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Modelling Effect of
Jatropha on Water
Resources of Chhattisgarh
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi &
INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
forest bioenergy for sustainable development
Modelling the Effect of Jatropha on
Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Prepared by: IIT Delhi & INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
In Association with:
Prof. A. K. Gosain
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi
For further details please contact:
Dr. Sandhya Rao
Executive Director
INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
C23, First floor Front
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016
Ph: 91-11-2090 0989; Fax: 91-11-2696 4329
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
2.
Second Quarter Work.....................................................................................................1
3.
Mahanadi System ...........................................................................................................3
4.
5.
3.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Mahanadi Basin ...................................................4
3.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Mahanadi Basin ..........................5
3.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Mahanadi Basin ....................................5
3.1.1.4.
Soil Layer– Mahanadi Basin ..................................................................7
Godavari System ............................................................................................................9
4.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Godavari Basin ..................................................10
4.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Godavari Basin ........................11
4.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Godavari Basin ...................................11
4.1.1.4.
Soil Layer – Godavari Basin ...............................................................13
Rihand - Ganga System................................................................................................15
5.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Rihand Basin .....................................................16
5.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Rihand Basin ............................17
5.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Rihand Basin ......................................18
5.1.1.4.
Soil Layer – Rihand Basin ...................................................................19
5.1.2.
Dynamic Data...............................................................................................20
5.1.2.1.
Meteorological Data .............................................................................20
List of Tables
Table 1 Elevation Summary – Mahanadi Basin .....................................................................4
Table 2 Landuse Category – Mahanadi Basin .......................................................................6
Table 3 Soil Type – Mahanadi Basin .....................................................................................8
Table 4 Elevation Summary – Godavari Basin ....................................................................10
Table 5 Landuse Category – Godavari Basin ......................................................................12
Table 6 Soil Type – Godavari Basin ....................................................................................14
Table 7 Elevation Summary – Rihand Basin .......................................................................16
Table 8 Landuse Category – Rihand Basin ..........................................................................18
Table 9 Soil Type – Rihand Basin .......................................................................................20
List of Figures
Figure 1 Major river basins in Chhattisgarh demarcated for the study .................................2
Figure 2 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh ....................3
Figure 3 Automatically delineated Basins of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh along with
Drainage network ...........................................................................................................4
Figure 4 Automatically delineated subbasins of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh ..............5
Figure 5 Landuse of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Landuse) ................6
Figure 6 Soils of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil) .............................7
Figure 7 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh......................9
Figure 8 Automatically delineated Basins of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh along with
Drainage network .........................................................................................................10
Figure 9 Automatically delineated subbasins of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh..............11
Figure 10 Landuse of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Landuse)..............12
Figure 11 Soils of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil) ..........................13
Figure 12 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh .......15
Figure 13 Automatically delineated Basins of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh along
with Drainage network .................................................................................................16
Figure 14 Automatically delineated subbasins of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh .17
Figure 15 Landuse of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Landuse) ...18
Figure 16 Soils of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil) ................19
Figure 17 Map showing the Locations of Rain Gauge ........................................................20
Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
1. Introduction
Chhattisgarh state is covered by 4 major water-systems of India: Ganga, Mahanadi,
Narmada and Godawari. Mahanadi & Godawari are the major system covering 85% of the
total basin area. Important rivers include Mahanadi, Indrawati, Sheonath, Rinand, Hasdeo,
Mand, Ibb, Pairi, Sabari, Jonk and Arpa. The major source of livelihood is agriculture.
Estimated utilizable surface Water: 41,720 MCM; and Ground Water: 11,960 MCM.
Potential irrigable area: 4.30 m ha. In spite of fairly good rainfall, Chhattisgarh has been
experiencing frequent drought.
(source:www.indiawaterportal.org/data/datastats/ch/WaterRes_SOE_Chhatisgarh.doc)
The north and south parts of the state are hilly, while the central part is a fertile plain.
Forests cover roughly forty-four percent of the state. Major crops are Paddy, Jowar, Maize
and Wheat. The State has launched an ambitious plan to become biofuel self-sufficient by
2015 by planting 160 million Jatropha saplings in all its 16 districts.
The Rihand River, a tributary of the Ganges, drains the northern part of the state which
forms part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The central part of the state lies in the fertile upper
basin of the Mahanadi and its tributaries, with extensive rice cultivation. The Satpura range
and the Chota Nagpur Plateau divide the Mahanadi River basin from the Indo-Gangetic
plain. The southern part of the state lies on the Deccan plateau, in the watershed of the
Godavari River and its tributary the Indravati River.
2. Second Quarter Work
In the first quarter, data needed for the modelling was identified and a first cut delineation
of Mahanadi was carried out (Report 1_IITD). A mid–course correction is being made in
view of the fact that the coverage of intended Jatropha plantation is state-wide Therefore it
has been decided to cover the entire state, thereby extending the DEM to cover the smaller
streams of Ganga in north and Godavari in south also. The following paragraphs give an
overview of the watersheds of Chhattisgarh belonging to the three major systems of
Ganga, Mahanadi and Godavari. Figure 1 shows the proportion of each of these three
basins falling in Chhattisgarh state.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Figure 1 Major river basins in Chhattisgarh demarcated for the study
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
3. Mahanadi System
Mahanadi basin is the major river basin and drains about 55 % of the state. DEM from the
SRTM is used for the Mahanadi basin falling in Chhattisgarh and the same is shown in
Figure 2. Mean elevation of the basin is around 372 m.
