1. religion and spirituality
2. islam

DO NOW: The Crusades
Imagine you are a knight
living in France in 1095. A
noble asks you to go to war for
the Pope. Your enemy? The
Muslims. Your mission? To
take back the Holy Land. The
reward? The noble tells you
that the Pope has promised
you eternity in heaven if you
agree to fight. What would you
do?
The Crusades
SWBAT explain the
causes, events, and
effects of the Crusades.
Why is Jerusalem so important?
Dome of the Rock
• Important to Muslims
• Muhammad rose to
heaven from here
Western Wall
Church of the Holy
• Important to Jews
Sepulchre
• The Second Temple
• Important to Christians
once stood here
• Jesus was buried and
resurrected here
HELP!
The Seljuk Empire
is trying to
conquer us!
Come save us!
OK!
Roman
Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Pope Urban II
at the Council of Clermont, 1095
God
Deus
wills
vult!
it!
God wants us to drive
back the Muslims and
reclaim the Holy Land.
Jerusalem will be ours!
All who join this fight
will be rewarded with
a life after death in
heaven!
Clermont France – 1095
Meanwhile, in Jerusalem…
God wants us to drive
back the Muslims and
reclaim the Holy Land.
All who join this fight
will be rewarded with a
life after death in
heaven!
…But this land is
holy to me, too!
This is where
Muhammad rose to
heaven!
The Crusades
A Holy War Between Christians and
Muslims
Crusades
Comic Strip
First Crusade –
Antioch, 1098
Come this
way, I’ll let
you in…
Four nobles led the First Crusade. Close to
30,000 crusaders fought their way through
Anatolia and headed south toward
Jerusalem. In June 1098, the crusaders laid
siege to the city of Antioch. After nine
months, a traitor let them through an
opening in the city walls. Antioch fell to the
Christians.
ANATOLIA
• Antioch
• Jerusalem
First Crusade –
Jerusalem, 1099
The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem
and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city
surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred
Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The
survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem
taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some,
however, stayed behind. They established four
crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa,
Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and
Kingdom of Jerusalem.
ANATOLIA
• Edessa
• Antioch
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
First Crusade –
Jerusalem, 1099
The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem
and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city
surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred
Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The
survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem
taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some,
however, stayed behind. They established four
crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa,
Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and
Kingdom of Jerusalem.
ANATOLIA
• Edessa
• Antioch
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
1098: Christians
Capture Antioch
• The
massacre
(murder) of
Antioch's
Jewish and
Muslim
people.
1099: Christians
Capture
Jerusalem
• Here, Christians
worship inside
the Church of
the Holy
Sepulcher, where
Jesus is believed
to have been
resurrected.
Crusades
Comic Strip
Second Crusade –
Edessa, 1144
As Muslims started to band together, they
fought back more effectively. In 1144, they
captured Edessa, the capital of the
northernmost crusader kingdom. Christians
answered by mounting the Second Crusade.
ANATOLIA
• Edessa
• Antioch
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
1144: Muslims
Capture Edessa
• After the Muslims
captured Edessa, a
preacher named
Bernard of Clairvaux
persuaded the
Christians to go on
the Second Crusade
to try to re-capture
Edessa.
Second Crusade –
Anatolia, 1148
In 1148, King Conrad III of Germany
led an army toward the Holy Land;
however, on the way, the German army
was badly beaten in Anatolia. Shortly
after, King Louis VII of France also led
an army toward the Holy Land; however,
the French army was also badly beaten in
Anatolia.
ANATOLIA
• Edessa
• Antioch
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Second Crusade –
Damascus, 1148
Later that year, the remnants of the two
European armies arrived in Jerusalem.
About 50,000 crusaders marched to the
Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the
way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came
to aid Damascus and beat back the
crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two
European armies went home, ending the
Second Crusade.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Second Crusade –
Damascus, 1148
Later that year, the remnants of the two
European armies arrived in Jerusalem.
About 50,000 crusaders marched to the
Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the
way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came
to aid Damascus and beat back the
crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two
European armies went home, ending the
Second Crusade.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Crusades
Comic Strip
Third Crusade –
1187, Jerusalem
By the 1180s, the great sultan Salah
al-Din, called Saladin by Europeans, had
formed the largest Muslim empire since the
Seljuk Empire. He led a renewed fight
against the Crusaders in the Holy Land.
