylinder- center region of a root that includes the vascular tissue - xylem
and phloem
root cap- thought covering of the root tip that protects the meristem
casparian strip- waterproof strip that surrounds plant endodermal cell and is
involved in the one-way passage of materials into the vascular cylinder in plant
roots
23.3- Stems
node- part on a growing stem where a leaf is attached
bud- plant structure containing apical meristem tissue that can produce new
stems and leaves
vascular bundle- cluster is xylem and phloem tissues in stems
pith- parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue in dicot stems
primary growth- pattern of growth that takes place at the tips and roots of the
plants
secondary growth- type of growth in dicots in which the stems increase in
thickness
vascular cambium- meristem that produces vascular tissues and increases the
thickness of stems
cork cambium- meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems
durning secondary growth of a plant
heartwood- in a woody stem, the old xylem near the center of the stem that no
longer conducts water
sapwood- in a woody stem, the layer of secondary phloem that surrounds the
heartwood; usually active in fluid transport
bark- tissues that are found outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem,
cork cambium, and cork
23.4- Leaves
blade- thin, flattened part of plant leaf
petiole- thin stalk that connects the blade of a leaf to a stem
mesophyll- specialized ground tissue found in leaves; performes most of plant's
photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll- layer of cells under the upper epidermis of a leaf
spongy mesophyll- layer of loose tissue found under the palisade mesophyll in a
leaf
stomata- small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows carbon dioxide,
oxygen, and water to diffuse in and out of the leaf
transpiration- loss of water from a plant through it's leaves
guard cell- specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and
closing of stomata
23.5- Transport in Plants
adhesion- force of attraction between different types of molecules
capillary action- tendency of water to raise in a small tube
pressure-flow hypothesis- hypothesis that explains the method by which phloem
sap is transported through the plant from a sugar "source" to a sugar "sink"