Figure 2 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh
The topographic statistics of elevation of Mahanadi river basin are given in Table 1
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Table 1 Elevation Summary – Mahanadi Basin
Parameter
Elevation (m)
Minimum Elevation
121
Maximum Elevation
1138
Mean Elevation
372
Standard Deviation
142
3.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Mahanadi Basin
Automatic delineation of watersheds is done by using the DEM as input. The target
outflow point is interactively selected. The Mahanadi river basin has been delineated with
a threshold of 100,000 ha. Resulting basin area is 8696684 ha. The delineated basin along
with drainage network is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Automatically delineated Basins of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh along
with Drainage network
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
3.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Mahanadi Basin
The Mahanadi river basin has been delineated into 53 sub basins using 100,000 ha as
threshold. These sub-basins along with the drainage network are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Automatically delineated sub basins of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh
3.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Mahanadi Basin
Global landuse is used for the modelling which is shown in Figure 5. Table 2 gives the
land use categories and the area covered under each category of land use for the Mahanadi
river basin.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Mahanadi basin in Chhattisgarh has predominant Agriculture (46%) followed by Pasture
(47%). Forest is about 5.5% and Water bodies cover about 1.5 % area.
Figure 5 Landuse of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Landuse)
Table 2 Landuse Category – Mahanadi Basin
Land Use
Agricultural Land-Close-grown
Agricultural Land-Generic
Agricultural Land-Row Crops
Forest-Deciduous
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Area (ha)
% Watershed Area
933780.96
10.74
98492.58
1.13
2952584.06
33.95
369592.60
4.25
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Land Use
Area (ha)
% Watershed Area
Forest-Evergreen
53121.20
0.61
Forest-Mixed
53815.34
0.62
Pasture
1820599.74
20.93
Summer Pasture
2276682.76
26.18
Range-Grasses
1806.24
0.02
Residential
9040.91
0.10
127167.21
1.46
Water
3.1.1.4.
Soil Layer– Mahanadi Basin
Global Soil map is used for the first cut modelling. Soil unit details are given in Table 3.
The soil map is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Soils of Mahanadi Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil)
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Table 3 Soil Type – Mahanadi Basin
Soil Taxanomy - Main
Area (ha)
Percentage Area
I-Bc-Lc-3714 (Clay_Loam)
181037.63
2.08
I-Lc-2bc-3727 (Loam)
145574.63
1.67
I-Ne-3729 (Loam)
196499.18
2.26
I-bc-3735 (Loam)
276442.60
3.18
Lc46-2b-3770 (Clay_Loam)
579690.40
6.67
Lf92-1a-3791 (Sandy_Loam)
5200452.88
59.80
Lf92-1a-3792 (Sandy_Loam)
539474.49
6.20
1242785.23
14.29
106286.94
1.22
Ne58-1bc-3830 (Sandy_Clay_Loam)
85315.15
0.98
Vc43-3ab-3861 (Clay)
19306.49
0.22
Vc45-3a-3864 (Clay)
29060.17
0.33
WATER-6997 (Water)
94757.80
1.09
Lf94-2a-3794 (Sandy_Clay_Loam)
Ne56-2b-3827 (Clay_Loam)
Majority of the soils in this basin have textures of sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
4. Godavari System
Godavari is the second largest basin of Chhattisgarh and drains about 29 % of the state
area. DEM from the SRTM is used for the Godavari basin falling in Chhattisgarh and the
same is shown in Figure 7. Mean elevation of the basin is around 500 m.
Figure 7 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh
The topographic statistics of elevation of Godavari River basin are given in Table 4.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Table 4 Elevation Summary – Godavari Basin
Parameter
Elevation (m)
Minimum Elevation
64
Maximum Elevation
1655
Mean Elevation
511
Standard Deviation
205
4.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Godavari Basin
Automatic delineation of watersheds is done by using the DEM as input. The target
outflow point is interactively selected. The Godavari river basin has been delineated with
the similar process, using a threshold of 50,000 ha. Resulting basin area is 4196361 ha the
delineated basin along with drainage network is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 Automatically delineated Basins of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh along
with Drainage network
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
4.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Godavari Basin
The Godavari river basin has been delineated into 46 sub basins using 100,000 ha as
threshold. These sub-basins along with the drainage network are shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 Automatically delineated sub basins of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh
4.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Godavari Basin
Global landuse used for the modelling which is shown in Figure 10. Table 5 gives the land
use categories and the area covered under each category of land use for the Godavari river
basin.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Godavar basin in Chhattisgarh has Agriculture (25%), Pasture (32%) and Water bodies
cover about 0.5 % area.