In 1187, Salah al-Din’s army
captured Jerusalem. Salah al-Din did not kill
his prisoners, as the crusaders had done.
Instead, he freed many captives or sold them
for ransom.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Third Crusade –
Acre, 1191
The loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans
and sparked the Third Crusade. King Richard I of
England, known as Richard the Lionheart, led the
fight against Salah al-Din. In 1191, Richard’s army ANATOLIA • Edessa
forced the surrender of the town of Acre.
• Antioch
Afterward, arrangements were made between the
• Damascus
two sides to exchange prisoners. After waiting for a
• Acre
time, Richard felt that Salah al-Din was taking too
• Tripoli
long to meet his end of the bargain. Growing
• Jerusalem
impatient, Richard ordered his men to kill all 2,700
of his Muslim prisoners.
Third Crusade – On the
Way to Jerusalem, 1192
Richard then fought his way toward
Jerusalem, but his army was not strong
enough to attack the city. Salah al-Din’s
forces had also grown weaker. In September
1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty.
The crusaders kept a chain of cities along
the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims
agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter
Jerusalem.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Third Crusade – On the Way to
Jerusalem, 1192
Richard then fought his way toward
Jerusalem, but his army was not strong
enough to attack the city. Salah al-Din’s
forces had also grown weaker. In September
1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty.
The crusaders kept a chain of cities along
the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims
agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter
Jerusalem.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Crusades
Comic Strip
Later Crusades –
Children’s Crusade
The crusades to the Middle East
continued for another 100 years. Some crusades
were popular movements of poor people rather
than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for
example, tens of thousands of peasant children
from France and Germany marched in a
“Children’s Crusade.” Few, if any, ever reached
the Holy Land. Some made it as far as
European port cities, where they believed the
sea would miraculously part for them.
However, the sea did not part. Some children
simply returned home. Others were sold into
slavery by merchants.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Later Crusades
– Children’s
Crusade
The crusades to the Middle East
continued for another 100 years. Some crusades
were popular movements of poor people rather
than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for
example, tens of thousands of peasant children
from France and Germany marched in a
“Children’s Crusade.” Few, if any, ever reached
the Holy Land. Some made it as far as
European port cities, where they believed the
sea would miraculously part for them.
However, the sea did not part. Some children
simply returned home. Others were sold into
slavery by merchants.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Later Crusades
– Acre, 1291
None of the later crusades
succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem.
Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the
land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre,
the last crusader city. This victory ended
some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the
Holy Land.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Later Crusades
– Acre, 1291
None of the later crusades
succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem.
Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the
land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre,
the last crusader city. This victory ended
some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the
Holy Land.
ANATOLIA • Edessa
• Antioch
• Damascus
• Acre
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem
Crusades
Comic Strip
The Outcome of the Crusades
• The Christians won the First Crusade because they
were able to take back Jerusalem.
• The Muslims won the Second Crusade because they
took the crusader kingdom of Edessa, and the
Christians failed to take it back.
• The Muslims won the Third Crusade because they
took Jerusalem, and the Christians failed to take it
back.
• The Muslims won the later Crusades because the
Christians could never take back Jerusalem.
Videos
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
First Crusade – 1098 Antioch (4:30)
First Crusade – 1099 Jerusalem (5:00)
Second Crusade – 1144 Edessa (4:00)
Second Crusade – 1148 Anatolia (3:00)
Second Crusade – 1148 Damascus (7:00)
Third Crusade – 1187 Jerusalem (3:00)
Third Crusade – 1191 Acre (5:00)
Third Crusade – 1192 Jerusalem (5:00)
Antioch, 1098
As commander of
three towers, I know
the way in! Just give
me some money and
land!
Fairuz
Yes! No more drinking
horse blood! Now we
are one step closer to
capturing the holy city
of Jerusalem!
Bohemond
The Reconquista
• SWBAT explain how
Muslim rule declined in
the Iberian Peninsula.
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
Welcome to Cordoba, Spain!
Reconquista
• Before the
Reconquista, this
building was a
____________.
• After the
Reconquista, this
building became
a ___________.
The Beginning of the Reconquista
Now that the Crusades are
over, what do we do? I don’t
wanna go back to my farm…
Let’s go fight the Muslims in Spain!
We’ll get an even better chance at
getting into heaven!
Sweet…
Hi, I’m King
Ferdinand of
Aragon.
Hi, I’m Queen
Isabella of
Castille.
If we get married
and combine our
two kingdoms
into one country
called Spain…
…then we’ll be
able to defeat the
last Muslim
kingdom of
Granada.
We defeated the Muslims
at Granada! Now the
Iberian Peninsula is all
Christian!
1492: The Surrender of Granada
So…now what???
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to unite Spain as a
Catholic country. So, what did these monarchs do to deal with
the Jews and Muslims that lived in Spain?
Expulsion of Jews & Muslims
• In 1492, Jews were told to
become Catholics or leave
the country. More than
170,000 Jews left their
homes forever.
• Muslims remained in
Spain, but many were
forced to accept baptism
as Catholics. Spain expelled
its remaining Muslims
beginning in 1609.
Spanish Inquisition
• Queen Isabella and King
Ferdinand used the
Inquisition, a church
court, against Muslims
and Jews who had
converted to Christianity.
• Judges, called inquisitors,
sometimes used torture
to find out whether
supposed converts were
practicing their old
religion.
• Thousands of people were
burned at the stake.
Torture during the Spanish Inquisition
1492: Christopher Columbus
I would like to sail to
India, so I can bring
spices back to Spain!
Don’t forget to spread our
Christian beliefs to those
Indians you meet and exploit!
Higher Order Thinking
• How would our world be different if the Reconquista had never
happened?
Knee Splitter
• The knee splitter does what it
says: split victims' knees and
render them useless.
• Built from two spiked wood
blocks, the knee splitter is
placed on top of and behind
the knee of its victims.
• Two large screws connecting
the blocks are then turned,
causing the two blocks to
close towards each other and
effectively destroy a victim's
knee.
59
Iron Gag
• The Iron Gag was used to stifle
the screams of a victim. A small
hole in the front allowed air to
pass in and out but muffled any
screams.
• A torturer could press a single
fingertip to the air-hole and
create an extremely distressing
situation for the accused.
• This was used often during the
Inquisition so the accused would
not interrupt the ceremony with
their irritating cries of distress.
60
Foot Press
• The foot press was
designed to
uncomfortably fit a single
foot between a sharp,
ribbed iron plate and a
bar of metal attached to a
long screw.
• When the screw was
turned, the bar crushed
the foot into a mangled
pulp.
61
Tongue Tearer
• First, the mouth is forced
open with the Mouth Opener.
• Next, the iron Tongue Tearer
was used to grab the tongue
within it's rough grippers.
• Once a firm hold was
maintained, the screw could
be firmly tightened and the
tongue was roughly torn from
the prisoner's head.
62
Ear Chopper
• Used as an efficient way
to cut the ears from the
victim.
• The helmet was placed on
the head; the ears sticking
out just under the blades.
• All it took was a quick
chop and the ears would
be amputated.
63
The Boots
• The boots was made up of
wedges that fitted the legs
from ankles to knees.
• Pure pain ensues when the
torturer violently pounds
the wedges with a large,
heavy hammer.
• A process that is done
repeatedly until flesh and
bone are completely
destroyed.
64
Spanish Ladder
• The wrists were tied to
one of the rungs, the
feet tied to the bottom
cylinder.
• Each turn stretched the
victim further and
further until the
shoulders were
dislocated.
65
Inquisitional Chair
• The chair was wooden
construction with up to 2,000
metal spikes.
• The victim was strapped within
the chair using tight leather
straps.
• The initial pain of hundreds of
sharp rusty spikes penetrating
the flesh could always be
increased by the torturer
pressing the prisoner down or
back against the spikes.
66
Cat's Paw
• The Cat's Paw was used
by the Spanish.
• It was attached to a
handle and was an
extension of the
torturer's hand.
• It was used to rip and tear
flesh away from the bone,
from any part of the
body.
67
The Saw
• Victims of this brutal device
were made to hang upside
down.
• This position has a purpose:
to fill the victims' heads
with blood, and therefore
allow them to remain
conscious as the torturers
work the saw sometimes up
to their midsection before
they pass out or die.
68
Guillotine
• The blade would be
dropped separating the
head from the body.
• The head would neatly
drop into a waiting
basket, to be retrieved
by the executioner and
displayed to the crowd
gathered to watch.
69