Figure 10 Landuse of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Landuse)
Table 5 Landuse Category – Godavari Basin
Land Use
Agricultural Land-Close-grown
Agricultural Land-Generic
Agricultural Land-Row Crops
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Area (ha)
% Watershed Area
533409.42
12.71
93412.44
2.23
438781.21
10.46
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Land Use
Area (ha)
% Watershed Area
Forest-Deciduous
1111471.78
26.49
Forest-Evergreen
167668.23
4.00
48725.48
1.16
352507.87
8.40
1433078.41
34.15
173.33
0.00
17132.53
0.41
Forest-Mixed
Pasture
Summer Pasture
Residential
Water
4.1.1.4.
Soil Layer – Godavari Basin
Soil map based on NBSSLUP was digitized. Soil unit details are given in Table 6. The soil
map is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11 Soils of Godavari Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil)
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Table 6 Soil Type – Godavari Basin
Soil Taxanomy – Main
Area (ha)
Percentage Area
I-Bc-Lc-3714 (Clay_Loam)
786562.89
18.74
I-Ne-3729 (Loam)
49439.07
1.18
Lc46-1b-3769 (Sandy_Clay_Loam)
542097.99
12.92
Lc46-2b-3770 (Clay_Loam)
95169.27
2.27
Lf92-1a-3791 (Sandy_Loam)
2076325.69
49.48
Lf92-1a-3792 (Sandy_Loam)
703.06
0.02
Ne58-1bc-3830 (Sandy_Clay_Loam)
381482.99
9.09
Vp20-3a-3866 (Clay)
264579.75
6.30
Majority of the soils in this basin have textures of sandy loam to clay loam.
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
5. Rihand - Ganga System
Ganga basin is the 3rd major river basin and drains about 14 % of the state. Major tributary
is Rihand. DEM from the SRTM is used for the Rihand basin falling in Chhattisgarh and is
shown in Figure 12. Mean elevation of the basin is around 600 m.
Figure 12 SRTM Digital Elevation Model of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
The topographic statistics of elevation of the River basin are given in Table 7.
Table 7 Elevation Summary – Rihand Basin
Parameter
Elevation (m)
Minimum Elevation
214
Maximum Elevation
1233
Mean Elevation
597
Standard Deviation
182
5.1.1.1.
Basin Demarcation – Rihand Basin
Automatic delineation of watersheds is done by using the DEM as input. The target
outflow point is interactively selected. The Rihand river basin has been delineated with a
threshold of 25,000 ha. Resulting basin area is 1502090 ha. The delineated basin along
with drainage network is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13 Automatically delineated Basins of Rihand - Ganga Basin
Chhattisgarh along with Drainage network
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in
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
5.1.1.2.
Watershed (sub-basin) Delineation – Rihand Basin
The Rihand river basin has been delineated into 32 sub basins using 25,000 ha as
threshold. These sub-basins along with the drainage network are shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14 Automatically delineated sub basins of Rihand - Ganga Basin in
Chhattisgarh
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
5.1.1.3.
Land Cover/Land Use Layer – Rihand Basin
Global landuse is used for the modelling which is shown in Figure 15. Table 8 gives the
land use categories and the area covered under each category of land use for the Rihand
river basin. Rihand basin in Chhattisgarh has predominant Agriculture (51%) followed by
Pasture (43%).
Figure 15 Landuse of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global
Landuse)
Table 8 Landuse Category – Rihand Basin
Land Use
Agricultural Land-Close-grown
Agricultural Land-Generic
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Area (ha)
% Watershed Area
206653.80
13.76
22966.75
1.53
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Land Use
Area (ha)
Agricultural Land-Row Crops
% Watershed Area
531131.78
35.36
Forest-Deciduous
53369.86
3.55
Forest-Evergreen
9431.31
0.63
Forest-Mixed
19928.55
1.33
Pasture
65807.79
4.38
94.77
0.01
592169.64
39.42
479.50
0.03
56.70
0.00
Range-Grasses
Summer Pasture
Residential
Water
5.1.1.4.
Soil Layer – Rihand Basin
Global Soil map is used for the first cut modelling. Soil unit details are given in Table 9.
The soil map is shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16 Soils of Rihand - Ganga Basin in Chhattisgarh (Source: Global Soil)
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
Table 9 Soil Type – Rihand Basin
Soil Taxanomy - Main
Area (ha)
Percentage Area
Be80-2a-3681 (Loam)
2668.05
0.18
I-Lc-2bc-3727 (Loam)
254694.85
16.96
I-Ne-3729 (Loam)
66350.47
4.42
I-bc-3735 (Loam)
168828.92
11.24
Lf92-1a-3791 (Sandy_Loam)
1009548.16
67.21
Majority of the soils in this basin have textures of sandy loam to loam. Dynamic Data
5.1.1.5.
Meteorological Data
Quantitative daily data for 127 rain gauge stations is available for varying period from 1901 to
1971 for Chhattisgarh. Figure 17 shows the locations of the raingauge stations.
Figure 17 Map showing the Locations of Rain Gauge
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Modelling Effect of Jatropha on Water Resources of Chhattisgarh
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